Bildgebendes Staging von Tumoren des Verdauungstrakts

Zusammenfassung

Im folgenden Artikel werden die klinischen und technischen Grundlagen für das Staging von Tumoren des Verdauungstrakts erörtert. Die wichtigsten Indikationen sowie Stärken und Schwächen der einzelnen bildgebenden Verfahren werden diskutiert. Dabei wird auch auf zukünftige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten innovativer bildgebender Techniken im Rahmen des Primärstagings und auch zur Beurteilung des Therapieerfolgs eingegangen, z. B. die PET und die MRT.

Abstract

In this article, the clinical and technical background for staging of gastrointestinal tumors will be discussed. The indications of the different imaging modalities as well as their strengths and weaknesses will be explained. One focus will also be on the perspectives of innovative techniques for primary staging of gastrointestinal tumors and response evaluation during therapy, like PET and MRI.

Staging - imaging modalities - PET - MRI

Literatur

• 1 Rösch T. Endosonographic staging of esophageal carcinoma: a review of literature results.  Gastrointest Endos Clin N Am. 1995;  5 549-557
• 2 Waymann J, Chaktraverty S, Griffin S M, Doyle G J, Keir M J, Simpson W. Evaluation of local invasion by esophageal carcinoma - prospective study of prone computed tomography scanning.  Postgrad Med J. 2001;  177 181-184
• 3 Picus D, Balfe D M, Koehler R E, Roper C L, Owen J W. Computed tomography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma.  Radiology. 1983;  146 433-438
• 4 Thompson W M, Halvorsen R A, Foster jr  W L . et al . Computed tomography for staging esophageal and gastroesophageal cancer: reevaluation.  Am J Roentgenol. 1983;  141 951-958
• 5 Flanagan F L, Dehdashti F, Siegel B A, Trask D D, Sundaresan S R, Patterson G A, Cooper J D. Staging of esophageal cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.  Am J Roentgenol. 1997;  168 417-424
• 6 Whyte R I. Advances in the staging of intrathoracic malignancies.  World J Surg. 2001;  25 167-173
• 7 Weber W A, Ott K, Becker K, Dittler H J . et al . Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging.  J Clin Oncol. 2001;  19 3058-3065
• 8 Wieder H A, Bruecher B LDM, Zimmermann F . et al . Time course of tumor metabolic activity during chemoradiotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and response to treatment.  J Clin Oncol. 2004;  22 900-908
• 9 Dittler H J, Siewert J R. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastric carcinoma.  Endoscopy. 1993;  25 162-166
• 10 Murata Y, Suzuki S, Hashimoto H. Endoscopic ultrasonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract.  Surg Endosc. 1988;  2 180-183
• 11 Tunaci M. Carcinoma of stomach and duodenum: radiologic diagnosis and staging.  Eur J Radiol. 2002;  42 181-192
• 12 Botet J F, Lightdale C J, Zauber A G. Preoperative staging of gastric cancer. Comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT.  Radiology. 1991;  181 426-432
• 13 Grimm H, Hamper K, Binmoller K F . et al . Enlarged lymph nodes: malignant or not?.  Endoscopy. 1992;  24[Suppl 1] 320-323
• 14 Evans E, Harris O, Dickey D . et al . Difficulties in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastric and oesophageal cancer.  Aust NZ J Surg. 1985;  55 541-544
• 15 Low V HS, Levine M S, Rubesin S E . et al . Diagnosis of gastric carcinoma: sensitivity of double-contrast barium studies.  Am J Roentgenol. 1994;  162 329-334
• 16 Lee J H, Jeong Y K, Kim D H . et al . Two-phase halical CT for detection of early gastric carcinoma: importance of the mucosal phase for analysis of the abnormal mucosal layer.  J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;  24 777-782
• 17 Dux M, Richter G M, Hansmann J, Kuntz C, Kauffmann G W. Helical hydro-CT for diagnosis and staging of gastric carcinoma.  J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;  23 913-922
• 18 Stell D A, Carter C R, Stewart I . et al . Prospective comparison of laparoscopy, ultrasongraphy and computed tomography in staging of gastric cancer.  Br J Surg. 996;  83 1260-1262
• 19 Cho J S, Kim J K, Rho S M . et al . Preoperative assessment of gastric carcinoma: value of two-phase dynamic CT with mechanical iv injection of contrast material.  Am J Roentgenol. 1994;  163 69-75
• 20 Minami M, Kawauchi N, Itai Y . et al . Gastric tumors: radiologicpathologic correlation and accuracy of T staging with dynamic CT.  Radiology. 1992;  185 173-178
• 21 Kim A Y, Han J K, Seong C K . et al . MRI in staging advanced gastric cancer: is it useful compared with spiral CT?.  J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;  24 389-394
• 22 Shon K M, Lee J M, Lee S Y . et al . Comparing MR Imaging and CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma.  Am J Roentgenol. 2000;  174 1551-1557
• 23 Mochiki E, Kuwano H, Katoh H, Asao T, Oriuchi N, Endo K. Evaluation of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography for gastric cancer.  World J Surg. 2004;  28 247-253
• 24 Chen J, Cheong J H, Yun M J, Kim J, Lim J S, Hyung W J, Noh S H. Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography.  Cancer. 2005;  103 2383-2390
• 25 Stroobants S, Goeminne J, Seegers M . et al . 18FDG-Positron emission tomography for the early prediction of response in advanced soft tissue sarcoma treated with imatinib mesylate (Glivec).  Eur J Cancer. 2003;  39 2012-2020
• 26 Gayed I, Vu T, Iyer R, Johnson M, Macapinlac H, Swanston N, Podoloff D. The role of 18F-FDG PET in staging and early prediction of response to therapy of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors.  J Nucl Med. 2004;  45 17-21. Erratum in: J Nucl Med 2004; 45 : 1803
• 27 Astler V B, Coller F A. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum.  Ann Surg. 1954;  139 846
• 28 Glaser F, Schlag P, Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumours and lymph node involvement.  Br J Surg. 1990;  77 883-887
• 29 Thoeni R F. Colorectal cancer: cross-sectional imaging for staging of primary tumor and detection of local recurrence.  Am J Roentgenol. 1991;  156 909-915
• 30 Hundt W, Braunschweig R, Reiser M. Evaluation of spiral CT in staging of colon and rectum carcinoma.  Eur Radiol. 1999;  9 78-84
• 31 Kwok H, Bissett I P, Hill G L. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2000;  15 9-20
• 32 Beets-Tan R G, Beets G L. Rectal cancer: how accurate can imaging predict the T stage and the circumferential resection margin?.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003;  18 385-391
• 33 Vliegen R F, Beets G L, von Meyenfeldt M F . et al . Rectal Cancer: MR Imaging in Local Staging - Is Gadolinium-based Contrast Material Helpful?.  Radiology. 2005;  234 179-188
• 34 Chessin D B, Kiran R P, Akhurst T, Guillem J G. The emerging role of 18F-Fluorodesoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in the Management of Primary and Recurrent Rectal Cancer.  J Am Coll Surg. 2005;  201 948-956