Download PDF
Nervenheilkunde 2013; 32(03): 135-144
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1628495
Leitlinie
Schattauer GmbH

Therapie des Kopfschmerzes bei Medikamentenübergebrauch

Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen der Deutschen Migräneund Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN), der Österreichischen Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (ÖKSG) und der Schweizerischen Kopfwehgesellschaft (SKG)Treatment guideline for medication overuse headache
M. Marziniak
1   Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster
,
G. Haag
2   Michael Balint Klinik, Königsfeld
,
A. May
3   Institut für systemische Neuroforschung, Uniklinik Hamburg Eppendorf
,
C. Lampl
4   Abteilung für Allgemeine Neurologie, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, Linz, Österreich
,
P. Sandor
5   Abteilung für Neurologie, Kantonsspital Baden, Schweiz
,
H.-C. Diener
6   Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen
,
S. Ever
1   Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster
7   Klinik für Neurologie, Krankenhaus Lindenbrunn, Coppenbrügge
,
A. Straube
8   Neurologische Klinik der Universität München, Klinikum Großhadern
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Eingegangen am: 20 December 2012

angenommen am: 20 December 2012

Publication Date:
22 January 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Nach der zweiten Ausgabe der Internationalen Kopfschmerzklassifikation (ICHD-II, 2004) wird der Kopfschmerz bei Medikamentenübergebrauch (medication overuse headache – MOH) als chronischer Kopfschmerz definiert, induziert durch den Übergebrauch von Ergotamin, Triptanen, Analgetika, Opioiden, Kombinationspräparaten, Kombinationen einzelner Substanzen oder anderer, nicht näher spezifizierter Medikamente. Obwohl bisher keine epidemiologische Studie die tatsächliche MOH-Prävalenz (incl. erfolgreichen Entzug) untersucht hat, wird seine durchschnittliche Prävalenz auf ca. 1% der Gesamtbevölkerung geschätzt. Die genaue Pathophysiologie ist derzeit noch unklar, eine genetische Prädisposition scheint wahrscheinlich. Die Behandlung besteht in den meisten Fällen aus einem akuten Entzug der Medikation und dem Beginn einer vorbeugenden medikamentösen Therapie. Eine Ausnahme davon stellt der Übergebrauch von Opioiden und Barbituraten (in Europa sehr selten) dar, die schrittweise reduziert werden sollen. Es besteht aktuell keine klare Evidenz für die Bevorzugung einer ambulanten oder stationären Entzugstherapie. Steroide werden zur Begleitung des Entzuges eingesetzt, die Studienlage dazu ist jedoch überwiegend negativ. Topiramat und Onabotulinumtoxin können bei Patienten mit Migräne und MOH die Attackenfrequenz so reduzieren, dass die Kriterien des MOH nicht mehr erfüllt sind, ohne dass vorher ein formaler Entzug durchgeführt worden ist.

Summary

According to the 2nd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II, 2004), medication overuse headache (MOH) is defined as a chronic headache attributed to the overuse of ergotamine, triptans, analgesics, opioids, combination medication, combinations of single drugs or not further specified drugs. Although the real prevalence of MOH (including successful withdrawal) has not been investigated in epidemiological studies, the average prevalence is estimated with 1% of the general population. The pathophysiology of MOH remains indistinct, but a genetic background seems likely. The treatment consists of an acute withdrawal of the medication and the beginning of a prophylactic treatment in most patients. As exception, overuse of opioids or barbiturates (the latter in Europe very rare) is recommended to withdrawal stepwise. There is no convincing evidence to prefer a withdrawal therapy in an out-patient or in-patient setting. Steroids may be an option as concomitant medication during the withdrawal phase but the evidence is negative in the majority of studies. Topiramate and onabotulinumtoxin are able to reduce the number of attacks in migraine patients with MOH so far that the criteria of MOH are not longer fulfilled without a formal withdrawal of analgesics.

Schlüsselwörter

Kopfschmerz bei Medikamentenübergebrauch - Analgetika - Prophylaxe - Leitlinie

Keywords

Medication overuse headache - analgesics - prophylaxis - treatment guidelines
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Aaseth K, Grande RB, Kvaerner KJ, Gulbrandsen P, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Prevalence of secondary chronic headaches in a population-based sample of 30–44-year-old persons. The Akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 705-713.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Akova-Öztürk E, Husstedt IW, Ringelstein EB, Evers S. Carotid artery dissection in ergotamine abuse. Headache 2004; 44: 930-932.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Altieri M, Di Giambattista R, Di Clemente L, Fagiolo D, Tarolla E, Mercurio A, Vicenzini E, Tarsitani L, Lenzi GL, Biondi M, Di Piero V. Combined pharmacological and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for probable medication overuse headache: a pilot study. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 293-299.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Andrasik F, Grazzi L, Usai S, Buse DC, Bussone G. Non-pharmacological approaches to treating chronic migraine with medication overuse. Neurol Sci 2009; 30 (Suppl. 01) S89-S93.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Antonaci F, Nappi G, Galli F, Manzoni GC, Calabresi P, Costa A. Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings. J Headache Pain 2011; 12: 115-125.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Atasoy HT, Unal AE, Atasoy N, Emre U, Sumer M. Low income and education levels may cause medication overuse and chronicity in migraine patients. Headache 2005; 45: 25-31.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Atasoy HT, Atasoy N, Unal AE, Emre U, Sumer M. Psychiatric comorbidity in medication overuse headache patients with pre-existing headache type of episodic tension-type headache. Eur J Pain 2005; 09: 285-291.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Aurora S, Dodick D, Turkel C, Aurora SK, Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Diener HC, Brin MF. PREEMPT 1 Chronic Migraine Study Group. Onabotulinumtoxin A for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 1 trial. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 793-803.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Bahra A, Walsh M, Menon S, Goadsby PJ. Does chronic daily headache arise de novo in association with regular use of analgesics?. Headache 2003; 43: 179-190.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Barenbrock M, Spieker C, Witta J, Evers S, Hoeks APG, Rahn KH, Zidek W. Reduced distensibility of the common carotid artery in patients treated with ergotamine. Hypertension 1996; 28: 115-119.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Bigal ME, Rapoport AM, Sheftell FD, Tepper SJ, Lipton RB. Transformed migraine and medication overuse in a tertiary headache centre – clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Cephalalgia 2004; 24: 483-490.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology 2008; 71: 1821-1828.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study. Headache 2008; 48: 1157-1168.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Bigal ME, Sun-Edelstein C, Rapoport AM. Medication overuse headache – comments on the current International Headache Society classification criteria – Authors’ reply. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 1410-1411.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Bøe MG, Mygland A, Salvesen R. Prednisolone does not reduce withdrawal headache: a randomized, double-blind study. Neurology 2007; 69: 26-31.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Bøe MG, Salvesen R, Mygland A. Chronic daily headache with medication overuse: a randomized follow-up by neurologist or PCP. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 855-863.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Bøe MG, Salvesen R, Mygland A. Chronic daily headache with medication overuse: predictors of outcome 1 year after withdrawal therapy. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16: 705-712.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Cady RK, Schreiber CP. Sinus problems as a cause of headache refractoriness and migraine chronification. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009; 13: 319-325.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Colás R, Muñoz P, Temprano R, Gómez C, Pascual J. Chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse: epidemiology and impact on quality of life. Neurology 2004; 62: 1338-1342.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Charles JA, von Dohln P. Outpatient home-based continuous intravenous dihydroergotamine therapy for intractable migraine. Headache 2010; 50: 852-860.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Cupini LM, De Murtas M, Costa C, Mancini M, Eusebi P, Sarchielli P, Calabresi P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and migraine with medicationoveruse headache. Headache 2009; 49: 1005-1013.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Diener HC, Bussone G, Van Oene JC, Lahaye M, Schwalen S, Goadsby PJ. TOPMAT-MIG201 (TOP-CHROME) Study Group. Topiramate reduces headache days in chronic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2007; 27: 814-823.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Diener HC, Schneider R, Aicher B. Per-capita consumption of analgesics: a nine-country survey over 20 years. J Headache Pain 2008; 09: 225-231.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Diener HC, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Lipton RB, Silberstein SD, Brin MF. PREEMPT 2 Chronic Migraine Study Group. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 804-814.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Diener HC. Detoxification for medication overuse headache is not necessary. Cephalalgia 2011; 32: 423-427.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Diener HC. Kopfschmerz bei Übergebrauch von Schmerz- und Migränemitteln. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 2012: 731-738.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 27 Dodick DW. Debate: analgesic overuse is a cause, not consequence, of chronic daily headache. Analgesic overuse is not a cause of chronic daily headache. Headache 2002; 42: 527-529.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Dodick DW, Silberstein SD. How clinicians can detect, prevent and treat medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 1209-1217.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Aurora SK, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Diener HC, Brin MF. PREEMPT Chronic Migraine Study Group. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache 2010; 50: 921-936.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Evers S, Bauer B, Suhr S. Ergotamine-induced headache associated with cluster headache. Neurology 1996; 46: 291.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Evers S, Bauer B, Grotemeyer KH, Kurlemann G, Husstedt IW. Event-related potentials (P300) in childhood and adolescence primary headache. J Child Neurol 1998; 13: 322-326.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Evers S, Voss H, Bauer B, Sörös P, Husstedt IW. Peripheral autonomic potentials in primary headache and drug-induced headache. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 216-221.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Evers S, Schmidt F, Bauer B, Voss H, Grotemeyer KH, Husstedt IW. The impact of ergotamine-induced headache and ergotamine withdrawal on information processing. Psychopharmacology 1999; 142: 61-67.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Evers S, Suhr B, Bauer B, Grotemeyer Husstedt IW. A retrospective long-term analysis of the epidemiology and features of drug-induced headache. J Neurol 1999; 246: 802-809.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Feinstein AR, Heinemann LA, Curhan GC, Delzell E, Deschepper PJ, Fox JM, Graf H, Luft FC, Michielsen P, Mihatsch MJ, Suissa S, Van Der Woude F, Willich S. Relationship between nonphenacetin combined analgesics and nephropathy: a review. Ad Hoc Committee of the International Study Group on Analgesics and Nephropathy. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2259-2264.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Ferrari A, Leone S, Vergoni AV, Bertolini A, Sances G, Coccia CP, Ottani A, Pinetti D, Sternieri E. Similarities and differences between chronic migraine and episodic migraine. Headache 2007; 47: 65-72.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Ferrari A, Coccia C, Sternieri E. Past, present, and future prospects of medication-overuse headache classification. Headache 2008; 48: 1096-102.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Grazzi L, Andrasik F, D’Amico D, Leone M, Usai S, Kass SJ, Bussone G. Behavioral and pharmacologic treatment of transformed migraine with analgesic overuse: outcome at 3 years. Headache 2002; 42: 483-490.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Grazzi L, Andrasik F, Usai S, Bussone G. In-patient vs. day-hospital withdrawal treatment for chronic migraine with medication overuse and disability assessment: results at one-year follow-up. Neurol Sci 2008; 29 Suppl 1: 161-163.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Haag G. Headache and medication overuse: are clinical case series appropriate to reveal differential risks of different medications?. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 09: 397-406.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Hagen K, Vatten L, Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Krokstad S, Bovim G. Low socio-economic status is associated with increased risk of frequent headache: a prospective study of 22718 adults in Norway. Cephalalgia 2002; 22: 672-679.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Hagen K, Albretsen C, Vilming ST, Salvesen R, Grønning M, Helde G, Gravdahl G, Zwart JA, Stovner LJ. Management of medication overuse headache: 1-year randomized multicentre openlabel trial. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 221-232.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalagia 1988; 8 Suppl 7: 1-96.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004; 24 Suppl 1: 9-160.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Headache Classification Committee. Olesen J, Bousser MG, Diener HC, Dodick D, First M, Goadsby PJ, Göbel H, Lainez MJ, Lance JW, Lipton RB, Nappi G, Sakai F, Schoenen J, Silberstein SD, Steiner TJ. New appendix criteria open for a broader concept of chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 742-746.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Hering R, Steiner TJ. Abrupt outpatient withdrawal of medication in analgesic abusing migraineurs. Lancet 1991; 337: 1442-1443.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Jensen R, Bendtsen L. Medication overuse headache in Scandinavia. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 1237-1239.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Jette N, Patten S, Williams J, Becker W, Wiebe S. Comorbidity of migraine and psychiatric disorders—a National Population-Based Study. Headache 2008; 48: 501-516.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Jonsson P, Hedenrud T, Linde M. Epidemiology of medication overuse headache in the general Swedish population. Cephalalgia 2011; 31: 1015-1022.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Muessig M, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs. Neurology 2001; 57: 1694-1698.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Katsarava Z, Muessig M, Dzagnidze A, Fritsche G, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Medication overuse headache: rates and predictors for relapse in a 4-year prospective study. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 12-15.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Kavuk I, Weimar C, Kim BT, Gueneyli G, Araz M, Klieser E, Limmroth V, Diener HC, Katsarava Z. One-year prevalence and socio-cultural aspects of chronic headache in Turkish immigrants and German natives. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1177-1181.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Kopp IB. Von Leitlinien zur Qualitätssicherung. Bundesgesundheitsbl 2011; 54: 160-165.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Krymchantowski AV, Barbosa JS. Prednisone as initial treatment of analgesic-induced daily headache. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 107-113.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Lance F, Parkes C, Wilkinson M. Does analgesic abuse cause headaches de novo?. Headache 1988; 28: 61-62.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Lu SR, Fuh JL, Chen WT, Juang KD, Wang SJ. Chronic daily headache in Taipei, Taiwan: prevalence, follow-up and outcome predictors. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 980-986.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Ludolph AC, Husstedt IW, Schlake HP, Grotemeyer KH, Brune GG. Chronic ergotamine abuse: evidence of functional impairment of long ascending spinal tracts. Eur Neurol 1988; 28: 311-316.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Magalhães E, Menezes C, Cardeal M, Melo A. Botulinum toxin type A versus amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic daily migraine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 463-466.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Manzoni GC, Grisendi I, Torelli P. ICHD-3: What changes do we need regarding migraine?. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2011; 15: 170-176.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Michielsen P, Heinemann L, Mihatsch M, Schnülle HP Graf, Koch KM. Non-phenacetin analgesics and analgesic nephropathy. Clinical assessment of high users from a case-control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 1253-1259.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Mihatsch MJ, Khanlari B, Brunner FP. Obituary to analgesic nephropathy – an autopsy study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 3139-3145.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Morren JA, Galvez-Jimenez N. Where is dihydroergotamine mesylate in the changing landscape of migraine therapy?. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11: 3085-3093.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Nagy AJ, Gandhi S, Bhola R, Goadsby PJ. Intravenous dihydroergotamine for inpatient management of refractory primary headaches. Neurology 2011; 77: 1827-1832.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Newman LC, Newman EB. Rebound abdominal pain: noncephalic pain in abdominal migraine is exacerbated by medication overuse. Headache 2008; 48: 959-961.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Obermann M, Katsarava Z. Management of medication overuse headache. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 07: 1145-1155.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Olesen J. The future of headache classification and classification research. Editorial. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 1240-1241.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Olesen J, Steiner T, Bousser M-G, Diener H-C, Dodick D, First MB, Goadsby PJ, Göbel H, Lainez MJA, Lipton RB, Nappi G, Sakai F, Schoenen J, Silberstein SD. Proposals for new standardized general diagnostic criteria for the secondary headaches. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 1331-1336.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Olesen J. Third International Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society: New plans for headache classification: ICHD-3. Cephalalgia 2011; 31: 4-5.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Paemeleire K, Bahra A, Evers S, Matharu M, Goadsby PJ. Medication-overuse headache in patients with cluster headache. Neurology 2006; 67: 109-113.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Paemelaire K, Crevitis L, Goadsby PH, Kaube H. Practical management of medication overuse headache. Acta Neurol Belg 2006; 106: 43-51.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Pageler L, Katsarava Z, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Prednisone vs. placebo in withdrawal therapy following medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 152-156.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Pintér I, Mátyus J, Czégány Z, Harsányi J, Homoki M, Kassai M, Kiss E, Kiss I, Ladányi E, Locsey L, Major L, Misz M, Nagy L, Polner K, Rédl J, Solt I, Tichy B, Török M, Varga G, Wagner G, Wórum I, Zsoldos B, Pótó L, Dérczy K, Wittmann I, Nagy J. et al. Analgesic nephropathy in Hungary: the HANS study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 840-843.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Prencipe M, Casini AR, Ferretti C, Santini M, Pezzella F, Scaldaferri N, Culasso F. Prevalence of headache in an elderly population: attack frequency, disability, and use of medication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70: 377-381.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Rabe K, Pageler L, Gaul C, Lampl C, Kraya T, Foerderreuther S, Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Prednisone for the treatment of withdrawal headache in patients with medication overuse headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2012 October 23 [Epub ahead of print].
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Radat F, Creac’h C, Guegan-Massardier E, Mick G, Guy N, Fabre N, Giraud P, Nachit-Ouinekh F, Lantéri-Minet M. Behavioral dependence in patients with medication overuse headache: A cross-sectional study in consulting patients using the DSMIV criteria. Headache 2008; 48: 1026-1036.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Radat F, Lanteri-Minet M. What is the role of dependence-related behavior in medication-overuse headache?. Headache 2010; 50: 1597-1611.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Ravishankar K. Medication overuse headache in India. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 1223-1226.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Roon KI, Bakker D, van Poelgeest MI, van Buchem MA, Ferrari MD, Middelkoop HA. The influence of ergotamine abuse on psychological and cognitive functioning. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 462-469.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Rossi P, Di Lorenzo C, Faroni J, Cesarino F, Nappi G. Advice alone vs. structured detoxification programmes for medication overuse headache: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial in transformed migraine patients with low medical needs. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1097-1105.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Rossi P, Faroni JV, Nappi G. Medication overuse headache: predictors and rates of relapse in migraine patients with low medical needs. A 1-year prospective study. Cephalalgia 2008; 28: 1196-1200.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Rossi P, Jensen R, Nappi G, Allena M. COMOESTAS Consortium. A narrative review on the management of medication overuse headache: the steep road from experience to evidence. J Headache Pain 2009; 10: 407-417.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Sances G, Ghiotto N, Galli F, Guaschino E, Rezzani C, Nappi G. Risk factors in medication-overuse headache: a 1-year follow-up study (care II protocol). Cephalalgia 2009; 30: 329-336.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 83 Saper JR, Hamel RL, Lake AE. Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a biobehavioural disorder. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 545-546.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Scher AI, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Caffeine as a risk factor for chronic daily headache: a populationbased study. Neurology 2005; 65: 180.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Scher A, Lipton RB. Response to ‘Comments on results of Scher et al. pertaining to nonprescription caffeine-containing combination analgesics’. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 1535-1536.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Silberstein SD, Olesen J, Bousser MG, Diener HC, Dodick D, First M, Goadsby PJ, Göbel H, Lainez MJ, Lance JW, Lipton RB, Nappi G, Sakai F, Schoenen J, Steiner TJ. International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD-II) – revision of criteria for 8.2 Medication-overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 460-465.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Freitag FG, Ramadan N, Mathew N, Brandes JL, Bigal M, Saper J, Ascher S, Jordan DM, Greenberg SJ, Hulihan J. Topiramate Chronic Migraine Study Group. Efficacy and safety of topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2007; 47: 170-180.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Straube A, May A, Kropp P, Katsarazva Z, Haag G, Lampl C, Sandor PS, Diener HC, Evers S. Therapie primärer chronischer Kopfschmerzen. Schmerz 2008; 22: 531-543.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Straube A, Pfaffenrath V, Ladwig KH, Meisinger C, Hoffmann W, Fendrich K, Vennemann M, Berger K. Prevalence of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache in Germany-the German DMKG headache study. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 207-213.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Su T, Zhang L, Li X, Zuo L, Zhang HP Wang. Regular use of nephrotoxic medications is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease – results from a Chinese population study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 1916-1923.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Suhr B, Evers S, Bauer B, Gralow I, Grotemeyer KH, Husstedt IW. Drug-induced headache: longterm results of stationary versus ambulatory withdrawal therapy. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 44-49.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Sun-Edelstein C, Bigal ME, Rapoport AM. Chronic migraine and medication overuse headache: clarifying the current International Headache Society classification criteria. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 445-452.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 van der Woude FJ, Heinemann LA, Graf H, Lewis M, Moehner S, Assmann A, Kühl-Habich D. Analgesics use and ESRD in younger age: a case-control study. BMC Nephrol 2007; 08: 15.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR, Liu CY, Hsu LC, Wang PN, Liu HC. Chronic daily headache in Chinese elderly: prevalence, risk factors, and biannual follow-up. Neurology 2000; 54: 314-319.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Wiendels NJ, Knuistingh ANeven, Rosendaal FR, Spinhoven P, Zitman FG, Assendelft WJ, Ferrari MD. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: prevalence and associated factors. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1434-1442.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Wiendels NJ, van Haestregt A, Knuistingh ANeven, Spinhoven P, Zitman FG, Assendelft WJ, Ferrari MD. Chronic frequent headache in the general population: comorbidity and quality of life. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1443-1450.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Wilkinson SM, Becker WJ, Heine JA. Opiate use to control bowel motility may induce chronic daily headache in patients with migraine. Headache 2001; 41: 303-309.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Wolfe S, Van Stavern G. Characteristics of patients presenting with ocular pain. Can J Ophthalmol 2008; 43: 432-434.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Zeeberg P, Olesen J, Jensen R. Discontinuation of medication overuse in headache patients: recovery of therapeutic responsiveness. Cephalalgia 2006; 26: 1192-1198.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Zeeberg P, Olesen J, Jensen R. Probable medication-overuse headache: the effect of a 2-month drug-free period. Neurology 2006; 66: 1894-1898.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Zeeberg P, Olesen J, Jensen R. Medication overuse headache and chronic migraine in a specialized headache centre: field-testing proposed new appendix criteria. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 214-220.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Zidverc-Trajkovic J, Pekmezovic T, Jovanovic Z, Pavlovic A, Mijajlovic M, Radojicic A, Sternic N. Medication overuse headache: clinical features predicting treatment outcome at 1-year followup. Cephalalgia 2007; 27: 1219-1225.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Zwart JA, Dyb G, Hagen K, Svebak S, Stovner LJ, Holmen J. Analgesic overuse among subjects with headache, neck, and low-back pain. Neurology 2004; 62: 1540-1544.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar