RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1555857
Ultrasound Applied to Subcutaneous Fat Tissue Measurements in International Elite Canoeists
Publikationsverlauf
accepted after revision 09. Juni 2015
Publikationsdatum:
02. September 2015 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sportsmed/201514/lookinside/thumbnails/4782_10-1055-s-0035-1555857-1.jpg)
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) measurements with ultrasound have recently been introduced to assess body fat in elite athletes. However, appropriate protocols and data on various groups of athletes are missing. We investigated intra-rater reliability of SAT measurements using ultrasound in elite canoe athletes. 25 international level canoeists (18 male, 7 female; 23±4 years; 81±11 kg; 1.83±0.09 m; 20±3 training h/wk) were measured on 2 consecutive days. SAT was assessed with B-mode ultrasound at 8 sites (ISAK): triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, medial calf, and quantified using image analysis software. Data was analyzed descriptively (mean±SD, [range]). Coefficient of variation (CV%), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, 2.1) and absolute (LoA) and ratio limits of agreement (RLoA) were calculated for day-to-day reliability. Mean sum of SAT thickness was 30.0±19.4 mm [8.0, 80.1 mm], with 3.9±1.8 mm [1.2 mm subscapular, 8.0 mm abdominal] for individual sites. CV for the sum of sites was 4.7%, ICC 0.99, LoA 1.7±3.6 mm, RLoA 0.940 ( * /÷1.155). Measuring SAT with ultrasound has proved to have excellent day-to-day reliability in elite canoe athletes. Recommendations for standardization of the method will further increase accuracy and reproducibility.
-
References
- 1 Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD, Müller W. Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission. Sports Med 2012; 42: 227-249
- 2 Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 1998; 26: 217-238
- 3 Bellisari A, Roche AF, Siervogel RM. Reliability of B-mode ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue and intra-abdominal depth: comparisons with skinfold thicknesses. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17: 475-480
- 4 Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307-310
- 5 Burke L, Deakin V. Clinical sports nutrition. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006
- 6 Byrne S, McLean N. Eating disorders in athletes: A review of the literature. J Sci Med Sport 2001; 4: 145-159
- 7 Carlsohn A, Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Cassel M, Mayer F. Resting metabolic rate in elite rowers and canoeists: difference between indirect calorimetry and prediction. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 58: 239-244
- 8 Clark RR, Bartok C, Sullivan JC, Schoeller D. Minimum weight prediction methods cross-validated by the four-component model. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2004; 36: 639-647
- 9 Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Paymans I, van der Kooy K. Factors affecting bioelectrical impedance measurements in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 1017-1022
- 10 Erskine RM, Morse CI, Day SH, Williams AG, Onambele-Pearson GL. The human patellar tendon moment arm assessed in vivo using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Biomech 2014; 47: 1294-1298
- 11 Fogelholm M. Effects of bodyweight reduction on sports performance. Sports Med 1994; 18: 249-267
- 12 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sport Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
- 13 Himes H, Roche F, Siervogel R. Compressibility measurement of skinfolds of subcutaneous the. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1734-1740
- 14 Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med 2000; 30: 1-15
- 15 Ishida Y, Carroll JF, Pollock ML, Graves JE, Leggett SH. Reliability of B-mode ultrasound for the measurement of body fat and muscle thickness. Am J Hum Biol 1992; 4: 511-520
- 16 Kerr DA, Stewart AD. Body composition in sport. In: Ackland TR, Elliott BC, Bloomfield J. (eds.) Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2009: 67-86
- 17 Lohman TG. Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol 1981; 53: 181-225
- 18 Marfell-Jones M, Olds T, Stewart AD, Lindsay Carter JE. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. In: The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Potchemstroom; South Africa: 2006
- 19 Mendes SH, Tritto AC, JPLF Guilherme, Solis MY, Vieira DE, Franchini E, Lancha AH, Artioli GG. Effect of rapid weight loss on performance in combat sport male athletes: does adaptation to chronic weight cycling play a role?. Br J Sports Med 2013;
- 20 Meyer NL, Sundgot-Borgen J, Lohman TG, Ackland TR, Stewart AD, Maughan RJ, Smith S, Müller W. Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 1044-1053
- 21 Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Sundgot-Borgen J, Stewart AD, Ahammer H. Body composition in sport: interobserver reliability of a novel ultrasound measure of subcutaneous fat tissue. Br J Sports Med 2013; 1-8
- 22 Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Maughan RJ, Ahammer H. Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 1028-1035
- 23 Müller W, Maughan RJ. The need for a novel approach to measure body composition: is ultrasound an answer?. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 1001-1002
- 24 Nevilla M, Atkinson G. Assessing agreement between measurements recorded on a ratio scale in sports medicine and sports science. Br J Sports Med 1997; 31: 314-318
- 25 O’Connor H, Olds T, Maughan RJ. Physique and performance for track and field events. J Sports Sci 2007; 25 (Suppl. 01) S49-S60
- 26 Parizkova J, Buzkova P. Relationship between skinfold thickness measured by Harpenden caliper and densitometric analysis of total body fat in men. Hum Biol 1971; 43: 16-21
- 27 Parizkova J. Particularities of lean body mass and fat development in growing boys as related to their motor activity. Acta Paediatr Belg 1974; 28 suppl 233-243
- 28 Pineau J-C, Filliard JR, Bocquet M. Ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement in male and female athletes. J Athl Train 2009; 44: 142-147
- 29 Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 1979; 86: 420-428
- 30 Stewart A, Marfell-Jones M, Olds T, Al E. International standards for anthropometric assessment. Low Hutt, New Zeal. Int Soc Adv Kinanthropometry 2011; 125f
- 31 Stewart AD, Hannan WJ. Prediction of fat and fat-free mass in male athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry as the reference method. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 263-274
- 32 Sundgot-Borgen J, Garthe I. Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 (Suppl. 01) S101-S114
- 33 Sundgot-Borgen J, Meyer NL, Lohman TG, Ackland TR, Maughan RJ, Stewart AD, Müller W. How to minimize the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 1012-1022
- 34 Talma H, Chinapaw MJM, Bakker B, Hirasing Ra, Terwee CB, Altenburg TM. Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evidence appraisal of validity, responsiveness, reliability and measurement error. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 895-905
- 35 Toomey C, McCreesh K, Leahy S, Jakeman P. Technical considerations for accurate measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness using B-mode ultrasound. Ultrasound 2011; 19: 91-96