Zusammenfassung
Neurologische Komplikationen nach Operationen können für den Patienten fatale Folgen
haben und zu Invalidität und Erwerbslosigkeit führen. Neben zentralen Schädigungen
wie dem intraoperativen Schlaganfall, der Erblindung und dem postoperativen kognitiven
Defizit sowie dem Delir, die durch ein optimiertes anästhesiologisches Management
entscheidend beeinflusst werden können, sind periphere neurologische Schädigungen
nach Anästhesien bei Kenntnis von Pathophysiologie und Therapie oft vermeidbar. Der
aktuelle Artikel beschreibt die klassischen peripheren neurologischen Komplikationen,
die durch Regionalanästhesien, Anlage zentraler Katheter, peripherer arterieller und
venöser Kanülierung sowie intra- und perioperativer Lagerung von Patienten auftreten
können. Darüber hinaus werden juristische Aspekte im Rahmen der Arzthaftung und Aufgabenverteilung
zwischen Anästhesist, Operateur und medizinischem Assistenzpersonal erörtert.
Abstract:
Neurological complications after surgery may have fatal consequences for the patient
or lead to disability and inability to work. Similar to central nervous complications
such as stroke, postoperative visual loss, postoperative cognitive deficit and delirium,
peripheral neurological complications following anaesthesia can be decisively influenced
or almost avoided by an optimized anaesthesiological management.
In the present article typical peripheral neurologic complications which can occur
after regional anesthesia, central venous puncture and insertion of arterial or venous
cannulas as well as etiology, diagnosis and therapy of peripheral nervous damage are
described. Moreover the paper gives recommendations on intraoperative positioning
of the patient and presents medicolegal aspects in the perioperative setting.
Schlüsselwörter:
Neurologische Komplikationen - peripherer Nervenschaden - Patientenlagerung
Keywords:
neurological complications - peripheral nerve injury - patient positioning - nerve
damage
Kernaussagen
-
Perioperative Nervenschädigungen sind multifaktoriell bedingt.
-
Es werden direkte Schädigungen durch akzidentelle Punktion, lagerungsbedingte Zug-
und Druckschädigungen sowie ischämische Nervenschädigungen unterschieden.
-
Die Klassifikation von Nervenschädigungen erfolgt nach Seddon in 3 bzw. nach Sunderland
in 5 Grade, wobei klinisch vor allem die Unterscheidung von Neurapraxie (Grad I) und
Axonotmesis (Grad II) relevant ist.
-
Auf eine sorgfältige Lagerung des Patienten mit Druckentlastung und Abpolsterung aller
aufliegenden Körperregionen ist zu achten. Dabei hat der Anästhesist die Aufgabe,
den Operateur über unbeabsichtigte Lagerungsänderungen, z. B. durch Zug am Patienten,
zu informieren.
-
Der Anstieg des intrakompartmentalen Drucks in durch Faszien begrenzten Muskellogen
führt zum akuten Kompartmentsyndrom, das ohne Therapie zu einem Extremitätenverlust
führen kann.
-
Bei peripheren Nervenblockaden sind Nervenstimulator und Ultraschall gleichwertige
Techniken, ohne dass bisher eine Präferenz einer der Methoden hinsichtlich der Vermeidung
von Nervenschäden gerechtfertigt scheint.
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Dr. med. Ralf Quabach
Dr. med. Christian Adam
Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Standl
eMail: ralf.quabach@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
eMail: adam@klinikumsolingen.de
eMail: standl@klinikumsolingen.de