Guidelines for Non-Invasive and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Treatment of Chronic Respiratory Failure[*]

Expert Group

Martina Bögel, Weinmann GmbH, Hamburg
Andreas Bosch, Heinen & Löwenstein GmbH,  Bad Ems
Jörg Brambring, Heimbeatmungsservice  Brambring Jaschke GmbH, Unterhaching
Stephan Budweiser, Klinik Donaustauf
Dominic Dellweg, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster  Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg
Peter Demmel, MDK Bayern, München
Rolf Dubb, Klinikum Stuttgart – Katharinen hospital
Jens Geiseler, Asklepios Fachkliniken  München-Gauting
Frank Gerhard, isb Ambulante Dienste gGmbH,  Wuppertal
Uwe Janssens, St.-Antonius-Hospital Eschweiler
Thomas Jehser, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus  Havelhöhe, Berlin
Anne Kreiling, Deutsche Gesellschaft für  Muskelkranke e. V., Baunatal
Thomas Köhnlein, Medizinische Hochschule  Hannover
Uwe Mellies, Universitätsklinikum Essen
F. Joachim Meyer, Medizinische Universitätsklinik  Heidelberg
Winfried Randerath, Krankenhaus Bethanien  gGmbH, Solingen
Bernd Schönhofer, Klinikum Hannover Oststadt
Bernd Schucher, Krankenhaus Großhansdorf
Karsten Siemon, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster  Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg
Helmut Sitter, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und  Marburg GmbH (Vertreter der AWMF)
Jan Hendrik Storre, Universitätsklinik Freiburg
Stephan Walterspacher, Universitätsklinik  Freiburg
Steffen Weber-Carstens, Charité –  Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Wolfram Windisch, Universitätsklinik Freiburg
Martin Winterholler, Krankenhaus Rummelsberg,  Schwarzenbruck
Kurt Wollinsky, Universitäts- und Rehabilitations kliniken Ulm

1 Condensed Version.

References

• 1 Windisch W, Brambring J, Budweiser S. et al . Nichtinvasive und invasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz. S2-Leitlinie herausgegeben von der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V.  Pneumologie. 2010;  64 207-240
• 2 Roussos C. The failing ventilatory pump.  Lung. 1982;  160 59-84
• 3 Criée C, Laier-Groeneveld G. Die Atempumpe: Atemmuskulatur und intermittierende Selbstbeatmung. 1. Aufl. New York; Thieme 1995
• 4 Kabitz H, Windisch W. Respiratory muscle testing: state of the art.  Pneumologie. 2007;  61 582-587
• 5 Tobin M J, Laghi F, Brochard L J. Role of the respiratory muscles in acute respiratory failure of COPD: lessons from weaning failure.  J Appl Physiol. 2009;  107 962-970
• 6 Mehta S, Hill N S. Noninvasive ventilation.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;  163 540-577
• 7 AAHCP/AARC/AACP/AAP/ASDA/ATS/NAMDRC . Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation – a consensus conference report.  Chest. 1999;  116 521-534
• 8 Simonds A K, Elliott M W. Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders.  Thorax. 1995;  50 604-609
• 9 Simonds A K. Home ventilation.  Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003;  47 38s-46s
• 10 Schönhofer B. Choice of ventilator types, modes, and settings for long-term ventilation.  Respir Care Clin N Am. 2002;  8 419-445
• 11 Windisch W, Dreher M, Storre J H, Sorichter S. Nocturnal non-invasive positive pressure ventilation: physiological effects on spontaneous breathing.  Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2006;  150 251-260
• 12 AARC clinical practice guideline . Long-term invasive mechanical ventilation in the home-2007 revision update.  Respir Care. 2007;  52 1056-1062
• 13 Schettino G PP, Chatmongkolchart S, Hess D R, Kacmarek R M. Position of exhalation port and mask design affect CO2 rebreathing during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.  Crit Care Med. 2003;  31 2178-2182
• 14 Younes M, Kun J, Webster K, Roberts D. Response of ventilator-dependent patients to delayed opening of exhalation valve.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;  166 21-30
• 15 Storre J H, Schönhofer B. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory failure: ventilators and interfaces. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 319-337
• 16 Navalesi P, Frigerio P, Gregoretti C. Interfaces und humidification in the home setting. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 338-349
• 17 Bach J R, Alba A S. Tracheostomy ventilation. A study of efficacy with deflated cuffs and cuffless tubes.  Chest. 1990;  97 679-683
• 18 Wenzel M, Wenzel G, Klauke M. et al . Charakteristik mehrerer Befeuchter für die CPAP- sowie invasive und nicht invasive Beatmungstherapie und Sauerstofflangzeittherapie unter standardisierten Bedingungen in einer Klimakammer.  Pneumologie. 2008;  62 324-329
• 19 Nava S, Cirio S, Fanfulla F. et al . Comparison of two humidification systems for long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation.  Eur Respir J. 2008;  32 460-464
• 20 Nakagawa N K, Macchione M, Petrolino H M. et al . Effects of a heat and moisture exchanger and a heated humidifier on respiratory mucus in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.  Crit Care Med. 2000;  28 312-317
• 21 Ricard J D, Le Miere E, Markowicz P. et al . Efficiency and safety of mechanical ventilation with a heat and moisture exchanger changed only once a week.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;  161 104-109
• 22 Tzeng A C, Bach J R. Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease.  Chest. 2000;  118 1390-1396
• 23 Vargo J J, Zuccaro G J, Dumot J A. et al . Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment for the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  55 826-831
• 24 Dreher M, Storre J, Schmoor C, Windisch W. High-intensity versus low-intensity non-invasive ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD patients: a randomized cross-over trial.  Thorax. 2010;  65 303-308
• 25 Windisch W, Haenel M, Storre J H, Dreher M. High-intensity non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for stable hypercapnic COPD.  Int J Med Sci. 2009;  6 72-76
• 26 Windisch W, Kostic S, Dreher M. et al . Outcome of patients with stable COPD receiving controlled noninvasive positive pressure ventilation aimed at a maximal reduction of Pa(CO2).  Chest. 2005;  128 657-662
• 27 Magnussen H, Kirsten A, Köhler D. et al . Leitlinien zur Langzeit-Sauerstofftherapie. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V.  Pneumologie. 2008;  62 748-756
• 28 Schönhofer B, Geibel M, Sonneborn M. et al . Daytime mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory insufficiency.  Eur Respir J. 1997;  10 2840-2846
• 29 Toussaint M, Soudon P, Kinnear W. Effect of non-invasive ventilation on respiratory muscle loading and endurance in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.  Thorax. 2008;  63 430-434
• 30 Storre J H, Steurer B, Kabitz H. et al . Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring during initiation of noninvasive ventilation.  Chest. 2007;  132 1810-1816
• 31 Schönhofer B, Euteneuer S, Nava S. et al . Survival of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to a specialised weaning centre.  Intensive Care Med. 2002;  28 908-916
• 32 Farre R, Lloyd-Owen S J, Ambrosino N. et al . Quality control of equipment in home mechanical ventilation: a European survey.  Eur Respir J. 2005;  26 86-94
• 33 Farre R, Navajas D, Prats E. et al . Performance of mechanical ventilators at the patient’s home: a multicentre quality control study.  Thorax. 2006;  61 400-404
• 34 Farre R, Giro E, Casolive V. et al . Quality control of mechanical ventilation at the patient’s home.  Intensive Care Med. 2003;  29 484-486
• 35 Fuchs M, Bickhardt J, Morgenstern U. Variabilität von Beatmungsparametern bei Heimbeatmungsgeräten.  Biomed Tech (Berl). 2002;  47 Suppl 1 Pt 2 845-848
• 36 Lofaso F, Fodil R, Lorino H. et al . Inaccuracy of tidal volume delivered by home mechanical ventilators.  Eur Respir J. 2000;  15 338-341
• 37 Vitacca M, Barbano L, D’Anna S. et al . Comparison of five bilevel pressure ventilators in patients with chronic ventilatory failure: a physiologic study.  Chest. 2002;  122 2105-2114
• 38 Goldberg A I, Frownfelter D. The Ventilator-assisted Individuals Study.  Chest. 1990;  98 428-433
• 39 Ambrosino N, Vianello A. Where to perform long-term ventilation.  Respir Care Clin N Am. 2002;  8 463-478
• 40 Lindsay M E, Bijwadia J S, Schauer W W, Rozich J D. Shifting care of chronic ventilator-dependent patients from the intensive care unit to the nursing home.  Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004;  30 257-265
• 41 Dettenmeier P A. Planning for successful home mechanical ventilation.  AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1990;  1 267-279
• 42 Leger P, Laier-Groeneveld G. Infrastructure, funding and follow-up in a programme of noninvasive ventilation.  Eur Respir J. 2002;  20 1573-1578
• 43 Meecham Jones D J, Paul E A, Jones P W. et al . Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;  152 538-544
• 44 Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A. et al . The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.  Eur Respir J. 2002;  20 529-538
• 45 Budweiser S, Jorres R A, Riedl T. et al . Predictors of Survival in COPD Patients With Chronic Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Receiving Noninvasive Home Ventilation.  Chest. 2007;  131 1650-1658
• 46 Nickol A H, Hart N, Hopkinson N S. et al . Mechanisms of improvement of respiratory failure in patients with COPD treated with NIV.  Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;  3 453-462
• 47 Budweiser S, Heinemann F, Fischer W. et al . Long-term reduction of hyperinflation in stable COPD by non-invasive nocturnal home ventilation.  Respir Med. 2005;  99 976-984
• 48 Holland A E, Denehy L, Ntoumenopoulos G. et al . Non-invasive ventilation assists chest physiotherapy in adults with acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis.  Thorax. 2003;  58 880-884
• 49 Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan S. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. 1. Ed. Westchester, Illinois; American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2007
• 50 Quinnell T G, Pilsworth S, Shneerson J M, Smith I E. Prolonged invasive ventilation following acute ventilatory failure in COPD: weaning results, survival, and the role of noninvasive ventilation.  Chest. 2006;  129 133-139
• 51 Windisch W, Vogel M, Sorichter S. et al . Normocapnia during nIPPV in chronic hypercapnic COPD reduces subsequent spontaneous PaCO2.  Respir Med. 2002;  96 572-579
• 52 McEvoy R D, Pierce R J, Hillman D. et al . Nocturnal Non-Invasive Nasal Ventilation in Stable Hypercapnic COPD: A Randomised Controlled Trial.  Thorax. 2009;  64 561-566
• 53 Leger P, Bedicam J M, Cornette A. et al . Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Long-term follow-up in patients with severe chronic respiratory insufficiency.  Chest. 1994;  105 100-105
• 54 Midgren B, Olofson J, Harlid R. et al . Home mechanical ventilation in Sweden, with reference to Danish experiences. Swedish Society of Chest Medicine.  Respir Med. 2000;  94 135-138
• 55 Windisch W, Dreher M. NIV and chronic respiratory failure secondary to restrictive thoracic disorders. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, Eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 240-250
• 56 Shneerson J M, Simonds A K. Noninvasive ventilation for chest wall and neuromuscular disorders.  Eur Respir J. 2002;  20 480-487
• 57 Schönhofer B, Sonneborn M, Haidl P. et al . Comparison of two different modes for noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory failure: volume versus pressure controlled device.  Eur Respir J. 1997;  10 184-191
• 58 Restrick L J, Fox N C, Braid G. et al . Comparison of nasal pressure support ventilation with nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with nocturnal hypoventilation.  Eur Respir J. 1993;  6 364-370
• 59 Tejeda M, Boix J H, Alvarez F. et al . Comparison of pressure support ventilation and assist-control ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure.  Chest. 1997;  111 1322-1325
• 60 Windisch W, Storre J H, Sorichter S, Virchow J CJ. Comparison of volume- and pressure-limited NPPV at night: a prospective randomized cross-over trial.  Respir Med. 2005;  99 52-59
• 61 Tuggey J M, Elliott M W. Randomised crossover study of pressure and volume non-invasive ventilation in chest wall deformity.  Thorax. 2005;  60 859-864
• 62 Janssens J, Pépin J, Guo Y F. NIV and chronic respiratory failure secondary to obesity. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, Eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 251-264
• 63 Olson A L, Zwillich C. The obesity hypoventilation syndrome.  Am J Med. 2005;  118 948-956
• 64 Mokhlesi B. Positive airway pressure titration in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure or bilevel positive airway pressure.  Chest. 2007;  131 1624-1626
• 65 AASM . Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force.  Sleep. 1999;  22 667-689
• 66 Banerjee D, Yee B J, Piper A J. et al . Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: hypoxemia during continuous positive airway pressure.  Chest. 2007;  131 1678-1684
• 67 Resta O, Guido P, Picca V. et al . Prescription of nCPAP and nBIPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: Italian experience in 105 subjects. A prospective two centre study.  Respir Med. 1998;  92 820-827
• 68 Sullivan C E, Berthon-Jones M, Issa F G. Remission of severe obesity-hypoventilation syndrome after short-term treatment during sleep with nasal continuous positive airway pressure.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;  128 177-181
• 69 Berger K I, Ayappa I, Chatr-Amontri B. et al . Obesity hypoventilation syndrome as a spectrum of respiratory disturbances during sleep.  Chest. 2001;  120 1231-1238
• 70 Rochester D F, Enson Y. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Mechanical and circulatory factors.  Am J Med. 1974;  57 402-420
• 71 Cazzolli P A, Oppenheimer E A. Home mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: nasal compared to tracheostomy-intermittent positive pressure ventilation.  J Neurol Sci. 1996;  139 Suppl 123-128
• 72 Bourke S C, Bullock R E, Williams T L. et al . Noninvasive ventilation in ALS: indications and effect on quality of life.  Neurology. 2003;  61 171-177
• 73 Finder J D, Birnkrant D, Carl J. et al . Respiratory care of the patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: ATS consensus statement.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.. 2004;  170 456-465
• 74 Barthlen G M. Nocturnal respiratory failure as an indication of noninvasive ventilation in the patient with neuromuscular disease.  Respiration. 1997;  64 Suppl 1 35-38
• 75 Winterholler M, Claus D, Bockelbrink A. et al . Empfehlungen der bayerischen Muskelzentren in der DGM zur Heimbeatmung bei neuromuskulären Erkrankungen Erwachsener.  Nervenarzt. 1997;  68 351-357
• 76 Farrero E, Prats E, Povedano M. et al . Survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with home mechanical ventilation: the impact of systematic respiratory assessment and bulbar involvement.  Chest. 2005;  127 2132-2138
• 77 Kleopa K A, Sherman M, Neal B. et al . Bipap improves survival and rate of pulmonary function decline in patients with ALS.  J Neurol Sci. 1999;  164 82-88
• 78 Lo Coco D, Marchese S, Pesco M C. et al . Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in ALS: predictors of tolerance and survival.  Neurology. 2006;  67 761-765
• 79 Hill N S. Ventilator management for neuromuscular disease.  Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;  23 293-305
• 80 Mellies U, Ragette R, Dohna Schwake C. et al . Long-term noninvasive ventilation in children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders.  Eur Respir J. 2003;  22 631-636
• 81 Simonds A K. NIV and neuromuscular disease. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, Eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 224-239
• 82 Raphael J C, Chevret S, Chastang C, Bouvet F. Randomised trial of preventive nasal ventilation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. French Multicentre Cooperative Group on Home Mechanical Ventilation Assistance in Duchenne de Boulogne Muscular Dystrophy.  Lancet. 1994;  343 1600-1604
• 83 Yuan N, Skaggs D L, Dorey F, Keens T G. Preoperative predictors of prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation in children following scoliosis repair.  Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;  40 414-419
• 84 Bach J R. Successful pregnancies for ventilator users.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;  82 226-229
• 85 Schlamp V, Karg O, Abel A. et al . Nichtinvasive intermittierende Selbstbeatmung (ISB) als Palliativmaßnahme bei amyotropher Lateralsklerose.  Nervenarzt. 1998;  69 1074-1082
• 86 Bach J R, Bianchi C, Aufiero E. Oximetry and indications for tracheotomy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Chest. 2004;  126 1502-1507
• 87 Bach J R, Alba A S, Bohatiuk G. et al . Mouth intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the management of postpolio respiratory insufficiency.  Chest. 1987;  91 859-864
• 88 Aboussouan L S, Khan S U, Banerjee M. et al . Objective measures of the efficacy of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Muscle Nerve. 2001;  24 403-409
• 89 Bourke S C, Tomlinson M, Williams T L. et al . Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial.  Lancet Neurol. 2006;  5 140-147
• 90 Peysson S, Vandenberghe N, Philit F. et al . Factors predicting survival following noninvasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Eur Neurol. 2008;  59 164-171
• 91 Pinto A C, Evangelista T, Carvalho M. et al . Respiratory assistance with a non-invasive ventilator (Bipap) in MND/ALS patients: survival rates in a controlled trial.  J Neurol Sci. 1995;  129 Suppl 19-26
• 92 Winterholler M. Behandlung der Sialorrhoe bei beatmeten Patienten.  Pneumologie. 2008;  62 Suppl 1 S39-S42
• 93 Bach J R, Ishikawa Y, Kim H. Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.  Chest. 1997;  112 1024-1028
• 94 Bach J R, Baird J S, Plosky D. et al . Spinal muscular atrophy type 1: management and outcomes.  Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;  34 16-22
• 95 Bach J R, Bianchi C, Vidigal-Lopes M. et al . Lung inflation by glossopharyngeal breathing and ‘air stacking’ in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;  86 295-300
• 96 Bach J R. Update and perspective on noninvasive respiratory muscle aids. Part 2: The expiratory aids.  Chest. 1994;  105 1538-1544
• 97 Gomez-Merino E, Bach J R. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prolongation of life by noninvasive ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;  81 411-415
• 98 Mustfa N, Aiello M, Lyall R A. et al . Cough augmentation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Neurology. 2003;  61 1285-1287
• 99 Sancho J, Servera E, Marin J. et al . Effect of lung mechanics on mechanically assisted flows and volumes.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;  83 698-703
• 100 Wallgren-Pettersson C, Bushby K, Mellies U, Simonds A. 117th ENMC workshop: ventilatory support in congenital neuromuscular disorders – congenital myopathies, congenital muscular dystrophies, congenital myotonic dystrophy and SMA (II) 4 – 6 April 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands.  Neuromuscul Disord. 2004;  14 56-69
• 101 Fauroux B, Aubertin G, Lofaso F. NIV and chronic respiratory failure in children. In: Muir J, Ambrosino N, Simonds AK, Eds. European Respiratory Monograph. Sheffield; ERS Journals 2008: 272-286
• 102 Mellies U, Dohna-Schwake C. Pediatric Pulmonary Function Testing – Neuromuscular Disorders. In: Hammer J, Ebner E, eds. Prog Respir Res. Basel, Freiburg; Karger 2005: 233-246
• 103 Mellies U, Dohna-Schwake C, Voit T. Respiratory function assessment and intervention in neuromuscular disorders.  Curr Opin Neurol. 2005;  18 543-547
• 104 Li K K, Riley R W, Guilleminault C. An unreported risk in the use of home nasal continuous positive airway pressure and home nasal ventilation in children: mid-face hypoplasia.  Chest. 2000;  117 916-918
• 105 Villa M P, Pagani J, Ambrosio R. et al . Mid-face hypoplasia after long-term nasal ventilation.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;  166 1142-1143
• 106 Simonds A K, Ward S, Heather S. et al . Outcome of paediatric domiciliary mask ventilation in neuromuscular and skeletal disease.  Eur Respir J. 2000;  16 476-481
• 107 Ward S, Chatwin M, Heather S, Simonds A K. Randomised controlled trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for nocturnal hypoventilation in neuromuscular and chest wall disease patients with daytime normocapnia.  Thorax. 2005;  60 1019-1024
• 108 Dohna-Schwake C, Podlewski P, Voit T, Mellies U. Non-invasive ventilation reduces respiratory tract infections in children with neuromuscular disorders.  Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008;  43 67-71
• 109 Eagle M, Baudouin S V, Chandler C. et al . Survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: improvements in life expectancy since 1967 and the impact of home nocturnal ventilation.  Neuromuscul Disord. 2002;  12 926-929
• 110 Mellies U, Dohna-Schwake C, Stehling F, Voit T. Sleep disordered breathing in spinal muscular atrophy.  Neuromuscul Disord. 2004;  14 797-803

1 Condensed Version.