Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2095-2074
Age at Menarche, Menopause Status and Metabolic Syndrome and its Components: Findings from the Henan Rural Cohort Study
Fundref Information Discipline Key Research and Development Program of Zhengzhou University — XKZDQY202008, XKZDQY202002; Foundation of National Key Program of Research and Development of China — 2016YFC0900803; Key Research Program of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province — 21A330007; The Science and Technology Innovation Team Support Plan of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province — 21IRTSTHN029; National Natural Science Foundation of China — http://dx.doi.org/ 10.13039/501100001809; 81930092, 81602925, 82003543Clinical Trial Registration The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 2015–07–06. URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/ showproj.aspx?proj = 11375
Abstract
Introduction To evaluate the effect of age at menarche on metabolic syndrome (Mets) and its components and explore the impact of menopause status on the association between age at menarche and Mets in rural Chinese women.
Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 23382 women from the Henan Rural Cohort study. The relationship between age at menarche and Mets was assessed using logistic regression and restricted cubic spline. Interaction plots were used to describe interactive effects of age at menarche and menopause status on Mets.
Results Age at menarche was inversely associated with the risk of Mets with the adjusted OR of 1.16, 0.98, 1.00, 0.82, and 0.77, respectively, for those with age at menarche≤13, 14, 15–16 (reference), 17, and≥18 years. Each year of delay in menarche age correlated with a 6.2% (P<0.001) lower risk of Mets. Among the components of Mets, an inverse association was observed between age at menarche and central obesity (OR (95% CI): 0.92 (0.90, 0.94)), abnormal FPG (OR (95% CI): 0.96 (0.94, 0.97)), abnormal BP (OR (95% CI): 0.967 (0.95, 0.98)), abnormal TG (OR (95% CI): 0.96 (0.94, 0.97)), and abnormal HDL-C (OR (95% CI): 0.96 (0.95, 0.98)). Significant interactions were discovered between age at menarche, menopause status, and the risk of Mets, central obesity, abnormal FPG, abnormal BP, and abnormal TG (all P interaction<0.001). The adverse effect of menopausal status on Mets, central obesity, abnormal FPG, abnormal BP, and abnormal TG decreased with delayed age at menarche.
Conclusions Later menarche was associated with a lower risk of Mets. More importantly, the deleterious effect of menopause status on Mets decreased with the increase in age at menarche.
Key words
age at menarche - metabolic syndrom - menopause status - interaction effect - rural populationPublication History
Received: 25 October 2022
Received: 26 April 2023
Accepted: 08 May 2023
Article published online:
07 August 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition. Lancet (London, England) 2005; 366: 1059-1062
- 2 Chedraui P, San Miguel G, Vintimilla-Sigüenza I. et al. The metabolic syndrome and its components in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29: 563-568 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.788637.
- 3 Prasad H, Ryan DA, Celzo MF. et al. Metabolic syndrome: Definition and therapeutic implications. Postgrad Med 2012; 124: 21-30 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2012.01.2514.
- 4 Wang Y, Tu R, Yuan H. et al. Associations of unhealthy lifestyles with metabolic syndrome in Chinese rural aged females. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 2718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59607-x.
- 5 Pucci G, Alcidi R, Tap L. et al. Sex- and gender-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: A review of the literature. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120: 34-42 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.008.
- 6 Ranasinghe P, Mathangasinghe Y, Jayawardena R. et al. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the asia-pacific region: a systematic review. BMC public health 2017; 17: 101 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4041-1.
- 7 Wu X, Bao L, Du Z. et al. Secular trends of age at menarche and the effect of famine exposure on age at menarche in rural Chinese women. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49: 35-40 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2041092.
- 8 Karapanou O, Papadimitriou A. Determinants of menarche. Reproductive biology and endocrinology: Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8: 115 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-115.
- 9 Farahmand M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Behboudi Gandevani S. et al. Is There any association between age at menarche and risk of metabolic syndrome? The Tehran Lipid & Glucose Study. Arch Iran Med 2019; 22: 495-500
- 10 Canoy D, Beral V, Balkwill A. et al. Age at menarche and risks of coronary heart and other vascular diseases in a large UK cohort. Circulation 2015; 131: 237-244 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010070.
- 11 Mishra SR, Chung HF, Waller M. et al. Association between reproductive life span and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease: A pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 studies. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5: 1410-1418 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4105.
- 12 Cho YJ, Lee GH. Association of age at menarche with metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome in premenopausal women, Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey VI. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016; 36: 345-351 DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0488-3.
- 13 Wang Y, Li Y, Liu X. et al. Gender-specific prevalence of poor sleep quality and related factors in a Chinese rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort Study. Sleep Med 2019; 54: 134-141 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.031.
- 14 Wu X, Liu X, Liao W. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural China. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 1644 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11681-0.
- 15 Malina RM, Peña Reyes ME, Tan SK. et al. Secular change in age at menarche in rural Oaxaca, southern Mexico: 1968--2000. Ann Hum Biol 2004; 31: 634-646 DOI: 10.1080/03014460400018085.
- 16 Liu G, Yang Y, Huang W. et al. Association of age at menarche with obesity and hypertension among southwestern Chinese women: a new finding. Menopause (New York, NY) 2018; 25: 546-553 DOI: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001027.
- 17 Bauman A, Bull F, Chey T. et al. The international prevalence study on physical activity: Results from 20 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6: 21 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-21.
- 18 Chinese Nutrition Society. Chinese Dietary Guidelines summary. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2016
- 19 Wu X, Liu X, Liao W. et al. Association of night sleep duration and ideal cardiovascular health in rural China: The Henan Rural Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2020; 8: 606458 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.606458.
- 20 Stockl D, Meisinger C, Peters A. et al. Age at menarche and its association with the metabolic syndrome and its components: Results from the KORA F4 Study. Plos One 2011; 6: e26076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026076.
- 21 Heys M, Schooling CM, Jiang CQ. et al. Age of menarche and the metabolic syndrome in China: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Early Human Development 2007; 83: S73-S73 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782 (07)70142-1.
- 22 Marvan ML, Castillo-Lopez RL, del-Callejo-Canal DD. et al. Secular trends in age at menarche in 20th century Mexico: Differences by ethnicity, area of residency, and socioeconomic status. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32: e23404 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23404.
- 23 Nasiri S, Dolatian M, Tehrani FR. et al. Factors related to the age at menarche in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr-Mashhad 2020; 8: 12091-12104 DOI: 10.22038/ijp.2020.49222.3939.
- 24 Noipayak P, Rawdaree P, Supawattanabodee B. et al. Factors associated with early age at menarche among Thai adolescents in Bangkok: A cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2017; 17: 16 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0371-5.
- 25 Lakshman R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ. et al. Early age at menarche associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. J Clin Endocr Metab 2009; 94: 4953-4960 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1789.
- 26 Zhang L, Li Y, Zhou W. et al. Mediation effect of BMI on the relationship between age at menarche and hypertension: The Henan Rural Cohort Study. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 34: 448-456 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0247-2.
- 27 Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA. et al. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res 2015; 116 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697.
- 28 Szmuilowicz ED, Stuenkel CA, Seely EW. Influence of menopause on diabetes and diabetes risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 553-558 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.166.
- 29 Lambrinoudaki I, Paschou SA, Armeni E. et al. The interplay between diabetes mellitus and menopause: clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18: 608-622 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00708-0.
- 30 Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-2411
- 31 Pu D, Tan R, Yu Q. et al. Metabolic syndrome in menopause and associated factors: A meta-analysis. Climacteric 2017; 20: 583-591 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1386649.
- 32 Butte NF. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1256S-1261S DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1256s.
- 33 Grundy SM. Pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 635-643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.080.
- 34 Liu F, Pan Y, Liang Y. et al. The epidemiological profile of hysterectomy in rural Chinese women: A population-based study. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e015351 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015351.
- 35 Must A, Phillips SM, Naumova EN. et al. Recall of early menstrual history and menarcheal body size: after 30 years, how well do women remember?. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 672-679