Aktueller Stand zu perkutanen lokalablativen Verfahren beim hepatozellulären Karzinom

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Das hepatozelluläre Karzinom (HCC) ist das fünfthäufigste Tumorleiden weltweit. Da viele HCCs bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Erstdiagnose nicht resektabel sind, haben sich in den letzten Jahrzenten perkutane Tumorablationen als kurativer Therapieansatz für das sehr frühe (BCLC 0) und frühe (BCLC A) HCC etabliert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen kompakten Überblick über die aktuell zur Anwendung kommenden perkutanen lokalablativen Verfahren zu geben, basierend auf den technischen Besonderheiten sowie der klinischen Relevanz unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Studienlage.

Methode Die Literaturrecherche umfasste alle über MEDLINE und PubMed verfügbaren Originalarbeiten, Reviews und Metaanalysen zu den jeweiligen perkutanen Ablationsverfahren, hierbei wurde vor allem ein Fokus auf randomisiert kontrollierte Studien und Veröffentlichungen aus den letzten 10 Jahren gelegt.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung Die Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) und Mikrowellenablation (MWA) sind etablierte Verfahren, welche aufgrund ihrer starken Evidenz in internationalen und nationalen Leitlinien bei der Behandlung von HCCs im Stadium BCLC 0 und A mit einem Diameter bis zu 3 cm der chirurgischen Resektion gleichgestellt sind. Für HCCs mit einem Diameter zwischen 3 und 5 cm wird in den aktuellen S3-Leitlinien eine Kombination aus transarterieller Chemoembolisation (TACE) und Thermoablation mittels RFA oder MWA empfohlen, da bei HCCs dieser Größe die Kombinationstherapie der alleinigen Thermoablation überlegen ist und mit der chirurgischen Resektion vergleichbare Ergebnisse bezüglich des Gesamtüberlebens zeigt. Alternative, deutlich seltener eingesetzte thermische Verfahren sind die Kryotherapie (KT) und die Laserablation (LA). Zu den nicht thermischen Verfahren zählen die irreversible Elektroporation (IRE), die interstitielle Brachytherapie (IBT) und als neuestes Verfahren die Elektrochemotherapie (ECT). Aufgrund der noch nicht ausreichenden Evidenz kommen diese bis dato allerdings nur in Einzelfällen und im Rahmen von Studien zum Einsatz. Die nicht thermischen Verfahren stellen jedoch eine sinnvolle Alternative für die Ablation von HCCs in Nachbarschaft zu großen Blutgefäßen und Gallengängen dar, da sie diese Strukturen im Gegensatz zu den thermischen Ablationsverfahren deutlich weniger schädigen. Durch Fortschritte in der Technik der jeweiligen Verfahren, zunehmend gute Evidenz sowie Weiterentwicklungen bei unterstützenden Techniken wie Navigationsgeräten und Fusionsbildgebung könnten die perkutanen Ablationsverfahren in den kommenden Jahren ihre Indikationsstellung zur Behandlung größerer und weiter fortgeschrittener HCCs erweitern.

Abstract

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common tumor worldwide. Because many hepatocellular carcinomas are already unresectable at the time of initial diagnosis, percutaneous tumor ablation has become established in recent decades as a curative therapeutic approach for very early (BCLC 0) and early (BCLC A) HCC. The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the percutaneous local ablative procedures currently in use, based on their technical characteristics as well as clinical relevance, taking into account the current body of studies.

Materials and Methods The literature search included all original papers, reviews, andmeta-analyses available via MEDLINE and Pubmed on the respective percutaneous ablation procedures; the primary focus was on randomized controlled trials and publications from the last 10 years.

Results and Conclusions Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are well-established procedures that are considered equal to surgical resection in the treatment of stage BCLC 0 and A HCC with a diameter up to 3 cm due to their strong evidence in international and national guidelines. For tumors with a diameter between 3 and 5 cm, the current S3 guidelines recommend a combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and thermal ablation using RFA or MWA as combination therapy is superior to thermal ablation alone in tumors of this size and shows comparable results to surgical resection in terms of overall survival. Alternative, less frequently employed thermal procedures include cryotherapy (CT) and laser ablation (LA). Non-thermal procedures include irreversible electroporation (IRE), interstitial brachytherapy (IBT), and most recently, electrochemotherapy (ECT). Due to insufficient evidence, these have only been used in individual cases and within the framework of studies. However, the nonthermal methods are a reasonable alternative for ablation of tumors adjacent to large blood vessels and bile ducts because they do not damage these structures, unlike thermal ablation methods. With advances in the technology of the respective procedures, increasingly good evidence, and advancements in supportive techniques such as navigation devices and fusion imaging, percutaneous ablation procedures may expand their indications for the treatment of larger and more advanced tumors in the coming years.

Kernaussagen

• RFA und MWA sind für die kurative Therapie von HCC im Stadium BCLC 0 und A bis zu einer Größe von 3 cm der chirurgischen Resektion als Erstlinientherapie gleichgestellt.

• Für HCC mit einer Größe zwischen 3 und 5 cm wird eine Kombination aus TACE und RFA oder MWA empfohlen. Diese Kombinationstherapie zeigt bezüglich Gesamtüberleben der chirurgischen Resektion ähnliche Ergebnisse.

• Alternative Ablationsverfahren kommen bis dato aufgrund der mangelhaften Datenlage nur in Einzelfällen oder im Rahmen von Studien zum Einsatz.Insbesondere nichtthermische Verfahren wie die IRE, die IBT und neuerdings ECT stellen jedoch eine sinnvolle Alternative für die Ablation von HCCs in Nachbarschaft zu großen Blutgefäßen und Gallengängen dar, da sie diese Strukturen im Gegensatz zu thermischen Ablationsverfahren deutlich weniger schädigen.

Schlüsselwörter

Abdomen - Ablationsverfahren - perkutan

Keywords

abdomen - ablation procedures - percutaneous

Publication History

Received: 13 August 2021

Accepted after revision: 31 January 2022

Article published online:
03 February 2023

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