Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000094.xml
Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48(2): 289-351
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1110008
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1110008
Leitlinie
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Update der S 3-Leitlinie Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis-C-Virus(HCV)-Infektion, AWMF-Register-Nr.: 021 / 012
Prophylaxis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection: The German Guidelines on the Management of HCV InfectionFurther Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
29 January 2010 (online)
Koordination: C. Sarrazin, M. Dollinger, U. Protzer, M. Cornberg
Literatur
- 1 Hoofnagle J H. Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S21-S29
- 2 Seeff L B. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S35-S46
- 3 Caruntu F A, Benea L. Acute hepatitis C virus infection: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006; 15 249-256
- 4 Maheshwari A, Ray S, Thuluvath P J. Acute hepatitis C. Lancet. 2008; 372 321-332
- 5 (CDC) CfDCaP . Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998; 47 1-39
- 6 (NIH) NIoH . NIH Consensus Statement on Management of Hepatitis C: 2002. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2002; 19 1-46
- 7 Offergeld R, Faensen D, Ritter S. et al . Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infections among blood donors in Germany 2000 – 2002: risk of virus transmission and the impact of nucleic acid amplification testing. Euro Surveill. 2005; 10 8-11
- 8 (CDC) CfDCaP . Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections among chronic hemodialysis patients. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001; 50 1-43
- 9 Li Vecchi M, La Spada E, Li Vecchi V. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialyzed patients. Int J Artif Organs. 2007; 30 100-107
- 10 Sulowicz W, Radziszewski A, Chowaniec E. Hepatitis C virus infection in dialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2007; 11 286-295
- 11 Shepard C W, Finelli L, Alter M J. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005; 5 558-567
- 12 Alter M J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 2436-2441
- 13 (RKI) RK-I .Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten 2006. Berlin; RKI 2007: 98-103
- 14 Vescio M F, Longo B, Babudieri S. et al . Correlates of hepatitis C virus seropositivity in prison inmates: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008; 62 305-313
- 15 Alter M J. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 S6-S9
- 16 Gaeta G B, Precone D F, Cozzi-Lepri A. et al . Multiple viral infections. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 S108-S113
- 17 Ackerman Z, Ackerman E, Paltiel O. Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review. J Viral Hepat. 2000; 7 93-103
- 18 Jain S, Goharkhay N, Saade G. et al . Hepatitis C in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 2007; 24 251-256
- 19 Narkewicz M R, Cabrera R, Gonzalez-Peralta R P. The „C” of viral hepatitis in children. Semin Liver Dis. 2007; 27 295-311
- 20 Lavanchy D, McMahon B. Worldwide prevalence and prevention of hepatitis C. In: Ljang JT, Hoofnagle J (Eds), Hepatitis C. San Diego; Academic Press 2000: 185-201
- 21 Global Burden of Hepatitis C Working Group . Global burden of disease (GBD) for hepatitis C. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 44 20-29
- 22 Williams R. Global challenges in liver disease. Hepatology. 2006; 44 521-526
- 23 Hüppe D, Zehnter E, Mauss S. et al . Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C in Germany – an analysis of 10,326 patients in hepatitis centres and outpatient units. Z Gastroenterol. 2008; 46 34-44
- 24 Thierfelder W, Hellenbrand W, Meisel H. et al . Prevalence of markers for hepatitis A, B and C in the German population. Results of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001; 17 429-435
- 25 Gretch D R. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997; 26 43S-47S
- 26 Courouce A M. Development of screening and confirmation tests for antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transfus. 1998; 62 64-75
- 27 Kiely P, Wilson D. Results of HCV screening of volunteer blood donors with a chemiluminescent immunoassay and a second- or third-generation EIA: overlap of false-positive reactivity and its impact on donor management. Transfusion. 2000; 40 580-584
- 28 Pawlotsky J M. Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S65-S73
- 29 Ferreira-Gonzalez A, Shiffman M L. Use of diagnostic testing for managing hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Liver Dis. 2004; 24 (Suppl 2) 9-18
- 30 Scott J D, Gretch D R. Molecular diagnostics of hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007; 297 724-732
- 31 Zaaijer H L, Vrielink H, Exel-Oehlers P J. et al . Confirmation of hepatitis C infection: a comparison of five immunoblot assays. Transfusion. 1994; 34 603-607
- 32 Bonanni van P, Icardi G C, Raffo A M. et al . Analytical and laboratory evaluation of a new fully-automated third generation enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus. J Virol Methods. 1996; 62 113-122
- 33 Uyttendaele S, Claeys H, Mertens W. et al . Evaluation of third-generation screening and confirmatory assays for HCV antibodies. Vox Sang. 1994; 66 122-129
- 34 Farci P, Alter H J, Govindarajan S. et al . Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science. 1992; 258 135-140
- 35 Laperche S, Le Marrec N, Girault A. et al . Simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen and anti-HCV antibodies improves the early detection of HCV infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43 3877-3883
- 36 Lambert N. Value of HCV antigen-antibody combined HCV assay in hepatitis C diagnosis. Dev Biol (Basel). 2007; 127 113-121
- 37 Hnatyszyn H J. Chronic hepatitis C and genotyping: the clinical significance of determining HCV genotypes. Antivir Ther. 2005; 10 1-11
- 38 Weck K. Molecular methods of hepatitis C genotyping. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2005; 5 507-520
- 39 Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C. et al . Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2005; 42 962-973
- 40 Saldanha J, Lelie N, Heath A. Establishment of the first international standard for nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays for HCV RNA. WHO Collaborative Study Group. Vox Sang. 1999; 76 149-158
- 41 Saldanha J, Heath A, Aberham C. et al . World Health Organization collaborative study to establish a replacement WHO international standard for hepatitis C virus RNA nucleic acid amplification technology assays. Vox Sang. 2005; 88 202-204
- 42 Ross R S, Viazov S, Sarr S. et al . Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA by third generation branched DNA-based signal amplification assay. J Virol Methods. 2002; 101 159-168
- 43 Desombere I, Van Vlierberghe H, Couvent S. et al . Comparison of qualitative (COBAS AMPLICOR HCV 2.0 versus VERSANT HCV RNA) and quantitative (COBAS AMPLICOR HCV monitor 2.0 versus VERSANT HCV RNA 3.0) assays for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA detection and quantification: impact on diagnosis and treatment of HCV infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43 2590-2597
- 44 Sabato M F, Shiffman M L, Langley M R. et al . Comparison of performance characteristics of three real-time reverse transcription-PCR test systems for detection and quantification of hepatitis C virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45 2529-2536
- 45 Bouvier-Alias M, Patel K, Dahari H. et al . Clinical utility of total HCV core antigen quantification: a new indirect marker of HCV replication. Hepatology. 2002; 36 211-218
- 46 Leary T P, Gutierrez R A, Muerhoff A S. et al . A chemiluminescent, magnetic particle-based immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen in human serum or plasma. J Med Virol. 2006; 78 1436-1440
- 47 Dufour D R, Lott J A, Nolte F S. et al . Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests. Clin Chem. 2000; 46 2027-2049
- 48 Green R M, Flamm S. AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123 1367-1384
- 49 Anonym. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123 1364-1366
- 50 Fontana R J, Lok A S. Noninvasive monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S57-S64
- 51 Gebo K A, Chander G, Jenckes M W. et al . Screening tests for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S84-S92
- 52 Stravitz R T, Heuman D M, Chand N. et al . Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis improves outcome. Am J Med. 2008; 121 119-126
- 53 Thompson Coon J, Rogers G, Hewson P. et al . Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11 1-206
- 54 Trevisani F, Santi V, Gramenzi A. et al . Surveillance for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: is it effective in intermediate/advanced cirrhosis?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102 2448-2457, quiz 2458
- 55 Schirmacher P, Fleig W E, Dienes H P. Biopsy diagnosis of chronic hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol. 2004; 42 175-185
- 56 Desmet V J, Gerber M, Hoofnagle J H. et al . Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology. 1994; 19 1513-1520
- 57 Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L. et al . Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1995; 22 696-699
- 58 Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology. 1996; 24 289-293
- 59 Dienstag J L. The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S152-S160
- 60 Friedrich-Rust M, Ong M F, Martens S. et al . Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134 960-974
- 61 Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F. et al . Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2001; 34 730-739
- 62 Fattovich G, Pantalena M, Zagni I. et al . Effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis: a cohort study of 297 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97 2886-2895
- 63 Missiha S B, Ostrowski M, Heathcote E J. Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134 1699-1714
- 64 Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005; 42 1208-1236
- 65 El-Serag H B, Marrero J A, Rudolph L. et al . Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134 1752-1763
- 66 Greten T F, Papendorf F, Bleck J S. et al . Survival rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 389 patients. Br J Cancer. 2005; 92 1862-1868
- 67 Schacherer D, Schoelmerich J, Zuber-Jerger I. The diagnostic approach to hepatocellular carcinoma. Z Gastroenterol. 2007; 45 1067-1074
- 68 Kubitschke A, Bader C, Tillmann H L. et al . Injuries from needles contaminated with hepatitis C virus: how high is the risk of seroconversion for medical personnel really?. Internist (Berl). 2007; 48 1165-1172
- 69 Sulkowski M S, Ray S C, Thomas D L. Needlestick transmission of hepatitis C. JAMA. 2002; 287 2406-2413
- 70 Yazdanpanah Y, De Carli G, Migueres B. et al . Risk factors for hepatitis C virus transmission to health care workers after occupational exposure: a European case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41 1423-1430
- 71 Kubitschke A, Bahr M J, Aslan N. et al . Induction of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cells by needle stick injury in the absence of HCV-viraemia. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007; 37 54-64
- 72 Mosley J W, Operskalski E A, Tobler L H. et al . Viral and host factors in early hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2005; 42 86-92
- 73 Thimme R, Oldach D, Chang K M. et al . Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med. 2001; 194 1395-1406
- 74 Post J J, Pan Y, Freeman A J. et al . Clearance of hepatitis C viremia associated with cellular immunity in the absence of seroconversion in the hepatitis C incidence and transmission in prisons study cohort. J Infect Dis. 2004; 189 1846-1855
- 75 Meyer M F, Lehmann M, Cornberg M. et al . Clearance of low levels of HCV viremia in the absence of a strong adaptive immune response. Virol J. 2007; 4 58
- 76 Gerlach J T, Diepolder H M, Zachoval R. et al . Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125 80-88
- 77 Mosley J W, Operskalski E A, Tobler L H. et al . The course of hepatitis C viraemia in transfusion recipients prior to availability of antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2008; 15 120-128
- 78 Cornberg M, Protzer U, Dollinger M M. et al . Prophylaxis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Hepatitis-B-Virus-(HBV-)Infection: upgrade of the guideline, AWMF-Register 021 / 011. Z Gastroenterol. 2007; 45 525-574
- 79 Chung H, Kudo M, Kumada T. et al . Risk of HCV transmission after needlestick injury, and the efficacy of short-duration interferon administration to prevent HCV transmission to medical personnel. J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38 877-879
- 80 Nukaya H, Ohno T, Sakakibara K. et al . Accidental exposure to HCV antibody-positive blood in hospital and pre-emptive one-shot interferon alpha-2b treatment. Hepatol Res. 2007; 37 179-185
- 81 Mehta A, Rodrigues C, Ghag S. et al . Needlestick injuries in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 60 368-373
- 82 Oh H S, Yi S E, Choe K W. Epidemiological characteristics of occupational blood exposures of healthcare workers in a university hospital in South Korea for 10 years. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 60 269-275
- 83 Deterding K, Wiegand J, Gruner N. et al . Medical procedures as a risk factor for HCV infection in developed countries: do we neglect a significant problem in medical care?. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 1019-1020, author reply 1020 – 1011
- 84 Leao J C, Teo C G, Porter S R. HCV infection: aspects of epidemiology and transmission relevant to oral health care workers. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006; 35 295-300
- 85 Germain J M, Carbonne A, Thiers V. et al . Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus through the use of multidose vials during general anesthesia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005; 26 789-792
- 86 Forns X, Martinez-Bauer E, Feliu A. et al . Nosocomial transmission of HCV in the liver unit of a tertiary care center. Hepatology. 2005; 41 115-122
- 87 Ledinghen de V, Trimoulet P, Mannant P R. et al . Outbreak of hepatitis C virus infection during sclerotherapy of varicose veins: long-term follow-up of 196 patients (4535 patient-years). J Hepatol. 2007; 46 19-25
- 88 Kondili L A, Genovese D, Argentini C. et al . Nosocomial transmission in simultaneous outbreaks of hepatitis C and B virus infections in a hemodialysis center. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006; 25 527-531
- 89 Savey A, Simon F, Izopet J. et al . A large nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis C virus infections at a hemodialysis center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005; 26 752-760
- 90 Bronowicki J P, Venard V, Botte C. et al . Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis C virus during colonoscopy. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337 237-240
- 91 Quer J, Esteban J I, Sanchez J M. et al . Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus during contrast-enhanced computed tomography scanning. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20 73-78
-
92 Biostoffverordnung. Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I 1999; 50; 1999, 2059; 2003, 2304; 2004, 3758; 2004, 3758; 2006; 2407 sowie TRBA 250 Neufassung von Mai 2006. (www.nadelstichverletzung.de)
-
93 Berufsgenossenschaftliche Grundsätze (Deutschland) für arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorgeuntersuchungen G 42 (Tätigkeiten mit Infektionsgefährdung).
-
94 Hepatitis C Infected Health Care Workers . London; Department of Health http://www.doh.gov.uk/hepatitisc
- 95 Empfehlungen der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) zur Prävention der nosokomialen Übertragung von Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) und Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) durch im Gesundheitswesen Tätige. Lengerich; Pabst Science Publishers 2007 (Stand: Juli 2007): 139-147
- 96 Gunson R N, Shouval D, Roggendorf M. et al . Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in health care workers (HCWs): guidelines for prevention of transmission of HBV and HCV from HCW to patients. J Clin Virol. 2003; 27 213-230
- 97 Duckworth G J, Heptonstall J, Aitken C. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from a surgeon to a patient. The Incident Control Team. Commun Dis Public Health. 1999; 2 188-192
- 98 Esteban J I, Gomez J, Martell M. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus by a cardiac surgeon. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 555-560
- 99 Mawdsley J, Teo C G, Kyi M. et al . Anesthetist to patient transmission of hepatitis C virus associated with non exposure-prone procedures. J Med Virol. 2005; 75 399-401
- 100 Hepatitis C virus transmission from health care worker to patient. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 1995; 5 121
- 101 Two hepatitis C lookback exercises – national and in London. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 2000; 10 125, 128
- 102 Hepatitis C lookback exercise. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 2000; 10 203, 206
- 103 Hepatitis C lookback in two trusts in the south of England. Comm Dis Rep Wkly. 2001; 21 2
- 104 Surgeon-to-patient HCV infections raise questions. Hospital Employee Health. 2002; 88-90
- 105 Ross R SFL, Liazov S, Roggendorf M. Lack of hepatitis C virus transmission from an infected orthopedic surgeon. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Virologie,. Abstractband 2003: 179
- 106 Ross R S, Viazov S, Roggendorf M. Phylogenetic analysis indicates transmission of hepatitis C virus from an infected orthopedic surgeon to a patient. J Med Virol. 2002; 66 461-467
- 107 Ross R S, Viazov S, Thormahlen M. et al . Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission from an infected gynecologist to patients: results of a 7-year retrospective investigation. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162 805-810
- 108 Stark K, Hanel M, Berg T. et al . Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis C virus from an anesthesiologist to three patients – epidemiologic and molecular evidence. Arch Virol. 2006; 151 1025-1030
- 109 Williams I T, Perz J F, Bell B P. Viral hepatitis transmission in ambulatory health care settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38 1592-1598
- 110 Williams I, Perz J, Bell B. Hepatitis C virus transmission from healthcare workers to patients in the USA. J Clin Virol. 2006; 36 43-44
- 111 HIV Infected Health Care Workers .Guidance on Management and Patient Notification and contact. London; DH Publications 2005
- 112 Alter M J. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 S93-S98
- 113 Lock G, Dirscherl M, Obermeier F. et al . Hepatitis C – contamination of toothbrushes: myth or reality?. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 571-573
- 114 Mastromatteo A M, Rapaccini G L, Pompili M. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection: other biological fluids than blood may be responsible for intrafamilial spread. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001; 48 193-196
- 115 Wang J T, Wang T H, Sheu J C. et al . Hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with posttransfusion hepatitis and low efficiency of transmission among spouses. J Med Virol. 1992; 36 28-31
- 116 Bourlet T, Levy R, Maertens A. et al . Detection and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA in seminal plasma and spermatozoon fractions of semen from patients attempting medically assisted conception. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40 3252-3255
- 117 Tang Z, Yang D, Hao L. et al . Detection and significance of HCV RNA in saliva, seminal fluid and vaginal discharge in patients with hepatitis C. J Tongji Med Univ. 1996; 16 11-13, 24
- 118 Orlando R, Lirussi F. Hepatitis C virus infection: sexual or non-sexual transmission between spouses? A case report and review of the literature. Infection. 2007; 35 465-468
- 119 Wiegand J, Buggisch P, Boecher W. et al . Early monotherapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b for acute hepatitis C infection: the HEP-NET acute-HCV-II study. Hepatology. 2006; 43 250-256
- 120 Boonyarad V, Chutaputti A, Choeichareon S. et al . Interspousal transmission of hepatitis C in Thailand. J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38 1053-1059
- 121 Kao J H, Liu C J, Chen P J. et al . Low incidence of hepatitis C virus transmission between spouses: a prospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000; 15 391-395
- 122 Qureshi H, Arif A, Ahmed W. et al . HCV exposure in spouses of the index cases. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007; 57 175-177
- 123 Vandelli C, Renzo F, Romano L. et al . Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99 855-859
- 124 Danta M, Brown D, Bhagani S. et al . Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS. 2007; 21 983-991
- 125 Gotz H M, Doornum van G, Niesters H G. et al . A cluster of acute hepatitis C virus infection among men who have sex with men – results from contact tracing and public health implications. AIDS. 2005; 19 969-974
- 126 Gambotti L, Batisse D, Colin-de-Verdiere N. et al . Acute hepatitis C infection in HIV positive men who have sex with men in Paris, France, 2001 – 2004. Euro Surveill. 2005; 10 115-117
- 127 Low E, Vogel M, Rockstroh J. et al . Acute hepatitis C in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS Rev. 2008; 10 245-253
- 128 Laar van de T, Pybus O, Bruisten S. et al . Evidence of a large, international network of HCV transmission in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136 1609-1617
- 129 Fischer B, Kalousek K, Rehm J. et al . Hepatitis C, illicit drug use and public health: does Canada really have a viable plan?. Can J Public Health. 2006; 97 485-488
- 130 Martin R E, Gold F, Murphy W. et al . Drug use and risk of bloodborne infections: a survey of female prisoners in British Columbia. Can J Public Health. 2005; 96 97-101
- 131 Verachai V, Phutiprawan T, Theamboonlers A. et al . Prevalence and genotypes of hepatitis C virus infection among drug addicts and blood donors in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 849-851
- 132 Amon J J, Garfein R S, Ahdieh-Grant L. et al . Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in the United States, 1994 – 2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46 1852-1858
- 133 Fischer B, Powis J, Firestone Cruz M. et al . Hepatitis C virus transmission among oral crack users: viral detection on crack paraphernalia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20 29-32
- 134 Page-Shafer K, Hahn J A, Lum P J. Preventing hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: risk reduction is not enough. AIDS. 2007; 21 1967-1969
- 135 Backmund M, Reimer J, Meyer K. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection and injection drug users: prevention, risk factors, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40 (Suppl 5) S330-S335
- 136 Garfein R S, Golub E T, Greenberg A E. et al . A peer-education intervention to reduce injection risk behaviors for HIV and hepatitis C virus infection in young injection drug users. AIDS. 2007; 21 1923-1932
- 137 Latka M H, Hagan H, Kapadia F. et al . A randomized intervention trial to reduce the lending of used injection equipment among injection drug users infected with hepatitis C. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98 853-861
- 138 Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Hellum K. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in injecting drug users: 5 years’ follow-up. Eur Addict Res. 2002; 8 45-49
- 139 Backmund M, Meyer K, Edlin B R. Infrequent reinfection after successful treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39 1540-1543
- 140 Currie S L, Ryan J C, Tracy D. et al . A prospective study to examine persistent HCV reinfection in injection drug users who have previously cleared the virus. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008; 93 148-154
- 141 Aitken C K, Lewis J, Tracy S L. et al . High incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection in a cohort of injecting drug users. Hepatology. 2008; 48 1746-1752
- 142 Wiese M, Grungreiff K, Guthoff W. et al . Outcome in a hepatitis C (genotype 1b) single source outbreak in Germany – a 25-year multicenter study. J Hepatol. 2005; 43 590-598
- 143 Santantonio T, Medda E, Ferrari C. et al . Risk factors and outcome among a large patient cohort with community-acquired acute hepatitis C in Italy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 43 1154-1159
- 144 Corey K E, Ross A S, Wurcel A. et al . Outcomes and treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection in a United States population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 4 1278-1282
- 145 Hofer H, Watkins-Riedel T, Janata O. et al . Spontaneous viral clearance in patients with acute hepatitis C can be predicted by repeated measurements of serum viral load. Hepatology. 2003; 37 60-64
- 146 Wedemeyer H, Jackel E, Wiegand J. et al . Whom? When? How? Another piece of evidence for early treatment of acute hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004; 39 1201-1203
- 147 Deterding K, Wiegand J, Gruner N. et al . The german hep-net acute hepatitis C cohort: impact of viral and host factors on the initial presentation of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Z Gastroenterol. 2009; 47 531-540
- 148 Jaeckel E, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H. et al . Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alpha-2b. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 1452-1457
- 149 Nomura H, Sou S, Tanimoto H. et al . Short-term interferon-alpha therapy for acute hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2004; 39 1213-1219
- 150 Santantonio T, Fasano M, Sinisi E. et al . Efficacy of a 24-week course of PEG-interferon alpha-2b monotherapy in patients with acute hepatitis C after failure of spontaneous clearance. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 329-333
- 151 Delwaide J, Bourgeois N, Gerard C. et al . Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alpha-2b: early initiation of treatment is the most effective predictive factor of sustained viral response. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20 15-22
- 152 De Rosa F G, Bargiacchi O, Audagnotto S. et al . Dose-dependent and genotype-independent sustained virological response of a 12 week pegylated interferon alpha-2b treatment for acute hepatitis C. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006; 57 360-363
- 153 Deterding K, Grüner N, Wiegand J. et al . Early versus delayed treatment of acute hepatitis C: The german HEP-NET acute HCV-III study- a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2009; 50 A1047
- 154 Broers B, Helbling B, Francois A. et al . Barriers to interferon-alpha therapy are higher in intravenous drug users than in other patients with acute hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 323-328
- 155 Amin J, Law M G, Bartlett M. et al . Causes of death after diagnosis of hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection: a large community-based linkage study. Lancet. 2006; 368 938-945
- 156 Neal K R, Ramsay S, Thomson B J. et al . Excess mortality rates in a cohort of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus: a prospective study. Gut. 2007; 56 1098-1104
- 157 Marcellin P, Pequignot F, Delarocque-Astagneau E. et al . Mortality related to chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C in France: evidence for the role of HIV coinfection and alcohol consumption. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 200-207
- 158 Davis G L, Albright J E, Cook S F. et al . Projecting future complications of chronic hepatitis C in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 331-338
- 159 Buti M, San Miguel R, Brosa M. et al . Estimating the impact of hepatitis C virus therapy on future liver-related morbidity, mortality and costs related to chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 639-645
- 160 Sypsa V, Touloumi G, Papatheodoridis G V. et al . Future trends of HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma under the currently available treatments. J Viral Hepat. 2005; 12 543-550
- 161 Sweeting M J, De Angelis D, Brant L J. et al . The burden of hepatitis C in England. J Viral Hepat. 2007; 14 570-576
- 162 Perz J F, Armstrong G L, Farrington L A. et al . The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006; 45 529-538
- 163 El-Serag H B, Davila J A, Petersen N J. et al . The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139 817-823
- 164 Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Mano S. et al . Molecular tracing of the global hepatitis C virus epidemic predicts regional patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma mortality. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130 703
- 165 Seeff L B. Natural history of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997; 26 21S-28S
- 166 Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet. 1997; 349 825-832
- 167 Di Bisceglie A M. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1997; 26 34S-38S
- 168 Sangiovanni A, Prati G M, Fasani P. et al . The natural history of compensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus: A 17-year cohort study of 214 patients. Hepatology. 2006; 43 1303-1310
- 169 Freeman A J, Dore G J, Law M G. et al . Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2001; 34 809-816
- 170 Pessione F, Degos F, Marcellin P. et al . Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1998; 27 1717-1722
- 171 Ghany M G, Kleiner D E, Alter H. et al . Progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2003; 124 97-104
- 172 Ryder S D, Irving W L, Jones D A. et al . Progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C: a prospective repeat liver biopsy study. Gut. 2004; 53 451-455
- 173 Hui C K, Belaye T, Montegrande K. et al . A comparison in the progression of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C between persistently normal and elevated transaminase. J Hepatol. 2003; 38 511-517
- 174 Adinolfi L E, Gambardella M, Andreana A. et al . Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology. 2001; 33 1358-1364
- 175 Thein H H, Yi Q, Dore G J. et al . Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Hepatology. 2008; 48 418-431
- 176 Alberti A, Benvegnu L. Management of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2003; 38 (Suppl 1) S104-S118
- 177 Wilson L E, Torbenson M, Astemborski J. et al . Progression of liver fibrosis among injection drug users with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2006; 43 788-795
- 178 Zarski J P, Mc Hutchison J, Bronowicki J P. et al . Rate of natural disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2003; 38 307-314
- 179 Zeuzem S, Diago M, Gane E. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kilodaltons) and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal aminotransferase levels. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127 1724-1732
- 180 Foster G R, Goldin R D, Thomas H C. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1998; 27 209-212
- 181 Cordoba J, Flavia M, Jacas C. et al . Quality of life and cognitive function in hepatitis C at different stages of liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003; 39 231-238
- 182 Forton D M, Taylor-Robinson S D, Thomas H C. Cerebral dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepat. 2003; 10 81-86
- 183 Carta M G, Hardoy M C, Garofalo A. et al . Association of chronic hepatitis C with major depressive disorders: irrespective of interferon-alpha therapy. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2007; 3 22
- 184 Perry W, Hilsabeck R C, Hassanein T I. Cognitive dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C: a review. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; 53 307-321
- 185 Acharya J N, Pacheco V H. Neurologic complications of hepatitis C. Neurologist. 2008; 14 151-156
- 186 Weissenborn K, Krause J, Bokemeyer M. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection affects the brain-evidence from psychometric studies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol. 2004; 41 845-851
- 187 Weissenborn K, Ennen J C, Bokemeyer M. et al . Monoaminergic neurotransmission is altered in hepatitis C virus infected patients with chronic fatigue and cognitive impairment. Gut. 2006; 55 1624-1630
- 188 Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillani P. et al . Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. MULTIVIRC Group. Multidepartment Virus C. Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 42 2204-2212
- 189 Ferri C, Antonelli A, Mascia M T. et al . HCV-related autoimmune and neoplastic disorders: the HCV syndrome. Dig Liver Dis. 2007; 39 (Suppl 1) S13-S21
- 190 Zignego A L, Ferri C, Pileri S A. et al . Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus infection: a general overview and guidelines for a clinical approach. Dig Liver Dis. 2007; 39 2-17
- 191 Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki J P. et al . Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347 89-94
- 192 Mele A, Pulsoni A, Bianco E. et al . Hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Blood. 2003; 102 996-999
- 193 Duberg A S, Nordstrom M, Torner A. et al . Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other nonhepatic malignancies in Swedish patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2005; 41 652-659
- 194 Morton L M, Engels E A, Holford T R. et al . Hepatitis C virus and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study among Connecticut women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13 425-430
- 195 Zignego A L, Giannini C, Ferri C. Hepatitis C virus-related lymphoproliferative disorders: an overview. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 2467-2478
- 196 Giordano T P, Henderson L, Landgren O. et al . Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus. JAMA. 2007; 297 2010-2017
- 197 Deuffic-Burban S, Deltenre P, Louvet A. et al . Impact of viral eradication on mortality related to hepatitis C: a modeling approach in France. J Hepatol. 2008; 49 175-183
- 198 Foster G R, Fried M W, Hadziyannis S J. et al . Prediction of sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) and ribavirin. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007; 42 247-255
- 199 Siebert U, Sroczynski G, Rossol S. et al . Cost effectiveness of peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin versus interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gut. 2003; 52 425-432
- 200 Wong J B, Davis G L, McHutchison J G. et al . Economic and clinical effects of evaluating rapid viral response to peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98 2354-2362
- 201 Shepherd J, Jones J, Hartwell D. et al . Interferon alpha (pegylated and non-pegylated) and ribavirin for the treatment of mild chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11 1-205, iii
- 202 McHutchison J G, Dusheiko G, Shiffman M L. et al . Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 2227-2236
- 203 Iacobellis A, Siciliano M, Perri F. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus and decompensated cirrhosis: a controlled study. J Hepatol. 2007; 46 206-212
- 204 Vallisa D, Bernuzzi P, Arcaini L. et al . Role of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in HCV-related, low-grade, B-cell, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a multicenter Italian experience. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23 468-473
- 205 Sterling R K, Sanyal A J, Luketic V A. et al . Chronic hepatitis C infection in patients with end stage renal disease: characterization of liver histology and viral load in patients awaiting renal transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94 3576-3582
- 206 Glicklich D, Thung S N, Kapoian T. et al . Comparison of clinical features and liver histology in hepatitis C-positive dialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94 159-163
- 207 Martin P, Carter D, Fabrizi F. et al . Histopathological features of hepatitis C in renal transplant candidates (see comment). Transplantation. 2000; 69 1479-1484
- 208 Cotler S J, Diaz G, Gundlapalli S. et al . Characteristics of hepatitis C in renal transplant candidates. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002; 35 191-195
- 209 Hu K Q, Lee S M, Hu S X. et al . Clinical presentation of chronic hepatitis C in patients with end-stage renal disease and on hemodialysis versus those with normal renal function. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100 2010-2018
- 210 Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V. et al . Meta-analysis: Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality in dialysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20 1271-1277
- 211 Di Napoli A, Di Lallo D, Pezzotti P. et al . Effects of parental smoking and level of education on initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatr. 2006; 95 678-685
- 212 Pereira B J, Natov S N, Bouthot B A. et al . Effects of hepatitis C infection and renal transplantation on survival in end-stage renal disease. The New England Organ Bank Hepatitis C Study Group. Kidney Int. 1998; 53 1374-1381
- 213 Baid-Agrawal S, Pascual M, Moradpour D. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis and kidney transplant patients. Rev Med Virol. 2008; 18 97-115
- 214 Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V. et al . Hepatitis C virus antibody status and survival after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Transplant. 2005; 5 1452-1461
- 215 Heller J, Musiolik J, Homrighausen A. et al . Occurrence and significance of autoantibodies in the course of interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1996; 121 1179-1183
- 216 Empfehlungen zur HCV-Therapie bei i. v. Drogengebrauchern 2003. Suchtmed. 2003; 5 245-247
- 217 Schaefer M, Heinz A, Backmund M. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with drug dependence: time to change the rules?. Addiction. 2004; 99 1167-1175
- 218 Mauss S, Berger F, Goelz J. et al . A prospective controlled study of interferon-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C in patients on methadone maintenance. Hepatology. 2004; 40 120-124
- 219 Backmund M, Meyer K, Von Zielonka M. et al . Treatment of hepatitis C infection in injection drug users. Hepatology. 2001; 34 188-193
- 220 Robaeys G, Mathei C, Buntinx F. et al . Management of hepatitis C virus infections in intravenous drug users. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2002; 65 99-100
- 221 Sylvestre D L. Treating hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: an interim analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002; 67 117-123
- 222 Pariante C M, Orru M G, Baita A. et al . Treatment with interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis and mood or anxiety disorders. Lancet. 1999; 354 131-132
- 223 Pariante C M, Landau S, Carpiniello B. Interferon alpha-induced adverse effects in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347 148-149
- 224 Schaefer M, Schmidt F, Folwaczny C. et al . Adherence and mental side effects during hepatitis C treatment with interferon alpha and ribavirin in psychiatric risk groups. Hepatology. 2003; 37 443-451
- 225 Schaefer M, Hinzpeter A, Mohmand A. et al . Hepatitis C treatment in „difficult-to-treat” psychiatric patients with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin: response and psychiatric side effects. Hepatology. 2007; 46 991-998
- 226 Raison C L, Borisov A S, Broadwell S D. et al . Depression during pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy: prevalence and prediction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 66 41-48
- 227 Raison C L, Demetrashvili M, Capuron L. et al . Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of interferon-alpha: recognition and management. CNS Drugs. 2005; 19 105-123
- 228 Kraus M R, Schafer A, Al-Taie O. et al . Prophylactic SSRI during interferon alpha re-therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and a history of interferon-induced depression. J Viral Hepat. 2005; 12 96-100
- 229 Raison C L, Woolwine B J, Demetrashvili M F. et al . Paroxetine for prevention of depressive symptoms induced by interferon-alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 25 1163-1174
- 230 Schaefer M, Schwaiger M, Garkisch A S. et al . Prevention of interferon-alpha associated depression in psychiatric risk patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 793-798
- 231 Ferenci P, Formann E, Laferl H. et al . Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin with or without amantadine in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 275-282
- 232 Maynard M, Pradat P, Bailly F. et al . Amantadine triple therapy for non-responder hepatitis C patients. Clues for controversies (ANRS HC 03 BITRI). J Hepatol. 2006; 44 484-490
- 233 Deltenre P, Henrion J, Canva V. et al . Evaluation of amantadine in chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2004; 41 462-473
- 234 Wagner von M, Hofmann W P, Teuber G. et al . Placebo-controlled trial of 400 mg amantadine combined with peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for 48 weeks in chronic hepatitis C virus-1 infection. Hepatology. 2008; 48 1404-1411
- 235 Mayer K E, Myers R P, Lee S S. Silymarin treatment of viral hepatitis: a systematic review. J Viral Hepat. 2005; 12 559-567
- 236 Seeff L B, Lindsay K L, Bacon B R. et al . Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2001; 34 595-603
- 237 Veldt B J, Hansen B E, Ikeda K. et al . Long-term clinical outcome and effect of glycyrrhizin in 1093 chronic hepatitis C patients with non-response or relapse to interferon. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006; 41 1087-1094
- 238 Orlent H, Hansen B E, Willems M. et al . Biochemical and histological effects of 26 weeks of glycyrrhizin treatment in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized phase II trial. J Hepatol. 2006; 45 539-546
- 239 Huber R, Ludtke R, Klassen M. et al . Effects of a mistletoe preparation with defined lectin content on chronic hepatitis C: an individually controlled cohort study. Eur J Med Res. 2001; 6 399-405
- 240 Tusenius K J, Spoek A M, Hattum van J. Exploratory study on the effects of treatment with two mistletoe preparations on chronic hepatitis C. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005; 55 749-753
- 241 Saeian K, Bajaj J S, Franco J. et al . High-dose vitamin E supplementation does not diminish ribavirin-associated haemolysis in hepatitis C treatment with combination standard alpha-interferon and ribavirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20 1189-1193
- 242 Kawaguchi Y, Mizuta T, Takahashi K. et al . High-dose vitamins E and C supplementation prevents ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res. 2007; 37 317-324
- 243 Sarrazin C, Gartner B C, Sizmann D. et al . Comparison of conventional PCR with real-time PCR and branched DNA-based assays for hepatitis C virus RNA quantification and clinical significance for genotypes 1 to 5. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44 729-737
- 244 Michelin B D, Muller Z, Stelzl E. et al . Evaluation of the Abbott RealTime HCV assay for quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. J Clin Virol. 2007; 38 96-100
- 245 Chevaliez S, Bouvier-Alias M, Brillet R. et al . Overestimation and underestimation of hepatitis C virus RNA levels in a widely used real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method. Hepatology. 2007; 46 22-31
- 246 Vermehren J, Kau A, Gartner B C. et al . Differences between two real-time PCR-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) assays (RealTime HCV and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan) and one signal amplification assay (Versant HCV RNA 3.0) for RNA detection and quantification. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46 3880-3891
- 247 Sarrazin C, Shiffman M L, Hadziyannis S J. et al . Definition of rapid virologic response with a highly sensitive real-time PCR-based HCV RNA assay in peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavarin response-guided therapy. J Hepatol. 2010; in press
- 248 Poynard T, McHutchison J, Davis G L. et al . Impact of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin on progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2000; 32 1131-1137
- 249 Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M. et al . Impact of pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122 1303-1313
- 250 Everson G T, Balart L, Lee S S. et al . Histological benefits of virological response to peginterferon alpha-2a monotherapy in patients with hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 27 542-551
- 251 Joshi S, Kuczynski M, Heathcote E J. Symptomatic and virological response to antiviral therapy in hepatitis C associated with extrahepatic complications of cryoglobulimia. Dig Dis Sci. 2007; 52 2410-2417
- 252 Ramos-Casals M, Trejo O, Garcia-Carrasco M. et al . Therapeutic management of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003; 42 818-828
- 253 Tanaka H, Tsukuma H, Kasahara A. et al . Effect of interferon therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality of patients with chronic hepatitis C: a retrospective cohort study of 738 patients. Int J Cancer. 2000; 87 741-749
- 254 Heathcote E J. Prevention of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127 S294-S302
- 255 Yu M L, Lin S M, Chuang W L. et al . A sustained virological response to interferon or interferon/ribavirin reduces hepatocellular carcinoma and improves survival in chronic hepatitis C: a nationwide, multicentre study in Taiwan. Antivir Ther. 2006; 11 985-994
- 256 Braks R E, Ganne-Carrie N, Fontaine H. et al . Effect of sustained virological response on long-term clinical outcome in 113 patients with compensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis treated by interferon alpha and ribavirin. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 5648-5653
- 257 Veldt B J, Heathcote E J, Wedemeyer H. et al . Sustained virologic response and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 147 677-684
- 258 Niederau C, Bemba G, Kautz A. Socioeconomic characteristics, quality of life, and state of knowledge of patients with hepatitis C viral infection in Germany – socioeconomic aspects in hepatitis C. Z Gastroenterol. 2006; 44 305-317
- 259 Rodger A J, Jolley D, Thompson S C. et al . The impact of diagnosis of hepatitis C virus on quality of life. Hepatology. 1999; 30 1299-1301
- 260 McHutchison J G, Ware J E, Bayliss M S. et al . The effects of interferon alpha-2b in combination with ribavirin on health related quality of life and work productivity. J Hepatol. 2001; 34 140-147
- 261 Younossi Jr Z, Kallman J, Kincaid J. The effects of HCV infection and management on health-related quality of life. Hepatology. 2007; 45 806-816
- 262 Bernstein D, Kleinman L, Barker C M. et al . Relationship of health-related quality of life to treatment adherence and sustained response in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatology. 2002; 35 704-708
- 263 McHutchison J G, Gordon S C, Schiff E R. et al . Interferon alpha-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339 1485-1492
- 264 Brillanti S, Garson J, Foli M. et al . A pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin plus interferon alpha for interferon alpha-resistant chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1994; 107 812-817
- 265 Di Bisceglie A M, Shindo M, Fong T L. et al . A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1992; 16 649-654
- 266 Reichard O, Andersson J, Schvarcz R. et al . Ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Lancet. 1991; 337 1058-1061
- 267 Zeuzem S, Heathcote J E, Martin N. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa) monotherapy: a novel agent for chronic hepatitis C therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001; 10 2201-2213
- 268 Wang Y S, Youngster S, Grace M. et al . Structural and biological characterization of pegylated recombinant interferon alpha-2b and its therapeutic implications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002; 54 547-570
- 269 Manns M P, McHutchison J G, Gordon S C. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 358 958-965
- 270 Fried M W, Shiffman M L, Reddy K R. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347 975-982
- 271 Manns M, Zeuzem S, Sood A. et al . Reduced dose and duration of peginterferon alpha-2b and weight-based ribvairin in European and Asian genotype 2 and 3 chronic hepatitis C patients (REDD 2 / 3 trial). J Hepatol. 2009; 50 A144
- 272 Fried M, Jensen D, Rodriguez-Torres M. et al . Improved sustained virological response (SVR) rates with higher, fixed doses of peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in patients with „difficult-to-cure” characteristics. Hepatology. 2006; 44 314A
- 273 Sulkowski M, Lawitz E, Shiffman M. et al . Final results of the IDEAL (individualized dosing efficacy versus flat dosing to assess optimal pegylated interferon therapy) phase IIIb study. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 370A-371A
- 274 Meyer-Wyss B, Rich P, Egger H. et al . Comparison of two PEG-interferon alpha-2b doses (1.0 or 1.5 microg/kg) combined with ribavirin in interferon-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C and up to moderate fibrosis. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 457-465
- 275 Hadziyannis S J, Sette Jr H, Morgan T R. et al . Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140 346-355
- 276 Jacobson I M, Brown R S, Freilich Jr B. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b and weight-based or flat-dose ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2007; 46 971-981
- 277 Shiffman M, Pappas S, Greenbloom S. et al . Effect of drug exposure on sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 treated with Peginterferon alpha-2a (40kd) plus ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks. Hepatology. 2006; 44 317A-318A
- 278 Ferenci P, Brunner H, Laferl H. et al . A randomized, prospective trial of ribavirin 400mg/day versus 800mg/day in combination with peginterferon alpha-2a in hepatitis C virus genotypes 2 and 3. Hepatology. 2008; 47 1816-1823
- 279 Reddy K R, Shiffman M L, Morgan T R. et al . Impact of ribavirin dose reductions in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients completing peginterferon alpha-2a/ribavirin treatment. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5 124-129
- 280 McHutchison J G, Manns M, Patel K. et al . Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123 1061-1069
- 281 Snoeck E, Wade J R, Duff F. et al . Predicting sustained virological response and anaemia in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 62 699-709
- 282 Davis G L, Wong J B, McHutchison J G. et al . Early virologic response to treatment with peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003; 38 645-652
- 283 Ferenci P, Fried M W, Shiffman M L. et al . Predicting sustained virological responses in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2a (40 KD)/ribavirin. J Hepatol. 2005; 43 425-433
- 284 Berg T, Wagner von M, Nasser S. et al . Extended treatment duration for hepatitis C virus type 1: comparing 48 versus 72 weeks of peginterferon-alpha-2a plus ribavirin. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130 1086-1097
- 285 Sanchez-Tapias J M, Diago M, Escartin P. et al . Peginterferon-alpha2a plus ribavirin for 48 versus 72 weeks in patients with detectable hepatitis C virus RNA at week 4 of treatment. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131 451-460
- 286 Berg T, Sarrazin C, Herrmann E. et al . Prediction of treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C: significance of baseline parameters and viral dynamics during therapy. Hepatology. 2003; 37 600-609
- 287 Afdhal N, Levine R, Brown R. et al . Colchicine versus PEG-Interferon alpha 2b long term therapy: results of the 4 year copilot trial. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 4A
- 288 Di Bisceglie A M, Shiffman M L, Everson G T. et al . Prolonged antiviral therapy with peginterferon to prevent complications of advanced liver disease associated with hepatitis C: results of the hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis (HALT-C) trial. Hepatology. 2007; 46 290A
- 289 Bruix J, Poynard T, Colombo M. et al . Pegintron maintenance therapy in cirrhotic (Metavir F 4) HCV patients, who failed to respond to interferon/ribavirin (IR) therapy: final results of the EPIC3 cirrhosis maintenance trial. J Hepatol. 2009; 50 A49
- 290 Zeuzem S, Buti M, Ferenci P. et al . Efficacy of 24 weeks treatment with peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 and low pretreatment viremia. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 97-103
- 291 Jensen D M, Morgan T R, Marcellin P. et al . Early identification of HCV genotype 1 patients responding to 24 weeks peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kd)/ribavirin therapy. Hepatology. 2006; 43 954-960
- 292 Ferenci P, Laferl H, Scherzer T M. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for 24 weeks in hepatitis C type 1 and 4 patients with rapid virological response. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135 451-458
- 293 Nasta P, Gatti F, Puoti M. et al . Insulin resistance impairs rapid virologic response in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients on peginterferon-alpha-2a. AIDS. 2008; 22 857-861
- 294 Kau A, Vermehren J, Sarrazin C. Treatment predictors of a sustained virologic response in hepatitis B and C. J Hepatol. 2008; 49 634-651
- 295 Pearlman B L, Ehleben C, Saifee S. Treatment extension to 72 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin in hepatitis c genotype 1-infected slow responders. Hepatology. 2007; 46 1688-1694
- 296 Mangia A, Minerva N, Bacca D. et al . Individualized treatment duration for hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: A randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2008; 47 43-50
- 297 Ferenci P, Laferl H, Scherzer T M. et al . Customizing treatment with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection: interim results of a prospective randomized trial. Hepatology. 2006; 44 336A
- 298 Buti M, Lurie Y, Zakharova N. et al . Extended treatment duration in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1-infected slow responders: final results of the SUCCESS study. J Hepatol. 2009; 50 A141
- 299 Kamal S M, El Tawil A A, Nakano T. et al . Peginterferon {alpha}-2b and ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4: impact of treatment duration and viral kinetics on sustained virological response. Gut. 2005; 54 858-866
- 300 Hasan F, Asker H, Al-Khaldi J. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99 1733-1737
- 301 Khuroo M S, Dahab S T. Meta-analysis: a randomized trial of peginterferon plus ribavirin for the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20 931-938
- 302 Kamal S M, El Kamary S S, Shardell M D. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C: The role of rapid and early virologic response. Hepatology. 2007; 46 1732-1740
- 303 Zeuzem S, Hultcrantz R, Bourliere M. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in previously untreated patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3. J Hepatol. 2004; 40 993-999
- 304 Shiffman M L, Suter F, Bacon B R. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 124-134
- 305 Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Hellum K B. et al . Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavarin in HCV infection with genotype 2 or 3 for 14 weeks: a pilot study. Hepatology. 2004; 40 1260-1265
- 306 Wagner von M, Huber M, Berg T. et al . Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40KD) and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 or 3 chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2005; 129 522-527
- 307 Mangia A, Santoro R, Minerva N. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for 12 vs. 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352 2609-2617
- 308 Yu M L, Dai C Y, Huang J F. et al . A randomised study of peginterferon and ribavirin for 16 versus 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C. Gut. 2007; 56 553-559
- 309 Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Ring-Larsen H. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response. Hepatology. 2008; 47 35-42
- 310 Andriulli A, Dalgard O, Bjoro K. et al . Short-term treatment duration for HCV-2 and HCV-3 infected patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2006; 38 741-748
- 311 Mangia A, Ricci G L, Persico M. et al . A randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (40 KD) or interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin and amantadine v. interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2005; 12 292-299
- 312 Davis G L, Esteban-Mur R, Rustgi V. et al . Interferon alpha-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339 1493-1499
- 313 Sagir A, Heintges T, Akyazi Z. et al . Relapse to prior therapy is the most important factor for the retreatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2007; 27 954-959
- 314 Hass H G, Kreysel C, Fischinger J. et al . High-dose interferon-alpha2b induction therapy in combination with ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with non-response or relapse after interferon-alpha monotherapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11 5342-5346
- 315 August-Jorg B S, Borovicka J, Dufour J F. et al . Twenty-four vs. forty-eight weeks of re-therapy with interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin in interferon alpha monotherapy relapsers with chronic hepatitis C. Swiss Med Wkly. 2003; 133 455-460
- 316 Di Marco V, Almasio P, Vaccaro A. et al . Combined treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C with high-dose alpha2b interferon plus ribavirin for 6 or 12 months. J Hepatol. 2000; 33 456-462
- 317 Boucher E J, Jacquelinet S, Canva V. et al . High rate of long-term virological response after a 1-year course of interferon± ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C relapsers. Results of a 191 patients randomized trial. Liver Int. 2003; 23 255-261
- 318 Poynard T, Colombo M, Bruix J. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin: effective in patients with hepatitis C who failed interferon alpha/ribavirin therapy. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136 1618-1628
- 319 Basso M, Torre F, Grasso A. et al . Pegylated interferon and ribavirin in re-treatment of responder-relapser HCV patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2007; 39 47-51
- 320 Jacobson I M, Gonzalez S A, Ahmed F. et al . A randomized trial of pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in the retreatment of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100 2453-2462
- 321 Shiffman M L, Di Bisceglie A M, Lindsay K L. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who have failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 1015-1023, discussion 1947
- 322 Steindl-Munda P, Ferenci P, Brunner H. et al . Impact of high-dose interferon induction and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C relapsing after or not responding to interferon monotherapy. Liver Int. 2003; 23 269-275
- 323 Shiffman M L, Ghany M G, Morgan T R. et al . Impact of reducing peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin dose during retreatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132 103-112
- 324 Lindsay K L, Morishima C, Wright E C. et al . Blunted cytopenias and weight loss: new correlates of virologic null response to re-treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6 234-241
- 325 Jensen D M, Marcellin P, Freilich B. et al . Re-treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C who do not respond to peginterferon-alpha2b: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150 528-540
- 326 Moucari R, Ripault M P, Oules V. et al . High predictive value of early viral kinetics in retreatment with peginterferon and ribavirin of chronic hepatitis C patients non-responders to standard combination therapy. J Hepatol. 2007; 46 596-604
- 327 Diago M, Crespo J, Olveira A. et al . Clinical trial: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of re-treatment with fixed-dose induction of peginterferon alpha-2a in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 true non-responder patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 26 1131-1138
- 328 Marcellin P, Freilich B, Andreone P. et al . Type of response to prior pegylated interferon alpha-2b (12KD)/ribavirin predicts subsequent response to retreatment with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD)/ribavirin. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 301A
- 329 Witthoft T, Moller B, Wiedmann K H. et al . Safety, tolerability and efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice: The German Open Safety Trial. J Viral Hepat. 2007; 14 788-796
- 330 Hofmann W P, Bock H, Weber C. et al . [Effectiveness of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated by private practice gastroenterologists]. Z Gastroenterol. 2006; 44 25-31
- 331 Wasem J, Sroczynski G, Aidelsburger P. et al . Health economics of chronic infectious diseases: the example of hepatitis C. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2006; 49 57-63
- 332 Manns M P. Adherence to combination therapy: influence on sustained virologic response and economic impact. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2004; 33 S11-S24
- 333 Nakamura J, Kobayashi K, Toyabe S. et al . The cost-effectiveness of the new protocol reflecting rapid virologic response to peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 19 733-739
- 334 Nakamura J, Toyabe S I, Aoyagi Y. et al . Economic impact of extended treatment with peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for slow hepatitis C virologic responders. J Viral Hepat. 2008; 15 293-299
- 335 Dammacco F, Sansonno D, Han J H. et al . Natural interferon-alpha versus its combination with 6-methyl-prednisolone in the therapy of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term, randomized, controlled study. Blood. 1994; 84 3336-3343
- 336 Ferri C, Marzo E, Longombardo G. et al . Interferon-alpha in mixed cryoglobulinemia patients: a randomized, crossover-controlled trial. Blood. 1993; 81 1132-1136
- 337 Mazzaro C, Zorat F, Caizzi M. et al . Treatment with peg-interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia: a pilot study. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 632-638
- 338 Saadoun D, Delluc A, Piette J C. et al . Treatment of hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008; 20 23-28
- 339 Saadoun D, Resche-Rigon M, Sene D. et al . Rituximab combined with Peg-interferon-ribavirin in refractory hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 67 1431-1436
- 340 Mazzaro C, Franzin F, Tulissi P. et al . Regression of monoclonal B-cell expansion in patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia responsive to alpha-interferon therapy. Cancer. 1996; 77 2604-2613
- 341 Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Sahar D. et al . The effect of antiviral therapy on t(14;18) translocation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Blood. 2001; 97 1555-1559
- 342 Johnson R J, Gretch D R, Yamabe H. et al . Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328 465-470
- 343 Orlent H, Mathot R A, Van Bommel E F. et al . Peginterferon and dose-titrated ribavirin for hepatitis C-associated nephrotic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50 1804-1806
- 344 Cua I H, Kwan V, Henriquez M. et al . Long term suppressive therapy with pegylated interferon for chronic hepatitis C associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Gut. 2006; 55 1521-1522
- 345 Protzer U, Ochsendorf F R, Leopolder-Ochsendorf A. et al . Exacerbation of lichen planus during interferon alpha-2a therapy for chronic active hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1993; 104 903-905
- 346 Heintges T, Frieling T, Goerz G. et al . Exacerbation of lichen planus but not of acute intermittent hepatic porphyria during interferon therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1994; 21 1152-1153
- 347 Nagao Y, Kawaguchi T, Tanaka K. et al . Extrahepatic manifestations and insulin resistance in an HCV hyperendemic area. Int J Mol Med. 2005; 16 291-296
- 348 Varela P, Areias J, Mota F. et al . Oral lichen planus induced by interferon-alpha-N1 in a patient with hepatitis C. Int J Dermatol. 2000; 39 239-240
- 349 Papini M, Bruni P L, Bettacchi A. et al . Sudden onset of oral ulcerative lichen in a patient with chronic hepatitis C on treatment with alpha-interferon. Int J Dermatol. 1994; 33 221-222
- 350 Nagao Y, Sata M, Ide T. et al . Development and exacerbation of oral lichen planus during and after interferon therapy for hepatitis C. Eur J Clin Invest. 1996; 26 1171-1174
- 351 Sheikh M Y, Wright R A, Burruss J B. Dramatic resolution of skin lesions associated with porphyria cutanea tarda after interferon-alpha therapy in a case of chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci. 1998; 43 529-533
- 352 Jessner W, Der-Petrossian M, Christiansen L. et al . Porphyria cutanea tarda during interferon/ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 1301-1302
- 353 Thevenot T, Bachmeyer C, Hammi R. et al . Occurrence of porphyria cutanea tarda during peginterferon/ribavirin therapy for chronic viral hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 607-608
- 354 Fernandez I, Castellano G, Salamanca R E. et al . Porphyria cutanea tarda as a predictor of poor response to interferon alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38 314-319
- 355 Gordon C E, Uhlig de K, Lau J. et al . Interferon treatment in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of treatment efficacy and harms. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008; 51 263-277
- 356 Fabrizi F, Dulai G, Dixit V. et al . Meta-analysis: interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in dialysis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18 1071-1081
- 357 Amarapurkar D N, Patel N D, Kirpalani A L. Monotherapy with peginterferon alpha-2b {12 kDa} for chronic hepatitis C infection in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Trop Gastroenterol. 2007; 28 16-18
- 358 Casanovas-Taltavull T, Baliellas C, Llobet M. et al . Preliminary results of treatment with pegylated interferon alpha 2A for chronic hepatitis C virus in kidney transplant candidates on hemodialysis. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39 2125-2127
- 359 Covic A, Maftei I D, Mardare N G. et al . Analysis of safety and efficacy of pegylated-interferon alpha-2a in hepatitis C virus positive hemodialysis patients: results from a large, multicenter audit. J Nephrol. 2006; 19 794-801
- 360 Kokoglu O F, Ucmak H, Hosoglu S. et al . Efficacy and tolerability of pegylated-interferon alpha-2a in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 21 575-580
- 361 Sporea I, Popescu A, Sirli R. et al . Pegylated-interferon alpha 2a treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients on chronic haemodialysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12 4191-4194
- 362 Liu C H, Liang C C, Lin J W. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha-2a versus standard interferon alpha-2a for treatment-naive dialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomised study. Gut. 2008; 57 525-530
- 363 Peck-Radosavljevic M, Boletis J, Besisik F. et al . Low-dose peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) to treat hepatitis C-infected, end-stage renal disease patients undergoing haemodialysis: final study results. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 374A
- 364 Russo M W, Ghalib R, Sigal S. et al . Randomized trial of pegylated interferon alpha-2b monotherapy in haemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006; 21 437-443
- 365 Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Reichard O. et al . Pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment for hepatitis C in haemodialysis patients. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 316-321
- 366 Rendina M, Schena A, Castellaneta N M. et al . The treatment of chronic hepatitis C with peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin in haemodialysed patients awaiting renal transplant. J Hepatol. 2007; 46 768-774
- 367 Leusen van R, Adang R P, Vries R A. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha-2a (40 kD) and ribavirin in haemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23 721-725
- 368 Polifka J E, Friedman J M. Developmental toxicity of ribavirin/IFalpha combination therapy: is the label more dangerous than the drugs?. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003; 67 8-12
- 369 Mubarak A A, Kakil I R, Awidi de A. et al . Normal outcome of pregnancy in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon-alpha in 1st trimester: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Am J Hematol. 2002; 69 115-118
- 370 Kochhar D M, Penner J D, Knudsen T B. Embryotoxic, teratogenic, and metabolic effects of ribavirin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1980; 52 99-112
- 371 Ferm V H, Willhite C, Kilham L. Teratogenic effects of ribavirin on hamster and rat embryos. Teratology. 1978; 17 93-101
- 372 Johnson E M. Developmental toxicity and safety evaluations of ribavirin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990; 9 S85-S87
- 373 Maddrey W C. Safety of combination interferon alpha-2b/ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C-relapsed and treatment-naive patients. Semin Liver Dis. 1999; 19 (Suppl 1) 67-75
- 374 Hegenbarth K, Maurer U, Kroisel P M. et al . No evidence for mutagenic effects of ribavirin: report of two normal pregnancies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96 2286-2287
- 375 Atmar R L, Englund J A, Hammill H. Complications of measles during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 14 217-226
- 376 Bianca S, Ettore G. Male periconceptional ribavir-ininterferon alpha-2b exposure with no adverse fetal effects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003; 67 77-78
- 377 Taguchi N, Ito S. Paternal use of ribavirin-interferon alpha 2B combination therapy before conception. Can Fam Physician. 2005; 51 1623-1625
- 378 De Santis M, Carducci B, Cavaliere A F. et al . Paternal exposure to ribavirin: pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Antivir Ther. 2003; 8 73-75
- 379 Neri S, Bruno C M, Abate G. et al . Controlled clinical trial to assess the response of recent heroin abusers with chronic hepatitis C virus infection to treatment with interferon alpha-n2b. Clin Ther. 2002; 24 1627-1635
- 380 Reimer J, Schulte B, Castells X. et al . Guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: status quo in the European Union countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40 (Suppl 5) S373-378
- 381 Backmund M, Goelz J, Kaiser S. et al . Empfehlungen zur HCV-Therapie bei i. v. Drogengebrauchern. Suchtmed. 2003; 5 245-247
- 382 Ono K, Sata M, Murashima S. et al . Biological responses to administered interferon in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996; 20 1560-1563
- 383 Ohnishi K, Matsuo S, Matsutani K. et al . Interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C in habitual drinkers: comparison with chronic hepatitis C in infrequent drinkers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996; 91 1374-1379
- 384 Biancone L, Pavia M, Del Vecchio Blanco G. et al . Hepatitis B and C virus infection in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001; 7 287-294
- 385 Bargiggia S, Thorburn D, Anderloni A. et al . Is interferon-alpha therapy safe and effective for patients with chronic hepatitis C and inflammatory bowel disease? A case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 22 209-215
- 386 Salcedo-Mora X, Mate J, Medina J. et al . Chronic hepatitis C and Crohn’s disease: nosocomial infection treatment with PEG-interferon plus ribavirin. Digestion. 2006; 73 210-214
- 387 Tursi A. Rapid onset of ulcerative colitis after treatment with PEG-interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007; 13 1189-1190
- 388 Watanabe T, Inoue M, Harada K. et al . A case of exacerbation of ulcerative colitis induced by combination therapy with PEG-interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. Gut. 2006; 55 1682-1683
- 389 Abdelmalek M F, Liu C, Valentine J F. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and infliximab in a patient with Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102 1333-1334
- 390 Citro V, Fristachi R, Tarantino G. Extensive psoriasis induced by pegylated interferon: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2007; 1 86
- 391 Tahara H, Kojima A, Hirokawa T. et al . Systemic sclerosis after interferon alphacon-1 therapy for hepatitis C. Intern Med. 2007; 46 473-476
- 392 Adla M, Downey K K, Ahmad J. Hepatic sarcoidosis associated with pegylated interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C: case report and review of literature. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; 53 2810-2812
- 393 Schmidt K N, Ouyang W. Targeting interferon-alpha: a promising approach for systemic lupus erythematosus therapy. Lupus. 2004; 13 348-352
- 394 Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P. et al . Thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Thyroid. 2006; 16 563-572
- 395 Tomer Y, Blackard J T, Akeno N. Interferon alpha treatment and thyroid dysfunction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007; 36 1051-1066, x–xi
- 396 Rodriguez-Torres M, Rios-Bedoya C F, Ortiz-Lasanta G. et al . Thyroid dysfunction (TD) among chronic hepatitis C patients with mild and severe hepatic fibrosis. Ann Hepatol. 2008; 7 72-77
- 397 Papatheodoridis G V, Chrysanthos N, Savvas S. et al . Diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis B and C: prevalence and potential association with the extent of liver fibrosis. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 303-310
- 398 Hui J M, Sud A, Farrell G C. et al . Insulin resistance is associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and fibrosis progression (corrected). Gastroenterology. 2003; 125 1695-1704
- 399 Mehta S H, Brancati F L, Strathdee S A. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection and incident type 2 diabetes. Hepatology. 2003; 38 50-56
- 400 Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 840-848
- 401 Wang C S, Wang S T, Yao W J. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection and the development of type 2 diabetes in a community-based longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166 196-203
- 402 Sjoberg K, Widell A, Verbaan H. Prevalence of hepatitis C in Swedish diabetics is low and comparable to that in health care workers. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20 135-138
- 403 Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D. et al . Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134 416-423
- 404 Leandro G, Mangia A, Hui J. et al . Relationship between steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130 1636-1642
- 405 Lecube A, Hernandez C, Simo R. et al . Glucose abnormalities are an independent risk factor for nonresponse to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102 2189-2195
- 406 Backus L I, Boothroyd D B, Phillips B R. et al . Predictors of response of US veterans to treatment for the hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2007; 46 37-47
- 407 Conjeevaram H S, Kleiner D E, Everhart J E. et al . Race, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2007; 45 80-87
- 408 Romero-Gomez M, Fernandez-Rodriguez C M, Andrade R J. et al . Effect of sustained virological response to treatment on the incidence of abnormal glucose values in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2008; 48 721-727
- 409 Kawaguchi T, Ide T, Taniguchi E. et al . Clearance of HCV improves insulin resistance, beta-cell function, and hepatic expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102 570-576
- 410 Simo R, Lecube A, Genesca J. et al . Sustained virological response correlates with reduction in the incidence of glucose abnormalities in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 2462-2466
- 411 d’Alteroche L, Majzoub S, Lecuyer A I. et al . Ophthalmologic side effects during alpha-interferon therapy for viral hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 56-61
- 412 Hassan M, Hasan S, Giday S. et al . Hepatitis C virus in sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003; 95 939-942
- 413 Inati A, Taher A, Ghorra S. et al . Efficacy and tolerability of peginterferon alpha-2a with or without ribavirin in thalassaemia major patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Haematol. 2005; 130 644-646
- 414 Butensky E, Pakbaz Z, Foote D. et al . Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1054 290-299
- 415 Pistone G, Bertolini M C, Malaguarnera M. et al . Efficacy of interferon-based therapy in the treatment of thalassaemic patients with chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. BioDrugs. 2000; 14 137-140
- 416 Forton D M, Thomas H C, Murphy C A. et al . Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology. 2002; 35 433-439
- 417 McAndrews M P, Farcnik K, Carlen P. et al . Prevalence and significance of neurocognitive dysfunction in hepatitis C in the absence of correlated risk factors. Hepatology. 2005; 41 801-808
- 418 Cozzi A, Zignego A L, Carpendo R. et al . Low serum tryptophan levels, reduced macrophage IDO activity and high frequency of psychopathology in HCV patients. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 402-408
- 419 Schaefer M, Engelbrecht M A, Gut O. et al . Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) and psychiatric syndromes: a review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002; 26 731-746
- 420 Asnis G M, De La Garza 2nd R, Miller A H. et al . Ribavirin may be an important factor in IFN-induced neuropsychiatric effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65 581, author reply 581-582
- 421 Kraus M R, Schafer A, Schottker K. et al . Therapy of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C with citalopram: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut. 2008; 57 531-536
- 422 Kraus M R, Al-Taie O, Schafer A. et al . Serotonin-1A receptor gene HTR1A variation predicts interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132 1279-1286
- 423 Anton C, Trifan A, Stanciu C. et al . Seizures during the treatment with interferon for chronic C hepatitis. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2000; 104 135-137
- 424 Seno H, Inagaki T, Itoga M. et al . A case of seizures 1 week after the cessation of interferon-alpha therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999; 53 417-420
- 425 Russo M W, Fried M W. Side effects of therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2003; 124 1711-1719
- 426 Morasco B J, Rifai M A, Loftis J M. et al . A randomized trial of paroxetine to prevent interferon-alpha-induced depression in patients with hepatitis C. J Affect Disord. 2007; 103 83-90
- 427 Schaefer M, Sarkar R, Spengler U. et al . Es-Citalopram for the prevention of PEG-IFN-alpha and ribavirin associated depression in HCV-infected patients without psychiatric risk factors (CIPPAD-study). Hepatology. 2008; 48 432A-433A
- 428 Shiffman M L, Salvatore J, Hubbard S. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 with peginterferon, ribavirin, and epoetin alpha. Hepatology. 2007; 46 371-379
- 429 Younossi Z M, Nader F H, Bai C. et al . A phase II dose finding study of darbepoetin alpha and filgrastim for the management of anaemia and neutropenia in chronic hepatitis C treatment. J Viral Hepat. 2008; 15 370-378
- 430 Afdhal N H, Dieterich D T, Pockros P J. et al . Epoetin alpha maintains ribavirin dose in HCV-infected patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 1302-1311
- 431 Pockros P J, Shiffman M L, Schiff E R. et al . Epoetin alpha improves quality of life in anemic HCV-infected patients receiving combination therapy. Hepatology. 2004; 40 1450-1458
- 432 Everson G T, Trotter J, Forman L. et al . Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy. Hepatology. 2005; 42 255-262
- 433 Soza A, Everhart J E, Ghany M G. et al . Neutropenia during combination therapy of interferon alpha and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002; 36 1273-1279
- 434 Hauschild A, Kahler K C, Schafer M. et al . Interdisciplinary management recommendations for toxicity associated with interferon-alpha therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008; 6 829-837, 829 – 838
- 435 Fuhrmann V, Kramer L, Bauer E. et al . Severe interstitial pneumonitis secondary to pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin treatment of hepatitis C infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2004; 49 1966-1970
- 436 Hillier A E, Mand J, Raza A. et al . Consensus interferon induced interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with HCV. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101 200-202
- 437 Wolf Y, Haddad R, Jossipov J. et al . Alpha-interferon induced severe pneumonitis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997; 35 113-114
- 438 Carrillo-Esper R, Gonzalez-Avila D, Uribe-Rios M. et al . Interstitial pneumonitis associated with pegylated interferon alpha-2b therapy for chronic hepatitis C: case report. Ann Hepatol. 2008; 7 87-90
- 439 Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F. et al . Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112 463-472
- 440 Planas R, Balleste B, Alvarez M A. et al . Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. A study of 200 patients. J Hepatol. 2004; 40 823-830
- 441 del O lmo JA, Pena A, Serra M A. et al . Predictors of morbidity and mortality after the first episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2000; 32 19-24
- 442 Gane E J, Portmann B C, Naoumov N V. et al . Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 815-820
- 443 Watt K D, Burak K W, Deschenes M. et al . Survival after liver transplantation for hepatitis C is unchanged over two decades in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008; 22 153-154
- 444 Forman L M, Lewis J D, Berlin J A. et al . The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122 889-896
- 445 Wiesner R, Edwards E. Mayo end-stage liver disease model (MELD) score predicts liver transplant wailting list mortality: Implication for liver allograft policy. Transplantation. 2001; 71 461
- 446 Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R. et al . Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology. 2003; 124 91-96
- 447 Freeman R B. MELD: the holy grail of organ allocation?. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 16-20
- 448 Mazzaferro V, Chun Y S, Poon R T. et al . Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008; 15 1001-1007
- 449 Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R. et al . Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 693-699
- 450 Yao F Y, Ferrell L, Bass N M. et al . Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology. 2001; 33 1394-1403
- 451 Yao F Y, Xiao L, Bass N M. et al . Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: validation of the UCSF-expanded criteria based on preoperative imaging. Am J Transplant. 2007; 7 2587-2596
- 452 Decaens T, Roudot-Thoraval F, Hadni-Bresson S. et al . Impact of UCSF criteria according to pre- and post-OLT tumor features: analysis of 479 patients listed for HCC with a short waiting time. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 1761-1769
- 453 Todo S, Furukawa H. Living donor liver transplantation for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: experience in Japan. Ann Surg. 2004; 240 451-459, discussion 459 – 461
- 454 Saab S, Niho H, Comulada S. et al . Mortality predictors in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2005; 25 940-945
- 455 Berenguer M, Ferrell L, Watson J. et al . HCV-related fibrosis progression following liver transplantation: increase in recent years. J Hepatol. 2000; 32 673-684
- 456 Berenguer M, Prieto M, Palau A. et al . Severe recurrent hepatitis C after liver retransplantation for hepatitis C virus-related graft cirrhosis. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 228-235
- 457 Berenguer M, Prieto M, Rayon J M. et al . Natural history of clinically compensated hepatitis C virus-related graft cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2000; 32 852-858
- 458 Neff G W, O’Brien C B, Nery J. et al . Factors that identify survival after liver retransplantation for allograft failure caused by recurrent hepatitis C infection. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 1497-1503
- 459 Roayaie S, Schiano T D, Thung S N. et al . Results of retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003; 38 1428-1436
- 460 Rosen H R, Prieto M, Casanovas-Taltavull T. et al . Validation and Refinement of Survival Models for Liver Retransplantation. Hepatology. 2003; 38 460-469
- 461 Yoo H Y, Maheshwari A, Thuluvath P J. Retransplantation of liver: primary graft nonfunction and hepatitis C virus are associated with worse outcome. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 897-904
- 462 Rosen H R, Martin P. Hepatitis C infection in patients undergoing liver retransplantation. Transplantation. 1998; 66 1612-1616
- 463 Pelletier S J, Schaubel D E, Punch J D. et al . Hepatitis C is a risk factor for death after liver retransplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 434-440
- 464 Ghabril M, Dickson R C, Machicao V I. et al . Liver retransplantation of patients with hepatitis C infection is associated with acceptable patient and graft survival. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 1717-1727
- 465 Ghabril M, Dickson R, Wiesner R. Improving outcomes of liver retransplantation: an analysis of trends and the impact of Hepatitis C infection. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8 404-411
- 466 Bahra M, Neumann U P, Jacob D. et al . Outcome after liver re-transplantation in patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis C. Transpl Int. 2007; 20 771-778
- 467 McCashland T, Watt K, Lyden E. et al . Retransplantation for hepatitis C: results of a UääS. multicenter retransplant study. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 1246-1253
- 468 Jain A, Orloff M, Abt P. et al . Survival outcome after hepatic retransplantation for hepatitis C virus-positive and -negative recipients. Transplant Proc. 2005; 37 3159-3161
- 469 Charlton M. Natural history of hepatitis C and outcomes following liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis. 2003; 7 585-602
- 470 Ghobrial R M. Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 S38-S43
- 471 Burton J R, Sonnenberg Jr A, Rosen H R. Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C in the MELD era: maximizing utility. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 S59-S64
- 472 Burton J R, Rosen H R. Liver retransplantation for hepatitis C virus recurrence: a survey of liver transplant programs in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3 700-704
- 473 McCashland T M. Retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C: positive aspects. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 S67-S72
- 474 Rosen H R. Retransplantation for hepatitis C: implications of different policies. Liver Transpl. 2000; 6 S41-S46
- 475 Watt K D, Lyden E R, McCashland T M. Poor survival after liver retransplantation: is hepatitis C to blame?. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 1019-1024
- 476 Carmiel-Haggai Jr M, Fiel M I, Gaddipati H C. et al . Recurrent hepatitis C after retransplantation: factors affecting graft and patient outcome. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 1567-1573
- 477 Rosen H R. Liver retransplantation for hepatitis C: seeing is believing. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 1217-1218
- 478 Thomas R M, Brems J J, Guzman-Hartman G. et al . Infection with chronic hepatitis C virus and liver transplantation: a role for interferon therapy before transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 905-915
- 479 Picciotto F P, Tritto G, Lanza A G. et al . Sustained virological response to antiviral therapy reduces mortality in HCV reinfection after liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2007; 46 459-465
- 480 Wiesner R H, Sorrell M, Villamil F. Report of the first International Liver Transplantation Society expert panel consensus conference on liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 S1-S9
- 481 Bundesärztekammer . Bekanntmachungen: Richtlinien zur Organtransplantation gem. § 16 TPG. Dtsch Ärzteblatt. 2007; 104 A3282 /B-2858 /C-2738
- 482 Ahmad J, Downey K K, Akoad M. et al . Impact of the MELD score on waiting time and disease severity in liver transplantation in United States veterans. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 1564-1569
- 483 Crippin J S, McCashland T, Terrault N. et al . A pilot study of the tolerability and efficacy of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus-infected patients awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 350-355
- 484 Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I. et al . Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127 S35-S50
- 485 Daniele B, Bencivenga A, Megna A S. et al . Alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127 S108-S112
- 486 Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet J M. et al . Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol. 2001; 35 421-430
- 487 Ballardini G, De Raffele E, Groff P. et al . Timing of reinfection and mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in transplanted hepatitis C virus-reinfected liver. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 10-20
- 488 Greenson J K, Svoboda-Newman S M, Merion R M. et al . Histologic progression of recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant allografts. The American journal of surgical pathology. 1996; 20 731-738
- 489 Guido M, Fagiuoli S, Tessari G. et al . Histology predicts cirrhotic evolution of post transplant hepatitis C. Gut. 2002; 50 697-700
- 490 Baiocchi L, Tisone G, Palmieri G. et al . Hepatic steatosis: a specific sign of hepatitis C reinfection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1998; 4 441-447
- 491 Pelletier S J, Iezzoni J C, Crabtree T D. et al . Prediction of liver allograft fibrosis after transplantation for hepatitis C virus: persistent elevation of serum transaminase levels versus necroinflammatory activity. Liver Transpl. 2000; 6 44-53
- 492 Samuel D, Forns X, Berenguer M. et al . Report of the monothematic EASL conference on liver transplantation for viral hepatitis (Paris, France, January 12 – 14, 2006). J Hepatol. 2006; 45 127-143
- 493 Taga S A, Washington M K, Terrault N. et al . Cholestatic hepatitis C in liver allografts. Liver Transpl Surg. 1998; 4 304-310
- 494 Dixon L R, Crawford J M. Early histologic changes in fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 219-226
- 495 Davies S E, Portmann B C, O’Grady J G. et al . Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology. 1991; 13 150-157
- 496 Terrault N A, Berenguer M. Treating hepatitis C infection in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 1192-1204
- 497 Gish R G, Afdhal N H, Dieterich D T. et al . Management of hepatitis C virus in special populations: patient and treatment considerations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3 311-318
- 498 Wright T L, Donegan E, Hsu H H. et al . Recurrent and acquired hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology. 1992; 103 317-322
- 499 Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A. et al . Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2002; 35 680-687
- 500 McCaughan G W, Omata M, Amarapurkar D. et al . Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus statements on the diagnosis, management and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22 615-633
- 501 Berenguer M. Recurrent hepatitis C: worse outcomes established, interventions still inadequate. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 641-643
- 502 Belli L S, Burroughs A K, Burra P. et al . Liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis: improved survival in recent years and increased severity of recurrent disease in female recipients: results of a long term retrospective study. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 733-740
- 503 Berenguer M, Crippin J, Gish R. et al . A model to predict severe HCV-related disease following liver transplantation. Hepatology. 2003; 38 34-41
- 504 Iacob S, Cicinnati V R, Hilgard P. et al . Predictors of graft and patient survival in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recipients: model to predict HCV cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2007; 84 56-63
- 505 Condron S L, Heneghan M A, Patel K. et al . Effect of donor age on survival of liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus infection. Transplantation. 2005; 80 145-148
- 506 Wali M, Harrison R F, Gow P J. et al . Advancing donor liver age and rapid fibrosis progression following transplantation for hepatitis C. Gut. 2002; 51 248-252
- 507 Di Martino V, Saurini F, Samuel D. et al . Long-term longitudinal study of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus replication after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1997; 26 1343-1350
- 508 Berenguer M, Aguilera V, Prieto M. et al . Effect of calcineurin inhibitors on survival and histologic disease severity in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 762-767
- 509 Martin P, Busuttil R W, Goldstein R M. et al . Impact of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in hepatitis C virus-infected liver transplant recipients on recurrent hepatitis: a prospective, randomized trial. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 1258-1262
- 510 Wiesner R H. A long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine in liver transplantation: a report of the United States FK 506 Study Group. Transplantation. 1998; 66 493-499
- 511 Zervos X A, Weppler D, Fragulidis G P. et al . Comparison of tacrolimus with microemulsion cyclosporine as primary immunosuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1998; 65 1044-1046
- 512 Nakagawa M, Sakamoto N, Tanabe Y. et al . Suppression of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclosporin a is mediated by blockade of cyclophilins. Gastroenterology. 2005; 129 1031-1041
- 513 Fernandes F, Poole D S, Hoover S. et al . Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to cyclosporine A depends on nonstructural proteins NS 5A and NS 5B. Hepatology. 2007; 46 1026-1033
- 514 Hilgard P, Kahraman A, Lehmann N. et al . Cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in patients with HCV infection after liver transplantation: effects on virus replication and recurrent hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12 697-702
- 515 Zekry A, Gleeson M, Guney S. et al . A prospective cross-over study comparing the effect of mycophenolate versus azathioprine on allograft function and viral load in liver transplant recipients with recurrent chronic HCV infection. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 52-57
- 516 Wiesner R H, Shorr J S, Steffen B J. et al . Mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy improves long-term outcomes after liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 750-759
- 517 Firpi R J, Nelson D R, Davis G L. Lack of antiviral effect of a short course of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 57-61
- 518 Samonakis D N, Cholongitas E, Triantos C K. et al . Sustained, spontaneous disappearance of serum HCV-RNA under immunosuppression after liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2005; 43 1091-1093
- 519 Schacherer D, Zeitoun M, Buttner R. et al . Sirolimus-induced drug fever and ciclosporin-induced leukencephalopathia with seizures in one liver transplant recipient. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 6090-6093
- 520 Nelson D R, Soldevila-Pico C, Reed A. et al . Anti-interleukin-2 receptor therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil is associated with more severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2001; 7 1064-1070
- 521 Calmus Y, Scheele J R, Gonzalez-Pinto I. et al . Immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, in combination with azathioprine-containing triple therapy in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 123-131
- 522 Neuhaus P, Clavien P A, Kittur D. et al . Improved treatment response with basiliximab immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation: results from a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 132-142
- 523 Charlton M, Seaberg E. Impact of immunosuppression and acute rejection on recurrence of hepatitis C: results of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database. Liver Transpl Surg. 1999; 5 S107-S114
- 524 Sheiner P A, Schwartz M E, Mor E. et al . Severe or multiple rejection episodes are associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1995; 21 30-34
- 525 Berenguer M, Prieto M, Cordoba J. et al . Early development of chronic active hepatitis in recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation: association with treatment of rejection. J Hepatol. 1998; 28 756-763
- 526 Rosen H R, Shackleton C R, Higa L. et al . Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92 1453-1457
- 527 Kato T, Gaynor J J, Yoshida H. et al . Randomized trial of steroid-free induction versus corticosteroid maintenance among orthotopic liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C virus: impact on hepatic fibrosis progression at one year. Transplantation. 2007; 84 829-835
- 528 Segev D L, Sozio S M, Shin E J. et al . Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl. 2008; 14 512-525
- 529 Vivarelli M, Burra P, La Barba G. et al . Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: A prospective study. J Hepatol. 2007; 47 793-798
- 530 Brillanti S, Vivarelli M, De Ruvo N. et al . Slowly tapering off steroids protects the graft against hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2002; 8 884-888
- 531 Berenguer M, Aguilera V, Prieto M. et al . Significant improvement in the outcome of HCV-infected transplant recipients by avoiding rapid steroid tapering and potent induction immunosuppression. J Hepatol. 2006; 44 717-722
- 532 Shergill A K, Khalili M, Straley S. et al . Applicability, tolerability and efficacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2005; 5 118-124
- 533 Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Matsui Y. et al . Preemptive therapy for hepatitis C virus after living-donor liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2004; 78 1308-1311
- 534 Sheiner P A, Boros P, Klion F M. et al . The efficacy of prophylactic interferon alpha-2b in preventing recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1998; 28 831-838
- 535 Singh N, Gayowski T, Wannstedt C F. et al . Interferon-alpha for prophylaxis of recurrent viral hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Transplantation. 1998; 65 82-86
- 536 Chalasani N, Manzarbeitia C, Ferenci P. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2a for hepatitis C after liver transplantation: two randomized, controlled trials. Hepatology. 2005; 41 289-298
- 537 Berenguer M, Palau A, Aguilera V. et al . Clinical benefits of antiviral therapy in patients with recurrent hepatitis C following liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8 679-687
- 538 Abdelmalek M F, Firpi R J, Soldevila-Pico C. et al . Sustained viral response to interferon and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 199-207
- 539 Giostra E, Kullak-Ublick G A, Keller W. et al . Ribavirin/interferon-alpha sequential treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2004; 17 169-176
- 540 Bizollon T, Ahmed S N, Radenne S. et al . Long term histological improvement and clearance of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus RNA following sustained response to interferon-ribavirin combination therapy in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C virus recurrence. Gut. 2003; 52 283-287
- 541 Castells L, Vargas V, Allende H. et al . Combined treatment with pegylated interferon (alpha-2b) and ribavirin in the acute phase of hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2005; 43 53-59
- 542 Toniutto P, Fabris C, Fumo E. et al . Pegylated versus standard interferon-alpha in antiviral regimens for post-transplant recurrent hepatitis C: Comparison of tolerability and efficacy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 20 577-582
- 543 Neff G W, Montalbano M, O’Brien C B. et al . Treatment of established recurrent hepatitis C in liver-transplant recipients with pegylated interferon-alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy. Transplantation. 2004; 78 1303-1307
- 544 Dumortier J, Scoazec J Y, Chevallier P. et al . Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a pilot study of peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin combination. J Hepatol. 2004; 40 669-674
- 545 Samuel D, Bizollon T, Feray C. et al . Interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation: a randomized study. Gastroenterology. 2003; 124 642-650
- 546 Berenguer M, Palau A, Fernandez A. et al . Efficacy, predictors of response, and potential risks associated with antiviral therapy in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 1067-1076
- 547 Cicinnati V R, Iacob S, Klein C G. et al . Ribavirin with either standard or pegylated interferon to treat recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 26 291-303
- 548 Gane E J, Lo S K, Riordan S M. et al . A randomized study comparing ribavirin and interferon alpha monotherapy for hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1998; 27 1403-1407
- 549 Kizilisik T A, al-Sebayel M, Hammad A. et al . Hepatitis C recurrence in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 1997; 29 2875-2877
- 550 Ghalib R, Pandula R, Kadhim T. et al . Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantationwith alpha-2b interferon plus ribavirin. Hepatology. 2000; 32 291A
- 551 Stanca C M, Fiel M I, Kontorinis N. et al . Chronic ductopenic rejection in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin. Transplantation. 2007; 84 180-186
- 552 Tugwell B D, Patel P R, Williams I T. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus to several organ and tissue recipients from an antibody-negative donor. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143 648-654
- 553 File E, Mehra M, Nair S. et al . Allograft transmission of hepatitis C virus infection from infected donors in cardiac transplantation. Transplantation. 2003; 76 1096-1100
- 554 Watanabe T, Koyama I, Shinozuka N. et al . A case of renal transplantation received from a living donor with second-generation anti-hepatitis C virus antibody positive into an anti-hepatitis C virus antibody negative recipient. Transplant Proc. 2000; 32 1593-1594
- 555 Ricchiuti A, Brunati A, Mirabella S. et al . Use of hepatitis C virus-positive grafts in liver transplantation: a single-centre experience. Transplant Proc. 2005; 37 2569-2570
- 556 Vargas H E, Laskus T, Wang L F. et al . Outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected patients who received hepatitis C virus-infected grafts. Gastroenterology. 1999; 117 149-153
- 557 Velidedeoglu E, Desai N M, Campos L. et al . The outcome of liver grafts procured from hepatitis C-positive donors. Transplantation. 2002; 73 582-587
- 558 Saab S, Chang A J, Comulada S. et al . Outcomes of hepatitis C- and hepatitis B core antibody-positive grafts in orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 1053-1061
- 559 Kasprzyk T, Kwiatkowski A, Wszola M. et al . Long-term results of kidney transplantation from HCV-positive donors. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39 2701-2703
- 560 Khapra A P, Agarwal K, Fiel M I. et al . Impact of donor age on survival and fibrosis progression in patients with hepatitis C undergoing liver transplantation using HCV + allografts. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 1496-1503
- 561 Marroquin C E, Marino G, Kuo P C. et al . Transplantation of hepatitis C-positive livers in hepatitis C-positive patients is equivalent to transplanting hepatitis C-negative livers. Liver Transpl. 2001; 7 762-768
- 562 Mandal A K, Kraus E S, Samaniego M. et al . Shorter waiting times for hepatitis C virus seropositive recipients of cadaveric renal allografts from hepatitis C virus seropositive donors. Clin Transplant. 2000; 14 391-396
- 563 Woodside K J, Ishihara K, Theisen J E. et al . Use of kidneys from hepatitis C seropositive donors shortens waitlist time but does not alter one-yr outcome. Clin Transplant. 2003; 17 433-437
- 564 Veroux P, Veroux M, Puliatti C. et al . Kidney transplantation from hepatitis C virus-positive donors into hepatitis C virus-positive recipients: a safe way to expand the donor pool?. Transplant Proc. 2005; 37 2571-2573
- 565 Ridruejo E, Cusumano A, Diaz C. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection and outcome of renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39 3127-3130
- 566 Gasink L B, Blumberg E A, Localio A R. et al . Hepatitis C virus seropositivity in organ donors and survival in heart transplant recipients. JAMA. 2006; 296 1843-1850
- 567 Wang S S, Chou N K, Ko W J. et al . Heart transplantation using donors positive for hepatitis. Transplant Proc. 2004; 36 2371-2373
- 568 Firpi R J, Nelson D R. Viral hepatitis: manifestations and management strategy. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006; 375-380
- 569 Zekri A R, Mohamed W S, Samra M A. et al . Risk factors for cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C virus reactivation after bone marrow transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 2004; 13 305-311
- 570 Peffault de Latour R, Levy V, Asselah T. et al . Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 2004; 103 1618-1624
- 571 Ivantes C A, Amarante H, Ioshii S O. et al . Hepatitis C virus in long-term bone marrow transplant survivors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 33 1181-1185
- 572 Ghobrial R M, Steadman R, Gornbein J. et al . A 10-year experience of liver transplantation for hepatitis C: analysis of factors determining outcome in over 500 patients. Ann Surg. 2001; 234 384-393, discussion 393 – 384
- 573 Gudmundsson G S, Malinowska K, Robinson J A. et al . Five-year follow-up of hepatitis C-naive heart transplant recipients who received hepatitis C-positive donor hearts. Transplant Proc. 2003; 35 1536-1538
- 574 Testa G, Goldstein R M, Netto G. et al . Long-term outcome of patients transplanted with livers from hepatitis C-positive donors. Transplantation. 1998; 65 925-929
- 575 Weclawiack H, Kamar N, Mehrenberger M. et al . Alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C may induce acute allograft rejection in kidney transplant patients with failed allografts. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23 1043-1047
- 576 Peffault de Latour R, Asselah T, Levy V. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005; 36 709-713
- 577 Schmitz V, Kiessling A, Bahra M. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of hepatitis C recurrence following combined liver and kidney transplantation. Ann Transplant. 2007; 12 22-27
- 578 Terrault N A, Adey D B. The kidney transplant recipient with hepatitis C infection: pre- and posttransplantation treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 2 563-575
- 579 Luciani G, Bossola M, Muscaritoli M. et al . Sustained response with negative serum HCV-mRNA and disappearance of antibodies after interferon-alpha therapy in a kidney transplant recipient with chronic active viral hepatitis C. J Nephrol. 2003; 16 417-420
- 580 Shu K H, Lan J L, Wu M J. et al . Ultralow-dose alpha-interferon plus ribavirin for the treatment of active hepatitis C in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004; 77 1894-1896
- 581 Baid S, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Saidman S. et al . Acute humoral rejection in hepatitis C-infected renal transplant recipients receiving antiviral therapy. Am J Transplant. 2003; 3 74-78
- 582 Fagiuoli S, Pevere S, Minniti F. et al . Natural leukocyte interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2003; 75 982-986
- 583 Chu C M, Yeh C T, Liaw Y F. Fulminant hepatic failure in acute hepatitis C: increased risk in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Gut. 1999; 45 613-617
- 584 Liaw Y F, Chen Y C, Sheen I S. et al . Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 1024-1029
- 585 Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Coppola N. et al . Influence of chronic coinfection with hepatitis B and C virus on liver histology. Infection. 2004; 32 144-148
- 586 Zarski J P, Bohn B, Bastie A. et al . Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol. 1998; 28 27-33
- 587 Chen Y C, Sheen I S, Chu C M. et al . Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection. Gastroenterology. 2002; 123 1084-1089
- 588 Ilan Y, Ashur Y, Tur-Kaspa R. et al . Chronic hepatitis C virus infection with exposure to hepatitis B virus. Isr J Med Sci. 1994; 30 259-263
- 589 Benvegnu L, Fattovich G, Noventa F. et al . Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study. Cancer. 1994; 74 2442-2448
- 590 Yao F Y. Should surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma be increased in patients with cirrhosis and small liver nodules?. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 3 544-545
- 591 Raffa G, Maimone S, Cargnel A. et al . Analysis of occult hepatitis B virus infection in liver tissue of HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C. AIDS. 2007; 21 2171-2175
- 592 Rodriguez-Torres M, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Brau N. et al . Occult hepatitis B virus infection in the setting of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection: clinically relevant or a diagnostic problem?. J Med Virol. 2007; 79 694-700
- 593 Cacciola I, Pollicino T, Squadrito G. et al . Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 22-26
- 594 De Maria N, Colantoni A, Friedlander L. et al . The impact of previous HBV infection on the course of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000; 95 3529-3536
- 595 Hui C K, Lau E, Wu H. et al . Fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B co-infection. J Clin Virol. 2006; 35 185-192
- 596 Pollicino T, Squadrito G, Cerenzia G. et al . Hepatitis B virus maintains its pro-oncogenic properties in the case of occult HBV infection. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126 102-110
- 597 Miura Y, Shibuya A, Adachi S. et al . Occult hepatitis B virus infection as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C in whom viral eradication fails. Hepatol Res. 2008; 38 546-556
- 598 Hasegawa I, Orito E, Tanaka Y. et al . Impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection on efficacy and prognosis of interferon-alpha therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int. 2005; 25 247-253
- 599 Mrani S, Chemin I, Menouar K. et al . Occult HBV infection may represent a major risk factor of non-response to antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol. 2007; 79 1075-1081
- 600 Eyster M E, Diamondstone L S, Lien J M. et al . Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993; 6 602-610
- 601 Rockstroh J K, Spengler U, Sudhop T. et al . Immunosuppression may lead to progression of hepatitis C virus-associated liver disease in hemophiliacs coinfected with HIV. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996; 91 2563-2568
- 602 Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L. et al . Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1997; 26 1-5
- 603 Sanchez-Quijano A, Andreu J, Gavilan F. et al . Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the natural course of chronic parenterally acquired hepatitis C. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995; 14 949-953
- 604 Darby S C, Ewart D W, Giangrande P L. et al . Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C. UK Haemophilia Centre Directors’ Organisation. Lancet. 1997; 350 1425-1431
- 605 Poynard T, Mathurin P, Lai C L. et al . A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2003; 38 257-265
- 606 Diaz-Sanchez A, Matilla A, Nunez O. et al . HIV-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have worse survival prognosis than uninfected patients adjusted by BCLC stage. Hepatology. 2007; 46 401A
- 607 Greub G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M. et al . Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet. 2000; 356 1800-1805
- 608 Rockstroh J, Konopnicki D, Soriano V. et al .Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in the EuroSIDA cohort: prevalence and effect on mortality, AIDS, progression and response to HAART. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infectio. San Francisco; 2004: 799
- 609 Sulkowski M S, Moore R D, Mehta S H. et al . Hepatitis C and progression of HIV disease. JAMA. 2002; 288 199-206
- 610 Kaufmann G R, Perrin L, Pantaleo G. et al . CD4 T-lymphocyte recovery in individuals with advanced HIV-1 infection receiving potent antiretroviral therapy for 4 years: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163 2187-2195
- 611 Zylberberg H, Pialoux G, Carnot F. et al . Rapidly evolving hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient receiving triple antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 27 1255-1258
- 612 Perez-Olmeda M, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Hepatitis C viraemia in HIV-HCV co-infected patients having immune restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2000; 14 212
- 613 Chung R T, Evans S R, Yang Y. et al . Immune recovery is associated with persistent rise in hepatitis C virus RNA, infrequent liver test flares, and is not impaired by hepatitis C virus in co-infected subjects. AIDS. 2002; 16 1915-1923
- 614 Fialaire P, Payan C, Vitour D. et al . Sustained disappearance of hepatitis C viremia in patients receiving protease inhibitor treatment for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1999; 180 574-575
- 615 Benhamou Y, Di Martino V, Bochet M. et al . Factors affecting liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: impact of protease inhibitor therapy. Hepatology. 2001; 34 283-287
- 616 Pineda J A, Garcia-Garcia J A, Aguilar-Guisado M. et al . Clinical progression of hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology. 2007; 46 622-630
- 617 Qurishi N, Kreuzberg C, Luchters G. et al . Effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver-related mortality in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Lancet. 2003; 362 1708-1713
- 618 Martin-Carbonero L, Benhamou Y, Puoti M. et al . Incidence and predictors of severe liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38 128-133
- 619 Saves M, Vandentorren S, Daucourt V. et al . Severe hepatic cytolysis: incidence and risk factors in patients treated by antiretroviral combinations. Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1996 – 1998. Groupe d’Epidemiologie Clinique de Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA). AIDS. 1999; 13 F115-F121
- 620 den Brinker M, Wit F W, Wertheim-Dillen P M. et al . Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2000; 14 2895-2902
- 621 Martinez van E, Blanco J L, Arnaiz J A. et al . Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2001; 15 1261-1268
- 622 Sulkowski M S, Thomas D L, Chaisson R E. et al . Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA. 2000; 283 74-80
- 623 Dieterich D T, Robinson P A, Love J. et al . Drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38 (Suppl 2) S80-S89
- 624 Sulkowski M, Mehta S, Moore R. Population prevalence of hepatic steatosis among antiretroviral experienced HCV/HIV-coinfected adults with and without stavudine exposure. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2004; February 8 – 11 Abstract 72
- 625 Montessori V, Harris M, Montaner J S. Hepatotoxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Semin Liver Dis. 2003; 23 167-172
- 626 Ghosn J, Pierre-Francois S, Thibault V. et al . Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. HIV Med. 2004; 5 303-306
- 627 Coutinho R, Thijs van de Laar R. Rise in HCV incidence in HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Amsterdam: sexual transmission of difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes 1 and 4. 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2006; Denver abstract 87
- 628 Luetkemeyer A, Hare C B, Stansell J. et al . Clinical presentation and course of acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 41 31-36
- 629 Micallef J M, Kaldor J M, Dore G J. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat. 2006; 13 34-41
- 630 Thomas D L, Astemborski J, Rai R M. et al . The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors. JAMA. 2000; 284 450-456
- 631 Dominguez S, Ghosn J, Valantin M A. et al . Efficacy of early treatment of acute hepatitis C infection with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2006; 20 1157-1161
- 632 Kamal S M, Fouly A E, Kamel R R. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b therapy in acute hepatitis C: impact of onset of therapy on sustained virologic response. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130 632-638
- 633 Vogel M, Bieniek B, Jessen H. et al . Treatment of acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective analysis of eleven cases. J Viral Hepat. 2005; 12 207-211
- 634 Vogel M, Baumgarten A, Klausen G. et al . Pegylated interferon in the treatment of acute HCV infection in HIV + individuals: interim analysis of a large German multicenter study. 2nd International Workshop on HIV and Viral Hepatitis Co-Infection. 2006; Amsterdam abstract 25
- 635 Gilleece Y C, Browne R E, Asboe D. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus among HIV-positive homosexual men and response to a 24-week course of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 40 41-46
- 636 Vogel M, Baumgarten A, Klausen G. et al .Predictive factors in the treatment of acute HCV-infection in HIV positive individuals: interim analysis of a large German multicenter study. 10th European AIDS Conference Dublin 2005
- 637 Vogel M, Nattermann J, Baumgarten A. et al . Pegylated interferon-alpha for the treatment of sexually transmitted acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected individuals. Antivir Ther. 2006; 11 1097-1101
- 638 Chuang W L, Dai C Y, Chang W Y. et al . Viral interaction and responses in chronic hepatitis C and B coinfected patients with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin combination therapy. Antivir Ther. 2005; 10 125-133
- 639 Fukuda R, Ishimura N, Kushiyama Y. et al . Effectiveness of interferon-alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C is associated with the amount of interferon-alpha receptor mRNA in the liver. J Hepatol. 1997; 26 455-461
- 640 Weltman M D, Brotodihardjo A, Crewe E B. et al . Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment. J Viral Hepat. 1995; 2 39-45
- 641 Zignego A L, Fontana R, Puliti S. et al . Impaired response to alpha interferon in patients with an inapparent hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Arch Virol. 1997; 142 535-544
- 642 Villa E, Grottola A, Buttafoco P. et al . High doses of alpha-interferon are required in chronic hepatitis due to coinfection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus: long term results of a prospective randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96 2973-2977
- 643 Potthoff A, Wedemeyer H, Boecher W O. et al . The HEP-NET B/C co-infection trial: A prospective multicenter study to investigate the efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha2b and ribavirin in patients with HBV/HCV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2008; 49 688-694
- 644 Jardi R, Rodriguez F, Buti M. et al . Role of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses in dual and triple infection: influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promoter mutations on viral replicative interference. Hepatology. 2001; 34 404-410
- 645 Liaw Y F, Tsai S L, Sheen I S. et al . Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998; 93 354-359
- 646 Mathurin P, Thibault V, Kadidja K. et al . Replication status and histological features of patients with triple (B, C, D) and dual (B, C) hepatic infections. J Viral Hepat. 2000; 7 15-22
- 647 Pontisso P, Ruvoletto M G, Fattovich G. et al . Clinical and virological profiles in patients with multiple hepatitis virus infections. Gastroenterology. 1993; 105 1529-1533
- 648 Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C. et al . Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2000; 32 1106-1110
- 649 Landau A, Batisse D, Piketty C. et al . Long-term efficacy of combination therapy with interferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin for severe chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2001; 15 2149-2155
- 650 Sauleda S, Juarez A, Esteban J I. et al . Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with congenital coagulation disorders. Hepatology. 2001; 34 1035-1040
- 651 Bochet M, De Torres M, Valentin M. Efficacy and tolerance of interferon-alpha plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Chicago; 2001: 574
- 652 Nasti G, Di Gennaro G, Tavio M. et al . Chronic hepatitis C in HIV infection: feasibility and sustained efficacy of therapy with interferon alpha-2b and tribavirin. AIDS. 2001; 15 1783-1787
- 653 Perez-Olmeda M, Nunez M, Romero M. et al . Pegylated IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003; 17 1023-1028
- 654 Voigt E, Schulz C, Mauss S. et al .Factors related to outcome of treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha 2a (PEG-INF) + ribavirin (RBV) in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients. 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Paris; 2003: 976
- 655 Torriani F J, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh J K. et al . Peginterferon Alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351 438-450
- 656 Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha-2b vs standard interferon alpha-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292 2839-2848
- 657 Chung R T, Andersen J, Volberding P. et al . Peginterferon Alpha-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351 451-459
- 658 Moreno L, Quereda C, Moreno A. et al . Pegylated interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2004; 18 67-73
- 659 Laguno M, Murillas J, Blanco J L. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. AIDS. 2004; 18 F27-F36
- 660 Nunez M, Miralles C, Berdun M A. et al . Role of weight-based ribavirin dosing and extended duration of therapy in chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: the PRESCO trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007; 23 972-982
- 661 Puoti M, Zanini B, Luca de A. et al .Results of randomized controlled trial on the impact of prolonged combination anti-HCV treatment on relapse rate in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: the ROMANCE trial. Program and abstracts of the 3 rd International Workshop on HIV and Hepatitis Coinfection Paris; France 7.–9.6.2007 Abstract 1
- 662 Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J. et al . Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS. 2004; 18 F21-F25
- 663 Patton H M, Patel K, Behling C. et al . The impact of steatosis on disease progression and early and sustained treatment response in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol. 2004; 40 484-490
- 664 Castera L, Chouteau P, Hezode C. et al . Hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular steatosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100 711-715
- 665 Kaserer K, Fiedler R, Steindl P. et al . Liver biopsy is a useful predictor of response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Histopathology. 1998; 32 454-461
- 666 Sulkowski M S, Mehta S H, Torbenson M. et al . Hepatic steatosis and antiretroviral drug use among adults coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. AIDS. 2005; 19 585-592
- 667 Uberti-Foppa C, De Bona A, Morsica G. et al . Pretreatment of chronic active hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus reduces the hepatotoxicity associated with subsequent antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003; 33 146-152
- 668 Gisolf E H, Dreezen C, Danner S A. et al . Risk factors for hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving ritonavir and saquinavir with or without stavudine. Prometheus Study Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31 1234-1239
- 669 Ormseth E J, Holtzmuller K C, Goodman Z D. et al . Hepatic decompensation associated with lamivudine: a case report and review of lamivudine-induced hepatotoxicity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96 1619-1622
- 670 ter Hofstede H J, Marie de S, Foudraine N A. et al . Clinical features and risk factors of lactic acidosis following long-term antiretroviral therapy: 4 fatal cases. Int J STD AIDS. 2000; 11 611-616
- 671 Lai K K, Gang D L, Zawacki J K. et al . Fulminant hepatic failure associated with 2’,3’-dideoxyinosine (ddI). Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115 283-284
- 672 Lafeuillade A, Hittinger G, Chadapaud S. Increased mitochondrial toxicity with ribavirin in HIV/HCV coinfection. Lancet. 2001; 357 280-281
- 673 Salmon-Ceron D, Chauvelot-Moachon L, Abad S. et al . Mitochondrial toxic effects and ribavirin. Lancet. 2001; 357 1803-1804
- 674 Opravil M, Sasadeusz J, Cooper D A. et al . Effect of baseline CD 4 cell count on the efficacy and safety of peginterferon Alpha-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in patients with HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008; 47 36-49
- 675 Brau N, Rodriguez-Torres M, Prokupek D. et al . Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV/HCV-coinfection with interferon alpha-2b + full-course vs. 16-week delayed ribavirin. Hepatology. 2004; 39 989-998
- 676 Sulkowski M S, Dieterich D T, Bini E J. et al . Epoetin alpha once weekly improves anemia in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon/ribavirin: a randomized controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 39 504-506
- 677 Bani-Sadr F, Denoeud L, Morand P. et al . Early virologic failure in HIV-coinfected hepatitis C patients treated with the peginterferon-ribavirin combination: does abacavir play a role?. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007; 45 123-125
- 678 John M, Flexman J, French M A. Hepatitis C virus-associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infected patients with HIV protease inhibitors: an immune restoration disease?. AIDS. 1998; 12 2289-2293
- 679 Torti C, Lapadula G, Casari S. et al . Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation during highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-HCV co-infected patients: results from the Italian EPOKA-MASTER Cohort. BMC Infect Dis. 2005; 5 58
- 680 Rutschmann O T, Negro F, Hirschel B. et al . Impact of treatment with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors on hepatitis C viremia in patients coinfected with HIV. J Infect Dis. 1998; 177 783-785
- 681 Nunez M, Rios P, Martin-Carbonero L. et al . Role of hepatitis C virus genotype in the development of severe transaminase elevation after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002; 30 65-68
- 682 Zylberberg H, Chaix M L, Rabian C. et al . Tritherapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection does not modify replication of hepatitis C virus in coinfected subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 26 1104-1106
- 683 Martin-Carbonero L, Nunez M, Rios P. et al . Liver injury after beginning antiretroviral therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients is not related to immune reconstitution. AIDS. 2002; 16 1423-1425
- 684 Prachalias A A, Pozniak A, Taylor C. et al . Liver transplantation in adults coinfected with HIV. Transplantation. 2001; 72 1684-1688
- 685 Neff G W, Bonham A, Tzakis A G. et al . Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus and end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2003; 9 239-247
- 686 Ragni M V, Belle S H, Im K. et al . Survival of human immunodeficiency virus-infected liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188 1412-1420
- 687 Samuel D, Duclos Vallee J C, Teicher E. et al . Liver transplantation in patients with HIV infection. J Hepatol. 2003; 39 3-6
- 688 Duclos-Vallee J C, Vittecoq D, Teicher E. et al . Hepatitis C virus viral recurrence and liver mitochondrial damage after liver transplantation in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. J Hepatol. 2005; 42 341-349
- 689 Norris S, Taylor C, Muiesan P. et al . Outcomes of liver transplantation in HIV-infected individuals: the impact of HCV and HBV infection. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 1271-1278
- 690 Radecke K, Fruhauf N R, Miller M. et al . Outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation in five HIV-infected patients with virus hepatitis-induced cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2005; 25 101-108
- 691 Vogel M, Voigt E, Schafer N. et al . Orthotopic liver transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients: outcome of 7 patients from the Bonn cohort. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 1515-1521
- 692 Moreno S, Fortun J, Quereda C. et al . Liver transplantation in HIV-infected recipients. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 76-81
- 693 Castells L, Escartin A, Bilbao I. et al . Liver transplantation in HIV-HCV coinfected patients: a case-control study. Transplantation. 2007; 83 354-358
- 694 Schreibman I, Gaynor J J, Jayaweera D. et al . Outcomes after orthotopic liver transplantation in 15 HIV-infected patients. Transplantation. 2007; 84 697-705
- 695 Vera M E, Dvorchik de I, Tom K. et al . Survival of liver transplant patients coinfected with HIV and HCV is adversely impacted by recurrent hepatitis C. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6 2983-2993
- 696 Duclos-Vallee J C, Feray C, Sebagh M. et al . Survival and recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2008; 47 407-417
- 697 Pineda J A, Romero-Gomez M, Diaz-Garcia F. et al . HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2005; 41 779-789
- 698 Ragni M V, Eghtesad B, Schlesinger K W. et al . Pretransplant survival is shorter in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subjects with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 1425-1430
- 699 Stock P G. Rapid deterioration of HIV co-infected patients waiting for liver transplantation is not predicted by MELD. Liver Transpl. 2005; 11 1315-1317
- 700 Vogel M, Voigt E, Michaelis H C. et al . Management of drug-to-drug interactions between cyclosporine A and the protease-inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir in liver-transplanted HIV-infected patients. Liver Transpl. 2004; 10 939-944
- 701 Di Martino V, Rufat P, Boyer N. et al . The influence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection on chronic hepatitis C in injection drug users: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Hepatology. 2001; 34 1193-1199
- 702 Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M. et al . Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2003; 38 1282-1288
- 703 Watashi K, Ishii N, Hijikata M. et al . Cyclophilin B is a functional regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase. Mol Cell. 2005; 19 111-122
- 704 Berenguer M, Royuela A, Zamora J. Immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors with respect to the outcome of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: results of a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl. 2007; 13 21-29
- 705 Bhagat V, Foont J A, Schiff E R. et al . Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation in two patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Liver Transpl. 2008; 14 92-95
- 706 Wojcik K, Vogel M, Voigt E. et al . Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation in HIV-infected patients: outcome in the Bonn cohort. AIDS. 2007; 21 1363-1365
- 707 Castells L, Esteban J I, Bilbao I. et al . Early antiviral treatment of hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2006; 11 1061-1070
- 708 Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand Juli 2007. Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2007; 50 267-286
- 709 Laurence J C. Hepatitis A and B immunizations of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med. 2005; 118 (Suppl 10A) 75S-83S
- 710 Collier A C, Corey L, Murphy V L. et al . Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109 101-105
- 711 Keet I P, Doornum van G, Safary A. et al . Insufficient response to hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-positive homosexual men. AIDS. 1992; 6 509-510
- 712 Rey D, Krantz V, Partisani M. et al . Increasing the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections augments anti-HBs response rate in HIV-infected patients. Effects on HIV-1 viral load. Vaccine. 2000; 18 1161-1165
- 713 Overton E T, Sungkanuparph S, Powderly W G. et al . Undetectable plasma HIV RNA load predicts success after hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41 1045-1048
- 714 Fonseca M O, Pang L W, Paula Cavalheiro de N. et al . Randomized trial of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-infected adult patients comparing a standard dose to a double dose. Vaccine. 2005; 23 2902-2908
- 715 Cornejo P, Volkow P, Escobedo K. et al . Randomized controlled trial of Hepatitis B virus vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients comparing two different doses. AIDS Res Ther. 2006; 3 9
- 716 Altfeld M, Rockstroh J K, Addo M. et al . Reactivation of hepatitis B in a long-term anti-HBs-positive patient with AIDS following lamivudine withdrawal. J Hepatol. 1998; 29 306-309
- 717 Sjogren M H. Prevention of hepatitis B in nonresponders to initial hepatitis B virus vaccination. Am J Med. 2005; 118 Suppl 10A 34S-39S
- 718 Gerner P, Wirth S, Wintermeyer P. et al . Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in children admitted to an urban hospital. J Infect. 2006; 52 305-308
- 719 Schreier E, Höhne M. Hepatitis C – Epidemiologie und Prävention. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2001; 44 7
- 720 Bortolotti F, Iorio R, Resti M. et al . Epidemiological profile of 806 Italian children with hepatitis C virus infection over a 15-year period. J Hepatol. 2007; 46 783-790
- 721 England K, Thorne C, Newell M L. Vertically acquired paediatric coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006; 6 83-90
- 722 Davison S M, Mieli-Vergani G, Sira J. et al . Perinatal hepatitis C virus infection: diagnosis and management. Arch Dis Child. 2006; 91 781-785
- 723 Polywka S, Schroter M, Feucht H H. et al . Low risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus by breast milk. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 29 1327-1329
- 724 Bortolotti F, Guido M, Zancan L. et al . Long-term outcome of hepatitis C in children. Hepatology. 2004; 39 1455, author reply 1455-1456
- 725 Broide E, Kimchi N A, Scapa E. Chronic hepatitis C infection in children. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2006; 52 187-193
- 726 Goodman Z D, Makhlouf H R, Liu L. et al . Pathology of chronic hepatitis C in children: liver biopsy findings in the Peds-C Trial. Hepatology. 2008; 47 836-843
- 727 Rerksuppaphol S, Hardikar W, Dore G J. Long-term outcome of vertically acquired and post-transfusion hepatitis C infection in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004; 19 1357-1362
- 728 Barshes N R, Udell I W, Lee T C. et al . The natural history of hepatitis C virus in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2006; 12 1119-1123
- 729 Bortolotti F, Iorio R, Nebbia G. et al . Interferon treatment in children with chronic hepatitis C: long-lasting remission in responders, and risk for disease progression in non-responders. Dig Liver Dis. 2005; 37 336-341
- 730 Rumbo C, Fawaz R L, Emre S H. et al . Hepatitis C in children: a quaternary referral center perspective. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006; 43 209-216
- 731 Iorio R, Giannattasio A, Sepe A. et al . Chronic hepatitis C in childhood: an 18-year experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41 1431-1437
- 732 Zuccotti G V, Torcoletti M, Salvini F. et al . Infants vertically infected with hepatitis C: a long term longitudinal follow-up. Pediatr Med Chir. 2004; 26 50-52
- 733 Slowik M K, Jhaveri R. Hepatitis B and C viruses in infants and young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005; 16 296-305
- 734 Wirth S, Ribes-Koninckx C, Bortolotti F. et al . Children with HIV infection show high sustained virological response rates on PegInterferon alpha-2b plus Ribavirin treatment. Hepatology. 2008; 48 392A-393A
- 735 Wirth S, Pieper-Boustani H, Lang T. et al . Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin treatment in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2005; 41 1013-1018
- 736 Kelly D, Haber B, Gonzalez-Peralta R P. et al . Sustained virologic response to interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin predicts long-term clearance of HCV in pediatric patients at 5-year follow-up. J Hepatol. 2008; S298 800
- 737 Schwarz K B, Gonzalez-Peralta R P, Murray K F. et al . PegInterferon with or without Ribavirin for chronic hepatits C in children and adolescents: final results of the PEDS-C trial. Hepatology. 2008; 48 418A
- 738 Figlerowicz M, Sluzewski W, Kowala-Piaskowska A. et al . Interferon alpha and ribavirin in the treatment of children with chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Pediatr. 2004; 163 265-267
- 739 Gonzalez-Peralta R P, Kelly D A, Haber B. et al . Interferon alpha-2b in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Hepatology. 2005; 42 1010-1018
- 740 Kowala-Piaskowska A, Figlerowicz M, Mozer-Lisewska I. et al . Effects of treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in children with chronic hepatitis C. Przegl Epidemiol. 2005; 59 491-498
- 741 Sluzewski W, Mozer-Lisewska I, Figlerowicz M. et al . Current trends and first clinical studies of therapy for chronic hepatitis C in children using pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin. Przegl Epidemiol. 2005; 59 595-599
- 742 Wozniakowska-Gesicka T, Kups J, Wisniewska-Ligier M. Sustained virological response in children with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon alpha and ribavirin. Przegl Lek. 2005; 62 1405-1408
- 743 Jara P, Hierro L, Vega de la A. et al . Efficacy and safety of peginterferon-alpha2b and ribavirin combination therapy in children with chronic hepatitis C infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27 142-148
- 744 Gehring S, Kullmer U, Koeppelmann S. et al . Prevalence of autoantibodies and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-alpha. World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12 5787-5792
- 745 Kowala-Piaskowska A, Mozer-Lisewska I, Figlerowicz M. et al . Adverse effects during the treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in children with chronic hepatitis C. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007; 16 1095-1103
- 746 Urganci N, Gulec S, Dogan S. et al . Interferon and ribavirin treatment results of patients with HBV-HCV co-infection cured of childhood malignancies. Int J Infect Dis. 2006; 10 453-457
- 747 Polywka S, Pembrey L, Tovo P A. et al . Accuracy of HCV-RNA PCR tests for diagnosis or exclusion of vertically acquired HCV infection. J Med Virol. 2006; 78 305-310
- 748 England K, Pembrey L, Tovo P A. et al . Excluding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by serology in young infants of HCV-infected mothers. Acta Paediatr. 2005; 94 444-450
- 749 Bortolotti F, Verucchi G, Camma C. et al . Long-term course of chronic hepatitis C in children: from viral clearance to end-stage liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134 1900-1907
- 750 Manns M P, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M. Treating viral hepatitis C: efficacy, side effects, and complications. Gut. 2006; 55 1350-1359
- 751 Conte D, Fraquelli M, Prati D. et al . Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women. Hepatology. 2000; 31 751-755
- 752 Gervais A, Bacq Y, Bernuau J. et al . Decrease in serum ALT and increase in serum HCV RNA during pregnancy in women with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2000; 32 293-299
- 753 Gibb D M, Goodall R L, Dunn D T. et al . Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: evidence for preventable peripartum transmission. Lancet. 2000; 356 904-907
- 754 Okamoto M, Nagata I, Murakami J. et al . Prospective reevaluation of risk factors in mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: high virus load, vaginal delivery, and negative anti-NS4 antibody. J Infect Dis. 2000; 182 1511-1514
- 755 Polywka S, Feucht H, Zollner B. et al . Hepatitis C virus infection in pregnancy and the risk of mother-to-child transmission. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997; 16 121-124
- 756 Marine-Barjoan E, Berrebi A, Giordanengo V. et al . HCV/HIV co-infection, HCV viral load and mode of delivery: risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus?. AIDS. 2007; 21 1811-1815
- 757 Hayashida A, Inaba N, Oshima K. et al . Re-evaluation of the true rate of hepatitis C virus mother-to-child transmission and its novel risk factors based on our two prospective studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2007; 33 417-422
- 758 Mast E E, Hwang L Y, Seto D S. et al . Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192 1880-1889
- 759 Steininger C, Kundi M, Jatzko G. et al . Increased risk of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus by intrapartum infantile exposure to maternal blood. J Infect Dis. 2003; 187 345-351
- 760 Pappalardo B L. Influence of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV): a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2003; 32 727-734
- 761 Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N. et al . Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. The Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 744-750
- 762 Ceci O, Margiotta M, Marello F. et al . Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in a cohort of 2,447 HIV-seronegative pregnant women: a 24-month prospective study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001; 33 570-575
- 763 Dal M olin G, D’Agaro P, Ansaldi F. et al . Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: rate of infection and assessment of viral load and IgM anti-HCV as risk factors. J Med Virol. 2002; 67 137-142
- 764 EPHN, Network EPHCV . A significant sex- but not elective caesarean section-effect on mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192 1872-1879
- 765 Tovo P A, Palomba E, Ferraris G. et al . Increased risk of maternal-infant hepatitis C virus transmission for women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Italian Study Group for HCV Infection in Children. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 25 1121-1124
- 766 Zanetti A R, Tanzi E, Romano L. et al . A prospective study on mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Intervirology. 1998; 41 208-212
- 767 Boxall E, Baumann K, Price N. et al . Discordant outcome of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C in twin pregnancies. J Clin Virol. 2007; 38 91-95
- 768 EPHN, Network EPHCV . Effects of mode of delivery and infant feeding on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus. Br J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2001; 108 371-377
- 769 Inui A, Fujisawa T, Sogo T. et al . Different outcomes of vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in a twin pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002; 17 617-619
- 770 Barlow K M, Mok J Y. Dizygotic twins discordant for HIV and hepatitis C virus. Arch Dis Child. 1993; 68 507
- 771 Bhola K, McGuire W. Does avoidance of breast feeding reduce mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection?. Arch Dis Child. 2007; 92 365-366
- 772 Polywka S, Feucht H, Laufs R. Die chronische Hepatitis C der Mutter ist keine Kontraindikation für das Stillen. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2003; 46 739-743
- 773 Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F. et al . Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. Tuscany Study Group on Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BMJ. 1998; 317 437-441
- 774 Zanetti A R, Tanzi E, Paccagnini S. et al . Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lombardy Study Group on Vertical HCV Transmission. Lancet. 1995; 345 289-291
- 775 EASL International Consensus Conference on hepatitis C. Paris, 26 – 27 February 1999. Consensus statement. J Hepatol. 1999; 31 (Suppl 1) 3-8
- 776 Empfehlung des Bundesinstitutes für Risikobewertung. Ergänzung zu den Empfehlungen der Nationalen Stillkommission zu Hepatitis C und Stillen vom März 2001. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2003; 46 790
7 * Diese Autoren haben gleichberechtigt zu dieser Leitlinie beigetragen.
Dr. Matthias Dollinger Ph. D.
Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Ernst-Grube-Straße 40
06120 Halle/Saale
Phone: ++ 49/3 45/5 57 26 65
Fax: ++ 49/3 45/5 57 22 53
Email: matthias.dollinger@medizin.uni-halle.de