Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents Thromb Haemost 1991; 66(01): 067-079DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1646375 Review Article Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart The Structural Biology of Expression and Function of Tissue Factor Thomas S Edgington , Nigel Mackman , Korbinian Brand , Wolfram Ruf Recommend Article Abstract PDF Download Buy Article PDF (1529 kb) References References 1 Nemerson Y. Tissue factor and hemostasis. Blood 1988; 71: 1-8 2 Bach RR. Initiation of coagulation by tissue factor. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1988; 23: 339-368 3 Morrissey JH, Gregory SA, Mackman N, Edgington TS. Tissue factor regulation and gene organization. In: Oxford Surveys on Eukaryotic Genes, . edited by MacLean N. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1989. p. 67-84 4 Mackman N, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. The molecular biology of tissue factor. Haemostaseologie 1989; 9: 151-156 5 Edgington TS, Ruf W, Rehemtulla A, Mackman N. The molecular biology of initiation of coagulation by tissue factor. In: Current Studies in Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Basel:. S. Karger AG: 1991. p. 5250-5255 6 Edgington TS. Pathogenetic linkages between gram negative septic shock and the cellular initiation and regulation of coagulation. In: Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, . Heidelberg: Springer Verlag: 1991. p. in press 7 Mackman N, Morrissey JH, Fowler B, Edgington TS. Complete sequence of the human tissue factor gene, a highly regulated cellular receptor that initiates the coagulation protease cascade. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 1755-1762 8 Carson SD, Henry WM, Shows TB. Tissue factor gene localized to human chromosome 1 (1pter→1p21). Science 1985; 229: 991-993 9 Kao F-T, Hartz J, Horton R, Nemerson Y, Carson SD. Regional assignment of human tissue factor gene (F3) to chromosome 1p21-p22. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 1988; 14: 407-410 10 Morrissey JH, Fakhrai H, Edgington TS. Molecular cloning of the cDNA for tissue factor, the cellular receptor for the initiation of the coagulation protease cascade. Cell 1987; 50: 129-135 11 Spicer EK, Horton R, Bloem L, Bach R, Williams KR, Guha A, Kraus J, Lin T-C, Nemerson Y, Konigsberg WH. Isolation of cDNA clones coding for human tissue factor: Primary structure of the protein and cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 5148-5152 12 Scarpati EM, Wen D, Broze Jr GJ, Miletich JP, Flandermeyer RR, Siegel NR, Sadler JE. Human tissue factor: cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 5234-5238 13 Fisher K, Gorman C, Vehar G, O'Brien D, Lawn R. Cloning and expression of human tissue factor cDNA. Thromb. Res. 1987; 48: 89-99 14 Gregory SA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Regulation of tissue factor gene expression in the monocyte procoagulant response to endotoxin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 2752-2755 15 Conway EM, Bach R, Rosenberg RD, Konigsberg WH. Tumor necrosis factor enhances expression of tissue factor mRNA in endothelial cells. Thromb. Res. 1989; 53: 231-241 16 Brand K, Fowler BJ, Edgington TS, Mackman N. Tissue factor mRNA levels in THP-1 monocytic cells are regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms. 1991 submitted 17 Caput D, Beutler B, Hartog K, Thayer R, Brown-Shimer S, Cerami A. Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3' untranslated region of mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 1670-1674 18 Shaw G, Kamen R. A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 1986; 46: 659-667 19 Scarpati EM, Sadler JE. Regulation of endothelial cell coagulant properties. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 20705-20713 20 Crossman DC, Carr DP, Tuddenham EGD, Pearson JD, McVey JH. The Regulation of Tissue Factor mRNA in Human Endothelial Cells in Response to Endotoxin or Phorbol Ester. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 9782-9787 21 Broze GJ, Leykam JE, Schwartz BD, Miletich JP. Purification of human brain tissue factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 10917-10920 22 Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Affinity purification of human brain tissue factor utilizing factor VII bound to immobilized anti-factor VII. Anal. Biochem. 1987; 165: 365-370 23 Bach R, Konigsberg WH, Nemerson Y. Human tissue factor contains thioester-linked palmitate and stearate on the cytoplasmic half-cystine. Biochemistry 1988; 27: 4227-4231 24 Rehemtulla A, Ruf W, Edgington TS. The integrity of the CYS186-CYS209 bond of the second disulfide loop of tissue factor is required for binding of factor VII. J Biol Chem 1991 in press 25 Paborsky LR, Tate KM, Harris RJ, Yansura DG, Band L, McCray G, Gorman CM, O'Brien DP, Chang JY, Swartz JR, Fung VP, Thomas JN, Vehar GA. Purification of recombinant human tissue factor. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 8072-8077 26 Drake TA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Selective cellular expression of tissue factor in human tissues. Implications for disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis. Am. J. Pathol. 1989; 134: 1087-1097 27 Wilcox JN, Smith KM, Schwartz SM, Gordon D. Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 2839-2843 28 Drake TA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Immunohistochemical detection of tissue factor in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1989; 80: 11-182 29 Drake TA, Ruf W, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Functional tissue factor is entirely cell surface expressed on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human blood monocytes and a constitutively tissue factor-producing neoplastic cell line. J. Cell. Biol. 1989; 109: 389-395 30 Bach R, Rifkin DB. Expression of tissue factor procoagulant activity: Regulation by cytosolic calcium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 6995-6999 31 Maynard JR, Heckman CA, Pitlick FA, Nemerson Y. Association of tissue factor activity with the surface of cultured cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1975; 55: 814-824 32 Edwards RL, Rickles FR, Bobrove AM. Mononuclear cell tissue factor: Cell of origin and requirements for activation. Blood 1979; 54: 359-370 33 Levy GA, Edgington TS. Lymphocyte cooperation is required for amplification of macrophage procoagulant activity. J. Exp. Med. 1980; 151: 1232-1244 34 Carson SD, Pirruccello SJ, Haire WD. Tissue factor antigen and activity are not expressed on the surface of intact cells isolated from an acute promyelocytic leukemia patient. Thromb. Res. 1990; 59: 159-170 35 Altieri DC, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS. Adhesive receptor Mac-1 coordinates the activation of factor X on stimulated cells of monocytic and myeloid differentiation: An alternative initiation of the coagulation protease cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 7462-7466 36 Levy GA, Edgington TS. The major histocompatibility complex requirement for cellular collaboration in the murine lymphoid procoagulant response stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 1284-1288 37 Levy GA, Leibowitz JL, Edgington TS. Induction of monocyte procoagulant activity by murine hepatitis virus type 3 parallels disease susceptibility in mice. J. Exp. Med. 1981; 154: 1150-1163 38 Schwartz BS, Levy GA, Edgington TS. Immune complex-induced human monocyte procoagulant activity. II. Cellular kinetics and metabolic requirements. J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 1037-1042 39 Helin H, Edgington TS. Allogenic induction of the human T cell instructed monocyte procoagulant response is rapid and is elicited by HLA-DR. J. Exp. Med. 1983; 158: 962-975 40 Helin H, Edgington TS. A distinct "slow" cellular pathway involving soluble mediators for the T cell instructed induction of monocyte tissue factor activity in an allogeneic immune response. J. Immunol. 1984; 132: 2457-2463 41 Geczy CL, Meyer PA. Leukocyte procoagulant activity in man: An in vitro correlate of delayed-type hypersensitivity. J. Immunol. 1982; 128: 331-336 42 Geczy CL, Roberts IM, Meyer P, Bernard C. Susceptibility and resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuritis in the guinea pig correlate with the induction of procoagulant and anticoagulant activities. J. Immunol. 1984; 133: 3026-3036 43 Gregory SA, Edgington TS. Tissue factor induction in human monocytes: Two distinct mechanisms displayed by different alloantigen responsive T cell clones. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76: 2440-2445 44 Schwartz BS, Reitnauer PJ, Hank JA, Sondel PM. A human T cell clone that mediates the monocyte procoagulant response to specific sensitizing antigen. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76: 1279-1282 45 Fan S-T, Edgington TS. Clonal analysis of mechanisms of murine T helper cell collaboration with effector cells of macrophage lineage. J. Immunol. 1988; 141: 1819-1827 46 Ryan J, Geczy CL. Characterization and purification of mouse macrophage procoagulant-inducing factor. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 2864-2870 47 Gregory SA, Kornbluth RS, Helin H, Remold HG, Edgington TS. Monocyte procoagulant inducing factor: A lymphokine involved in the T cellinstructed monocyte procoagulant response to antigen. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 3231-3239 48 Fan S-T, Edgington TS. Coupling of the adhesive receptor CD1 lb/CD 18 to functional enhancement of effector macrophage tissue factor response. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 87: 50-57 49 Colucci M, Balconi G, Lorenzet R, Pietra A, Locati D. Cultured human endothelial cells generate tissue factor in response to endotoxin. J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 71: 1893-1896 50 Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 1984; 160: 618-623 51 Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: Characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 4533-4537 52 Nawroth PP, Handley DA, Esmon CT, Stern DM. Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell procoagulant while suppressing cell-surface anticoagulant activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 3460-3464 53 Keck PJ, Hauser SD, Krivi G, Sanzo K, Warren T, Feder J, Connolly DT. Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 1989; 246: 1309-1312 54 Clauss M, Murray JC, Vianna M, de Waal R, Thurston G, Nawroth P, Gerlach H, Bach R, Familletti PC, Stern D. A polypeptide factor produced by fibrosarcoma cells that induces endothelial tissue factor and enhances the procoagulant response to tumor necrosis factor/cachectin. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 7078-7083 55 Weiss HJ, Lages B. Evidence for tissue factor-dependent activation of the classic extrinsic coagulation mechanism in blood obtained from bleeding time wounds. Blood 1988; 71: 629-635 56 Weiss HJ, Turitto VT, Baumgartner HR, Nemerson Y, Hoffmann T. Evidence for the presence of tissue factor activity on subendothelium. Blood 1989; 73: 968-975 57 Bauer KA, Kass BL, Cate HT, Hawiger JJ, Rosenberg RD. Factor IX is activated in vivo by the tissue factor mechanism. Blood 1990; 76: 731-736 58 Lathey JL, Agosti JM, Nelson JA, Corey L, Gregory SA, Morrissey JH, Edgington TS, Oldstone MBA. A selective defect in tissue factor mRNA expression in monocytes from AIDS patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1990; 54: 1-13 59 Lau LF, Nathans D. Expression of a set of growth-related immediate early genes in BALB/c 3T3 cells: coordinate regulation with c-fos or c-myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 1182-1186 60 Hartzell S, Ryder K, Lanahan A, Lau LF, Nathans D. A growth factor-responsive gene of murine Balb/c 3T3 cells encodes a protein homologous to human tissue factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 2567-2573 61 Mackman N, Fowler BJ, Edgington TS, Morrissey JH. Human tissue factor gene: Functional analysis of expression in COS-7 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 2254-2258 62 Bloem LJ, Chen L, Konigsberg WH, Bach R. Serum stimulation of quiescent human fibroblasts induces the synthesis of tissue factor mRNA followed by the appearance of tissue factor antigen and procoagulant activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 1989; 139: 418-423 63 Ranganathan G, Blatti SP, Subramaniam M, Fass DN, Maihle NJ, Getz MJ. Cloning of murine tissue factor and regulation of gene expression by transforming growth factor type betal. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 496-501 64 Jazin EE, Dickerman HW, Henrikson KP. Estrogen regulation of a tissue factor-like procoagulant in the immature rat uterus. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 176-185 65 Shuman MA. Thrombin-cellular interactions. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1986; 485: 228-239 66 Kadonaga JT, Jones KA, Tjian R. Promoter-specific activation of RNA polymerase II transcription. TIBS 1986; 11: 20-23 67 Lee W, Mitchell P, Tjian R. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 1987; 49: 741-752 68 Lenardo MJ, Baltimore D. NF-κB: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control. Cell 1989; 58: 227-229 69 Muegge K, Williams TM, Kant J, Karin M, Chiu R, Schmidt A, Siebenlist U, Young HA, Durum SK. Interleukin-1 costimulatory activity on the interleukin-2 promoter via AP-1. Science 1989; 246: 249-251 70 Pugh B, Tjian R. Mechanism of transcriptional activators by Spl: Evidence for coactivators. Cell 1990; 61: 1187-1197 71 Treisman R. Identification of a protein-binding site that mediates transcriptional response of the c-fos gene to serum factors. Cell 1986; 46: 567-574 72 Mackman N, Brand K, Edgington TS. Localization of an LPS responsive element within the human tissue factor promoter. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 932 73 Libermann TA, Baltimore D. Activation of interleukin-6 gene expression through the NF-κB transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 2327-2334 74 Shakhov A, Collart M, Vassalli P, Nedospasov S, Jongeneel C. κB-type enhances are involved in lipopolysaccharide-mediated transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor α gene in primary macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 171: 35-47 75 Williams EB, Krishnaswamy S, Mann KG. Zymogen/enzyme discrimination using peptide chloromethyl ketones. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 7536-7545 76 Wildgoose P, Berkner KL, Kisiel W. Synthesis, purification, and characterization of an Arg152→Glu site-directed mutant of recombinant human blood clotting factor VII. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 3413-3420 77 Radcliffe R, Nemerson Y. Activation and control of factor VII by activated factor X and thrombin. J. Biol. Chem. 1975; 250: 388-395 78 Nemerson Y, Repke D. Tissue factor accelerates the activation of coagulation factor VII: The role of a bifunctional coagulation cofactor. Thromb. Res. 1985; 40: 351-358 79 Broze GJ. Binding of human factor VII and VIIa to monocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1982; 70: 526-535 80 Rao LVM, Rapaport SI, Bajaj SP. Activation of human factor VII in the initiation of tissue factor-dependent coagulation. Blood 1986; 68: 685-691 81 Rao LVM, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor VII bound to tissue factor: A key early step in the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 6687-6691 82 Osterud B, Rapaport SI. Activation of factor IX by the reaction product of tissue factor and factor VII: Additional pathway for initiating blood coagulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1977; 74: 5260-5264 83 Jesty J, Silverberg SA. Kinetics of the tissue factor-dependent activation of coagulation factor IX and X in a bovine plasma system. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 12337-12345 84 Zur M, Nemerson Y. Kinetics of factor IX activation via the extrinsic pathway. Dependence of Km on tissue factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 5703-5707 85 Bom VJJ, Bertina RM. The contribution of Ca2+, phospholipids and tissue-factor apoprotein to the activation of human blood-coagulation factor X by activated factor VII. Biochem. J. 1990; 265: 327-336 86 Komiyama Y, Pedersen AH, Kisiel W. Proteolytic activation of human factors IX and X by recombinant human factor VIIa: Effects of calcium, phospholipids, and tissue factor. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 9418-9425 87 Almus FE, Rao LVM, Fleck RA, Rapaport SI. Properties of factor VIIa/Tissue factor complexes in an umbilical vein model. Blood 1990; 76: 354-360 88 Repke D, Gemmell CH, Guha A, Turitto VT, Broze Jr GJ, Nemerson Y. Hemophilia as a defect of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation: effect of factors VIII and IX on factor X activation in a continuous-flow reactor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 7623-7627 89 Ryan J, Wolitsky B, Heimer E, Lambrose T, Felix A, Tarn JP, Huang LH, Nawroth P, Wilner G, Kisiel W, Nelsestuen GL, Stern DM. Structural determinants of the factor IX molecule mediating interaction with the endothelial cell binding site are distinct from those involved in phospholipid binding. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 20283-20287 90 Ploplis VA, Edgington TS, Fair DS. Initiation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation: Association of factor VIIa with a cell line expressing tissue factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 9503-9508 91 Fair DS, MacDonald MJ. Cooperative interaction between factor VII and cell surface-expressed tissue factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 11692-11698 92 Bach R, Gentry R, Nemerson Y. Factor VII binding to tissue factor in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles: induction of cooperativity by phosphatidylserine. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 4007-4020 93 Nesheim ME, Taswell JB, Mann KG. The contribution of bovine factor V and factor Va to the activity of prothrombinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 10952-10962 94 Ruf W, Kalnik MW, Lund-Hansen T, Edgington TS. Characterization of factor VII association with tissue factor in solution. High and low affinity calcium binding sites in factor VII contribute to functionally distinct interactions. 1991 submitted 95 Ruf W, Rehemtulla A, Edgington TS. Phospholipid-independent and -dependent interactions required for tissue factor receptor and cofactor function. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 2158-2166 96 Sakai T, Lund-Hansen T, Thim L, Kisiel W. The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of human factor VIIa is essential for its interaction with cell surface tissue factor. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 1890-1894 97 Kumar A, Blumenthal DK, Fair DS. Identification of molecular sites on factor VII which mediate its assembly and function in the extrinsic pathway activation complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 915-921 98 Wildgoose P, Kazim AL, Kisiel W. The importance of residues 195-206 of human blood clotting factor VII in the interaction of factor VII with tissue factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 7290-7294 99 Ruf W, Rehemtulla A, Edgington TS. Participation of two different exon-encoded regions of tissue factor in factor VII binding. Biochem. J. 1991 in press 100 Nemerson Y, Gentry R. An ordered addition, essential activation model of the tissue factor pathway of coagulation: evidence for a conformational cage. Biochemistry 1986; 25: 4020-4033 101 Silverberg SA, Nemerson Y, Zur M. Kinetics of the activation of bovine coagulation factor X by components of the extrinsic pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 1977; 252: 8481-8488 102 Forman SD, Nemerson Y. Membrane-dependent coagulation reaction is independent of the concentration of phospholipid-bound substrate: Fluid phase factor X regulates the extrinsic system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 4675-4679 103 Carson SD, Johnson DR. Consecutive enzyme cascades Complement activation at the cell surface triggers increased tissue factor activity. Blood 1990; 76: 361-367 104 Dittman WA, Majerus PW. Structure and function of thrombomodulin: A natural anticoagulant. Blood 1990; 75: 329-336 105 Esmon CT. The roles of protein C and thrombomodulin in the regulation of blood coagulation. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 4743-4746 106 Furie B, Furie BC. The molecular basis of blood coagulation. Cell 1988; 53: 505-518 107 Kane WH, Davie EW. Blood coagulation factors V and VIII: Structural and functional similarities and their relationship to hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders. Blood 1988; 71: 539-555 108 Mann KG, Nesheim ME, Church WR, Haley P, Krishnaswamy S. Surface-dependent reactions of the vitamin K-dependent enzyme complexes. Blood 1990; 76: 1-16 109 Gemmell CH, Broze Jr GJ, Turitto VT, Nemerson Y. Utilization of a continuous flow reactor to study the lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) that inhibits tissue factor. Blood 1990; 76: 2266-2271 110 Girard TJ, MacPhail LA, Likert KM, Novotny WF, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Inhibition of factor VIIa-Tissue factor coagulation acitivty by a hybrid protein. Science 1990; 248: 1421-1424 111 Girard TJ, Warren LA, Novotny WF, Likert KM, Brown SG, Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. Nature 1989; 338: 518-520 112 Rapaport SI. Inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor-induced blood coagulation: With particular emphasis upon a factor Xa-dependent inhibitory mechanism. Blood 1989; 73: 359-365 113 Bazan JF. Shared architecture of hormone binding domains in type I and II interferon receptors. Cell 1990; 61: 753-754 114 Patthy L. Detecting homology of distantly related proteins with consensus sequences. J. Mol. Biol. 1987; 198: 567-577 115 Bazan JF. Haemopoietic receptors and helical cytokines. Immunology Today 1990; 11: 350-354 116 Andrews BS, Rehemtulla A, Fowler BJ, Edgington TS, Mackman N. Conservation of tissue factor primary sequence among three mammalian species. Gene 1991; 98: 265-269 117 Bazan JF. Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 6934-6938 118 Gearing DP, King JA, Gough NM, Nicola NA. Expression cloning of a receptor for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 3667-3676 119 Itoh N, Yonehara S, Schreurs J, Gorman DM, Maruyama K, Ishii A, Yahara I, Arai K, Miyajima A. Cloning of an interleukin-3 receptor gene: a member of a distinct receptor gene family. Science 1990; 247: 324-327 120 Idzerda RL, March CJ, Mosley B, Lyman SD, Vanden-Bos T, Gimpel SD, Din WS, Grabstein KH, Widmer MB, Park LS, Cosman D, Beckmann MP. Human interleukin 4 receptor confers biological responsiveness and defines a novel receptor superfamily. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 171: 861-873 121 Goodwin RG, Friend D, Ziegler SF, Jerzy R, Falk BA, Gimpel S, Cosman D, Dower SK, March CJ, Namen AE, Park LS. Cloning of the human and murine interleukin-7 receptors: demonstration of a soluble form and homology to a new receptor superfamily. Cell 1990; 60: 941-951 122 Fukunaga R, Ishizaka-Ikeda E, Seto Y, Nagata S. Expression cloning of a receptor for murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Cell 1990; 61: 341-350 123 Patthy L. Homology of a domain of the growth hormone/prolactin receptor family with type III modules of fibronectin. Cell 1990; 61: 13-14 124 Lesk AM, Chothia C. Evolution of proteins formed by β-sheets. II. The core of the immunoglobulin domains. J. Mol. Biol. 1982; 160: 325-342 125 Kornblihtt AR, Umezawa K, Vibe-Pedersen K, Baralle FE. Primary structure of human fibronectin: differential splicing may generate at least 10 polypeptides from a single gene. EMBO J. 1985; 4: 1755-1759 126 Howell RM, Rezvan H. Circular dichroic, infrared and other studies on the protein component of pig brain thromboplastin. Biochem. J. 1980; 189: 209-218 127 Holmgren A, Branden C-I. Crystal structure of chaperone protein PapD reveals an immunoglobulin fold. Nature 1989; 342: 248-251
