Download PDF
Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018; 46(06): 393-398
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1677403
Originalartikel – Original Articles
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Blood reference intervals for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from routine diagnostic samples

Bestimmung von Blutreferenzwerten für Kaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus) aus Routinediagnostikproben
Christoph Leineweber
1   LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
,
Elisabeth Müller
1   LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
,
Rachel E. Marschang
1   LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 06 July 2018

Accepted after revision: 29 August 2018

Publication Date:
18 January 2019 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Objective: The goal of this study was to establish reference intervals for blood parameters in rabbits based on data from routine diagnostic samples. Materials and methods: Data sets from 1679–2039 values for clinical chemistry and 937–1559 values for hematological parameters were evaluated using the statistical program Reference Limit Estimator 20151017. Results: The following reference intervals were calculated for hematology: erythrocytes 4.37–7.43 × 1012 cells/l; hematocrit 0.28–0.48 l/l; hemoglobin 89.63–153.82 g/l; leucocytes 2.71–12.23 × 109 cells/l; neutrophils 0.87–7.82 × 109 cells/l; lymphocytes 0.36–6.58 × 109 cells/l; monocytes 0.08–1.71 × 109 cells/l; eosi nophils 0.07–0.19 × 109 cells/l; basophils 0.06–1.1 × 109 cells/l; thrombocytes 225.45–905.3 × 109 cells/l. Calculated intervals for clinical chemistries were: alkaline phosphatase 9.05–94.68 U/l; aspartataminotransferase 3.75–32.44 U/l; creatine kinase 1.63–559.53 U/l; γ-glutamyltransferase 2.5–14.46 U/l; glutamatdehydrogenase 0.68–14.78 U/l; fructosamin 248.08–501.43 µmol/l; bile acid 0.76–19.63 μmol/l; total protein 48.66–73.64 g/l; urea 2.63–10.28 mmol/l; creatinine 51.38–154.35 µmol/l; calcium 3.02–4.3 mmol/l; magnesium 0.66–1.51 mmol/l; phosphorus 0.54–2.18 mmol/l; sodium 132.61– 154.0 mmol/l and potassium 3.52–6.04 mmol/l. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The calculation of intervals based on a large number of routine diagnostic samples allows the establishment of labora tory specific reference intervals without the use of experimental animals.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel dieser Studie war die Etablierung von Referenzwerten für Blut-parameter beim Kaninchen aus Daten, die von Routineeinsendungen stammten. Material und Methoden: Die Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Statistikprogram „Reference Limit Estimator 20151017“ und berücksichtigte 1679–2039 Resultate von klinisch-chemischen sowie 937–1559 Resultate von hämatologischen Parametern. Ergebnisse: Für die hämatologischen Parameter wurden folgende Referenzwerte berechnet: Erythrozyten 4,37–7,43 × 1012 Zellen/l; Hämatokrit 0,28–0,48 l/l; Hämoglobin 89,63–153,82 g/l; Leukozyten 2,71–12,23 × 109 Zellen/l; Neutrophile 0,87–7,82 × 109 Zellen/l; Lym phozyten 0,36–6,58 × 109 Zellen/l; Monozyten 0,08–1,71 × 109 Zellen/l; Eosi nophile 0,07–0,19 × 109 Zellen/l; Basophile 0,06–1,1 × 109 Zellen/l; Thrombozyten 225,45–905,3 × 109 Zellen/l. Für die klinisch-chemi schen Parameter ergaben sich folgende Referenzbereiche: alkalische Phosphatase 9,05–94,68 U/l; Aspartat-Aminotransferase 3,75–32,44 U/l; Kreatinkinase 1,63–559,53 U/l; γ-Glutamyltransferase 2,5–14,46 U/l; Glutamatdehydrogenase 0,68–14,78 U/l; Fruktosamin 248,08–501,43 µmol/l; Gallensäure 0,76–19,63 μmol/l; Gesamtprotein 48,66–73,64 g/l; Harnstoff 2,63–10,28 mmol/l; Kreatinin 51,38– 154,35 µmol/l; Kalzium 3,02–4,3 mmol/l; Magnesium 0,66–1,51 mmol/l; anorganisches Phosphat 0,54–2,18 mmol/l; Natrium 132,61–154,0 mmol/l und Kalium 3,52–6,04 mmol/l. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Die Berechnung von Referenzwerten aus einer großen Anzahl von Routineeinsendungen ermöglicht die Etablierung von laboreigenen Referenzwerten, ohne auf Tierversuche angewiesen zu sein.

Key words

Hematology - biochemistry - Reference Limit Estimator - parameter - small mammals

Schlüsselwörter

Hämatologie - Biochemie - Reference Limit Estimator - Parameter - Klein-säuger
 

  • References

  • 1 Aleman CL, Noa M, Mas R. Reference data for the principal physiological indicators in three species of laboratory animals. Lab Anim 2000; 34 (04) 379-385.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Arzideh F, Wosniok W, Gurr E, Hinsch W, Schumann G, Weinstock N, Haeckel R. A plea for intra-laboratory reference limits. Part 2. A bimodal retrospective concept for determining reference limits from intra-laboratory databases demonstrated by catalytic activity concentrations of enzymes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45 (08) 1043-1057.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Brewer NR. Biology of the rabbit. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2006; 45 (01) 8-24.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Caisey JD, Ducan JK. Clinical chemical values for some common laboratory animals. Clin Chem 1980; 26 (13) 1877-1779.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Campbell TW. Peripheral blood of mammals. In: Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology, 4th edn. Ames, IA: Wiley Blackwell Publishing; 2015: 3-36.
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Drozdowicz CK, Bowman TA, Webb ML, Lang CM. Effect of in-house transport on murine plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte populations. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51 (11) 1841-1846.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP, Szladovits B, Walton RM, Barnhart KF, Blanco-Chavez J. ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41 (04) 441-453.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Fisher P, Graham J. Rabbits. In: Exotic Animal Formulary, 5th edn. Carpenter JW. ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 2018: 517-518.
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Hampton A, Cotroneo T, Colby LA. The laboratory rabbit. In: The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, 3rd edn. Kurtz DM, Travlos GS. eds. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Inc.; 2017: 79-111.
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Harkness JE, Wagner JE. The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, 4th edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Hein J, Hartmann K. Labordiagnostische Referenzbereiche bei Kaninchen. Tierärztl Prax 2003; 31 K 321-328.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hewitt CD, Innes DJ, Savory J, Wills MR. Normal biochemical and hemato-logical values in New Zealand White Rabbits. Clin Chem 1989; 35 (08) 1777-1779.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Hoefer HL. Rabbit and ferret renal disease diagnosis. In: Laboratory Medicine: Avian and Exotic Pets. Fudge AM. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Hrapkiewicz K, Medina L, Holmes DD. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction, 3rd edn. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Jeklova E, Leva L, Knotigova P, Faldyna M. Age-related changes in selected haematology parameters in rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86: 525-528.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kim J-C, Yun H-I, Cha S-W, Kim K-H, Koh WS, Chung M-K. Haemato-logical changes during normal pregnancy in New Zealand white rabbits: a longitudinal study. Comp Clin Pathol 2002; 11: 98-106.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Kozma CK, Pelas A, Salvador RA. Electrophoretic determination of serum proteins of laboratory animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1967; 151 (07) 865-869.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Kozma CK, Macklin L, Cummins L, Mauer R. Anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the rabbit. In: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. Weis-broth SH, Flatt R, Kraus A. eds. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1974: 49-72.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 19 McLaughlin RM, Fish RE. Clinical biochemistry and hematology. In: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. Manning PJ, Ringler DH, Newcomer CE. eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1994: 483.
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Melillo A. Rabbit clinical pathology. J Exotic Pet Med 2007; 16 (03) 135-145.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Piccione G, Caola G, Refinetti R. Daily rhythms of liver-function indicators in rabbits. J Physiol Sci 2007; 57 (02) 101-105.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Vella D, Donnelly TM. Basic anatomy, physiology, and husbandry. In: Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 2nd edn. Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW. eds. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2004: 157-174.
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Wells MY, Decobecq CP-M, Decouvelare DM, Justice C, Guittin P. Changes in clinical pathology parameters during gestation in the New Zealand White Rabbit. Toxicol Pathol 1999; 27 (03) 370-379.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Yu L, Pragay DA, Chang D, Wicher K. Biochemical parameters of normal rabbit serum. Clin Biochem 1979; 12 (03) 83-87.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Zimmerman KL, Moore DM, Smith SA. Hematology of laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In: Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6th edn. Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. eds. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010: 862-868.
    Google Scholar