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J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31(09): 636-642
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556053
Original Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Loupes-Only Microsurgery is a Safe Alternative to the Operating Microscope: An Analysis of 1,649 Consecutive Free Flap Breast Reconstructions

Christopher J. Pannucci
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
,
Marten N. Basta
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Stephen J. Kovach
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Suhail K. Kanchwala
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Liza C. Wu
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Joseph M. Serletti
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

29 January 2015

10 May 2015

Publication Date:
10 July 2015 (online)

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Abstract

Background Loupes-only microsurgery challenges the paradigm that free flap surgery requires an operating microscope. We describe our loupes-only microsurgery experience with an emphasis on rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss.

Methods We identified all patients having breast reconstruction with muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ms-TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps over 7 years. We examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss as markers of technical quality. For one high-volume surgeon who started loupes-only microsurgery while at our institution, we examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss rates over time to evaluate for a learning curve.

Results We performed 1,649 ms-TRAM or DIEP flaps in 1,063 patients. For 1,649 flaps, the rate of artery anastomotic revision was 2.2% (36 arteries) and venous anastomotic revision was 2.2% (37 veins). Any microvascular revision was performed in 3.5% (58 flaps). Total flap loss rate was 1.2% (20 flaps).

For the “learning curve” analysis, there were no clinically relevant differences in rates of any intraoperative anastomotic revision or total flap loss during the first 60 months after loupes-only microsurgery was adopted. Total flap loss during this surgeon's first 60 months of loupes-only microsurgery was 1.6% (10 of 638 flaps).

Conclusions Loupes-only microsurgery is a safe alternative to the operating microscope for free flap breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric system. Our total flap loss rate of 1.2% in 1,649 flaps is at the low end of published flap loss rates.

Keywords

loupes - microscope - free flap - breast reconstruction - TRAM - DIEP