Once Upon a Rhinoplasty: The History of the “Queen” of Facial Plastic Surgery

Peter A. Adamson; Andres Gantous

doi:10.1055/s-0039-1693443

Facial Plastic Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Facial Plast Surg 2019; 35(04): 322-339
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693443

Original Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Once Upon a Rhinoplasty: The History of the “Queen” of Facial Plastic Surgery

Peter A. Adamson

¹Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

,

Andres Gantous

¹Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

The history of rhinoplasty is absolutely fascinating. It is replete with mysterious practices, intrigue, and imaginative thoughts. If necessity is the mother of invention, then sex, crimes, and punishment lay a legitimate claim to being the mother of rhinoplasty. The history of rhinoplasty is a global saga spanning the millennia. Practitioners of the art and science have included those demonstrating the most admirable traits espoused in the Hippocratic Oath, as well as those to whom the word “charlatan” might more aptly be applied. The truth of a story is illustrated in its telling, and we have attempted to be true historians. We recognize that observers and narrators, now well past (sic), have determined many of today's truths, and therefore their stories become our truths whether they were so or not. We have attempted to reference many who have contributed to the advance of this amazing surgical procedure, recognizing that we may have included some who have demonstrated marginal merit to be so. Assuredly, we have also unintentionally omitted some whom we should have included. From them we ask forbearance. Let the story begin, “Once upon a time…”

Keywords

rhinoplasty - external rhinoplasty - open rhinoplasty - closed rhinoplasty - endonasal rhinoplasty

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Walter C. The evolution of rhinoplasty. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102 (12) 1079-1085
2 Brain DJ. The early history of rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 1993; 9 (02) 81-88
3 McDowell F. History of rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1976; 1 (01) 321-348
4 Goodman WS. Septo-rhinoplasty: surgery of the nasal tip by external rhinoplasty. J Laryngol Otol 1980; 94 (05) 485-494
5 Simons RL. Coming of Age: A Twenty-Fifth Anniversary History of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1989
6 Cobo R. Rhinoplasty in Latino patients. Clin Plast Surg 2016; 43 (01) 237-254
7 Boccieri A. The surgical approach to the Mediterranean nose. Facial Plast Surg 2010; 26 (02) 119-130
8 Jin HR, Won TB. Rhinoplasty in the Asian patient. Clin Plast Surg 2016; 43 (01) 265-279
9 Jang YJ, Alfanta EM. Rhinoplasty in the Asian nose. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2014; 22 (03) 357-377
10 Bizrah MB. Rhinoplasty for Middle Eastern patients. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2002; 10 (04) 381-396
11 Harris MO. Rhinoplasty in the patient of African descent. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2010; 18 (01) 189-199
12 Yap EC. Rhinoplasty for South East Asian nose. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2018; 26 (03) 389-402
13 Cobo R, Montes JJ, Patrocinio LG, Pedroza F, Patrocinio JA. Rhinoplasty across Latin America: case discussions. Facial Plast Surg 2013; 29 (03) 193-205
14 Goodman WS. External approach to rhinoplasty. Can J Otolaryngol 1973; 2 (03) 207-210
15 Goodman WS, Charbonneau PA. External approach to rhinoplasty. Laryngoscope 2015; 125 (07) 1505-1511
16 Anderson JR, Johnson Jr CM, Adamson P. Open rhinoplasty: an assessment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982; 90 (02) 272-274
17 Wright WK, Kridel RW. External septorhinoplasty: a tool for teaching and for improved results. Laryngoscope 1981; 91 (06) 945-951
18 Tardy ME, Toriumi DM. Philosophy and principles of rhinoplasty. 2nd ed. In: Cummings, ed. Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2001: 278-274
19 Johnson CM, Toriumi DM. Open Structure Rhinoplasty. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1990
20 Toriumi DM. Structural approach to primary rhinoplasty. Aesthet Surg J 2002; 22 (01) 72-84
21 Toriumi DM. Structure approach in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2005; 13 (01) 93-113
22 Adamson PA. Open rhinoplasty. In: Papel ID, Nachlas NE. , eds. Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1992: 295-204
23 Zijlker TD, Adamson PA. Open structure rhinoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1993; 18 (02) 125-134
24 Adamson PA, Galli SK. Rhinoplasty approaches: current state of the art. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005; 7 (01) 32-37
25 Cafferty A, Becker DG. Open and closed rhinoplasty. Clin Plast Surg 2016; 43 (01) 17-27
26 Chauhan N, Alexander AJ, Sepehr A, Adamson PA. Patient complaints with primary versus revision rhinoplasty: analysis and practice implications. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (07) 775-780
27 Bagal AA, Adamson PA. Revision rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2002; 18 (04) 233-244
28 Foda HMT. Rhinoplasty for the multiply revised nose. Am J Otolaryngol 2005; 26 (01) 28-34
29 Thomson C, Mendelsohn M. Reducing the incidence of revision rhinoplasty. J Otolaryngol 2007; 36 (02) 130-134
30 Adamson PA. The failed rhinoplasty. In: Gates GA. , ed. Current Therapy in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. Toronto, Ontario: Decker; 1990: 137-144
31 Cottle MH. The Cottle nasal syndromes. In: Rhinology: The Collected Writings of Maurice H. Cottle. Philadelphia, PA: American Rhinologic Society; 1987: 189-190
32 Adamson P, Smith O, Cole P. The effect of cosmetic rhinoplasty on nasal patency. Laryngoscope 1990; 100 (04) 357-359
33 Constantian MB, Clardy RB. The relative importance of septal and nasal valvular surgery in correcting airway obstruction in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 98 (01) 38-54 , discussion 55–58
34 Constantinides MS, Adamson PA, Cole P. The long-term effects of open cosmetic septorhinoplasty on nasal air flow. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 122 (01) 41-45
35 Boenisch M, Nolst Trenité GJ. Reconstructive septal surgery. Facial Plast Surg 2006; 22 (04) 249-254
36 Teixeira J, Certal V, Chang ET, Camacho M. Nasal septal deviation: a systematic review of classification systems. Plast Surg Int 2016; 2016: 7089123
37 Bonaparte JP, Campbell R. A prospective cohort study assessing the clinical utility of the Cottle maneuver in nasal septal surgery. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 47 (01) 45
38 Freer OT. The correction of deflections of the nasal septum with a minimum of traumatism. JAMA 1902; 38: 636-642
39 Yang JW, Kim SI, Kwon JW, Park DJ. Are cross-hatching incisions mandatory for correction of cartilage septal deviation?. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 1 (01) 20-23
40 Gubisch W. Extracorporeal septoplasty for the markedly deviated septum. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005; 7 (04) 218-226
41 Kim DY, Nam SH, Alharethy SE, Jang YJ. Surgical outcomes of bony batten grafting to correct caudal septal deviation in septoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (06) 470-475
42 Koch CA, Friedman O. Modified back-to-back autogenous conchal cartilage graft for caudal septal reconstruction: the medial crural extension graft. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2011; 13 (01) 20-25
43 Boccieri A, Pascali M. Septal crossbar graft for the correction of the crooked nose. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (02) 629-638
44 Wexler D, Braverman I. Partial inferior turbinectomy using the microdébrider. J Otolaryngol 2005; 34 (03) 189-193
45 Scheithauer MO. Surgery of the turbinates and “empty nose” syndrome. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 9: Doc03
46 Becker DG, Becker SS. Treatment of nasal obstruction from nasal valve collapse with alar batten grafts. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2003; 13 (03) 259-269
47 Toriumi DM, Josen J, Weinberger M, Tardy Jr ME. Use of alar batten grafts for correction of nasal valve collapse. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123 (08) 802-808
48 Kern EB. Surgical approaches to abnormalities of the nasal valve. Rhinology 1978; 16 (03) 165-189
49 Lindsay RW. Disease-specific quality of life outcomes in functional rhinoplasty. Laryngoscope 2012; 122 (07) 1480-1488
50 Rhee JS, Sullivan CD, Frank DO, Kimbell JS, Garcia GJ. A systematic review of patient-reported nasal obstruction scores: defining normative and symptomatic ranges in surgical patients. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (03) 219-225 , quiz 232
51 Anderson JR. The dynamics of rhinoplasty. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Otorhinolaryngology, Exerpta Medica International Congress Series, No. 206, Amsterdam, Exerpta Medica, 1969: 708-710
52 Adamson PA, Litner JA, Dahiya R. The M-Arch model: a new concept of nasal tip dynamics. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2006; 8 (01) 16-25
53 Adamson PA, Litner JA. Applications of the M-arch model in nasal tip refinement. Facial Plast Surg 2006; 22 (01) 42-48
54 Adamson PA. Nasal tip surgery in open rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 1993; 1 (01) 39-52
55 Toriumi DM. New concepts in nasal tip contouring. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2006; 8 (03) 156-185
56 Davis RE. Lateral crural tensioning for refinement of the wide and underprojected nasal tip: rethinking the lateral crural steal. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2015; 23 (01) 23-53
57 Gubisch W, Eichhorn-Sens J. Overresection of the lower lateral cartilages: a common conceptual mistake with functional and aesthetic consequences. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 33 (01) 6-13
58 Baker SR. Suture contouring of the nasal tip. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2000; 2 (01) 34-42
59 Tardy ME, Chen E. Transdomal suture refinement of the nasal tip. Facial Plast Surg 1987; 4: 317-326
60 Daniel RK. Rhinoplasty: creating an aesthetic tip. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987; 80 (06) 775-783
61 Tebbetts JB. Shaping and positioning the nasal tip without structural disruption: a new, systematic approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 94 (01) 61-77
62 Haack S, Gubisch W. Lower lateral crural reverse plasty: a technique to correct severe concavities of the lateral crus. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35 (03) 349-356
63 Gruber RP, Nahai F, Bogdan MA, Friedman GD. Changing the convexity and concavity of nasal cartilages and cartilage grafts with horizontal mattress sutures: part II. Clinical results. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115 (02) 595-606 , discussion 607–608
64 Toriumi DM, Tardy ME. Cartilage suturing techniques for correction of nasal tip deformities. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 6: 265-273
65 Byrd HS, Andochick S, Copit S, Walton KG. Septal extension grafts: a method of controlling tip projection shape. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100 (04) 999-1010
66 Toriumi DM. Caudal septal extension graft for correction of the retracted columella. Oper Tech Otolaryngol--Head Neck Surg 1995; 6: 311-318
67 Kridel RW, Konior RJ, Shumrick KA, Wright WK. Advances in nasal tip surgery. The lateral crural steal. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115 (10) 1206-1212
68 Kridel RW, Konior RJ. Controlled nasal tip rotation via the lateral crural overlay technique. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117 (04) 411-415
69 Patrocínio LG, Patrocínio TG, Barreto DM, Subhan YS, Patrocínio JA. Evaluation of lateral crural steal in nasal tip surgery. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (06) 400-404
70 Kridel RW, Scott BA, Foda HM. The tongue-in-groove technique in septorhinoplasty. A 10-year experience. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1999; 1 (04) 246-256 , discussion 257–258
71 Guyuron B, Varghai A. Lengthening the nose with a tongue-and-groove technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (04) 1533-1539 , discussion 1540–1541
72 Datema FR, Lohuis PJ. The tongue-in-groove technique in primary and revision rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (04) 416-423
73 Gillman GS, Simons RL, Lee DJ. Nasal tip bossae in rhinoplasty. Etiology, predisposing factors, and management techniques. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1999; 1 (02) 83-89
74 Thomas JR, Tardy Jr ME. Complications of rhinoplasty. Ear Nose Throat J 1986; 65 (01) 19-34
75 Goodrich JL, Wong BJF. Optimizing the soft tissue triangle, alar margin furrow, and alar ridge aesthetics: analysis and use of the articulate alar rim graft. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (06) 646-655
76 Sepehr A, Chauhan N, Alexander AJ, Adamson PA. Evolution in nasal tip contouring techniques: a 10-year evaluation and analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2011; 13 (03) 217-219
77 Tellioglu AT, Cimen K. Turn-in folding of the cephalic portion of the lateral crus to support the alar rim in rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2007; 31 (03) 306-310
78 Toriumi DM, Checcone MA. New concepts in nasal tip contouring. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2009; 17 (01) 55-90 , vi
79 Gunter JP, Friedman RM. Lateral crural strut graft: technique and clinical applications in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99 (04) 943-952 , discussion 953–955
80 Gruber RP, Zhang AY, Mohebali K. Preventing alar retraction by preservation of the lateral crus. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126 (02) 581-588
81 Weber SM, Baker SR. Alar cartilage grafts. Clin Plast Surg 2010; 37 (02) 253-264
82 Rohrich RJ, Raniere Jr J, Ha RY. The alar contour graft: correction and prevention of alar rim deformities in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109 (07) 2495-2505 , discussion 2506–2508
83 Boahene KD, Hilger PA. Alar rim grafting in rhinoplasty: indications, technique, and outcomes. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2009; 11 (05) 285-289
84 Ballin AC, Kim H, Chance E, Davis RE. The articulated rim graft: reengineering the conventional alar rim graft for improved contour and support. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (04) 384-397
85 Sheen JH, Sheen AP. Aesthetic Rhinoplasty. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1987
86 Hamra ST. Crushed cartilage grafts over alar dome reduction in open rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 92 (02) 352-356
87 Daniel RK, Calvert JW. Diced cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113 (07) 2156-2171
88 Courson AM, Adamson PA. The intercrural fascia graft in primary rhinoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (01) 76-77
89 Guerrerosantos J. Temporoparietal free fascia grafts in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 74 (04) 465-475
90 Pedroza F. A 20-year review of the “new domes” technique for refining the drooping nasal tip. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2002; 4 (03) 157-163
91 Constantian MB. Functional effects of alar cartilage malposition. Ann Plast Surg 1993; 30 (06) 487-499
92 Toriumi DM, Asher SA. Lateral crural repositioning for treatment of cephalic malposition. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2015; 23 (01) 55-71
93 Constantian MB. The boxy nasal tip, the ball tip, and alar cartilage malposition: variations on a theme--a study in 200 consecutive primary and secondary rhinoplasty patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116 (01) 268-281
94 Bared A, Rashan A, Caughlin BP, Toriumi DM. Lower lateral cartilage repositioning: objective analysis using 3-dimensional imaging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (04) 261-267
95 Sepehr A, Alexander AJ, Chauhan N, Chan H, Adamson PA. Cephalic positioning of the lateral crura: implications for nasal tip-plasty. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (06) 379-384
96 Ilhan AE, Saribas B, Caypinar B. Aesthetic and functional results of lateral crural repositioning. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (04) 286-292
97 Gassner HG, Mueller-Vogt U, Strutz J, Kuehnel T. Nasal tip recontouring in primary rhinoplasty: the endonasal complete release approach. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2013; 15 (01) 11-16
98 Goldman IB. The importance of the mesial crura in nasal-tip reconstruction. AMA Arch Otolaryngol 1957; 65 (02) 143-147
99 Lipsett EM. A new approach surgery of the lower cartilaginous vault. AMA Arch Otolaryngol 1959; 70 (01) 42-47
100 Foda HMT, Kridel RW. Lateral crural steal and lateral crural overlay: an objective evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125 (12) 1365-1370
101 Adamson PA, McGraw-Wall BL, Morrow TA, Constantinides MS. Vertical dome division in open rhinoplasty. An update on indications, techniques, and results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120 (04) 373-380
102 Rohrich RJ, Muzaffar AR, Janis JE. Component dorsal hump reduction: the importance of maintaining dorsal aesthetic lines in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114 (05) 1298-1308 , discussion 1309–1312
103 Sadick H, Rowe-Jones JM, Gassner HG. Nuances in component nasal hump reduction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71 (02) 178-184
104 Adamson PA. The over-resected nasal dorsum. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 1995; 3: 407-419
105 Toriumi DM. Management of the middle nasal vault. Oper Tech Plast Recons Surg 1995; 2: 16-30
106 Toriumi DM, Hecht DA. Skeletal modifications in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2000; 8: 413-431
107 Sharafi M, Jalessi M, Adamson PA. Newly designed upper lateral cartilage flap for preventing depression of the keystone area in large-nose septorhinoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (06) 399-404
108 Kovacevic M, Riedel F, Göksel A, Wurm J. Options for middle vault and dorsum restoration after hump removal in primary rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (04) 374-383
109 Sheen JH. Spreader graft: a method of reconstructing the roof of the middle nasal vault following rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 73 (02) 230-239
110 Seyhan A. Method for middle vault reconstruction in primary rhinoplasty: upper lateral cartilage bending. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100 (07) 1941-1943
111 Oneal RM, Berkowitz RL. Upper lateral cartilage spreader flaps in rhinoplasty. Aesthet Surg J 1998; 18 (05) 370-371
112 Gruber RP, Melkun ET, Woodward JF, Perkins SW. Dorsal reduction and spreader flaps. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (04) 456-464
113 Saban Y, Daniel RK, Polselli R, Trapasso M, Palhazi P. Dorsal preservation: the push down technique reassessed. Aesthet Surg J 2018; 38 (02) 117-131
114 Saban Y. Rhinoplasty: lessons from “errors” : from anatomy and experience to the concept of sequential primary rhinoplasty. HNO 2018; 66 (01) 15-25
115 Huizing EH. Push-down of the external nasal pyramid by resection of wedges. Rhinology 1975; 13 (04) 185-190
116 Saban Y, Braccini F, Polselli R. Rhinoplasty: morphodynamic anatomy of rhinoplasty. Interest of conservative rhinoplasty [in French]. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 2006; 127 (1-2): 15-22
117 Lopez F. Let-down technique. Rhinoplasty Archive. 2011 . Available at: https://www.rhinoplastyarchive.com/ . Accessed July 29, 2011
118 Göksel A, Saban Y. Open piezo preservation rhinoplasty: a case report of the new rhinoplasty approach. Facial Plast Surg 2019; 35 (01) 113-118
119 Lopez MA, Westine JG, Toriumi DM. The role of powered instrumentation in rhinoplasty and septoplasty. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2005; 15 (03) 283-288
120 Becker DG, Toriumi DM, Gross CW, Tardy Jr ME. Powered instrumentation for dorsal reduction. Facial Plast Surg 1997; 13 (04) 291-297
121 Gerbault O, Daniel RK, Kosins AM. The role of piezoelectric instrumentation in rhinoplasty surgery. Aesthet Surg J 2016; 36 (01) 21-34
122 Pribitkin EA, Lavasani LS, Shindle C, Greywoode JD. Sonic rhinoplasty: sculpting the nasal dorsum with the ultrasonic bone aspirator. Laryngoscope 2010; 120 (08) 1504-1507
123 Robotti E. Shaping the nasal dorsum. HNO 2018; 66 (02) 92-102
124 Genther DJ, Papel ID. Surgical nasal implants; indications and risks. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (05) 488-499
125 Skouras A, Skouras G, Karypidis D, Asimakopoulou FA. The use of Medpor© alloplastic material in rhinoplasty: experience and outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65 (01) 35-42
126 Yap EC, Abubakar SS, Olveda MB. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene as dorsal augmentation material in rhinoplasty on Southeast Asian noses: three-year experience. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2011; 13 (04) 234-238
127 Gryskiewicz JM, Rohrich RJ, Reagan BJ. The use of alloderm for the correction of nasal contour deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107 (02) 561-570 , discussion 571
128 Godin MS, Waldman SR, Johnson Jr CM. Nasal augmentation using Gore-Tex. A 10-year experience. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1999; 1 (02) 118-121 , discussion 122
129 Sherris DA, Oriel BS. Human acellular dermal matrix grafts for rhinoplasty. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (7, Suppl): 95S-100S
130 Vuyk HD, Adamson PA. Biomaterials in rhinoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1998; 23 (03) 209-217
131 Kridel RW, Ashoori F, Liu ES, Hart CG. Long-term use and follow-up of irradiated homologous costal cartilage grafts in the nose. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2009; 11 (06) 378-394
132 Burke AJ, Wang TD, Cook TA. Irradiated homograft rib cartilage in facial reconstruction. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2004; 6 (05) 334-341
133 Song HM, Lee BJ, Jang YJ. Processed costal cartilage homograft in rhinoplasty: the Asan Medical Center experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134 (05) 485-489
134 Menger DJ, Nolst Trenité GJ. Irradiated homologous rib grafts in nasal reconstruction. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (02) 114-118
135 Himy S, Zink S, Bodin F, Bruant-Rodier C, Wilk A, Meyer C. Calvarial bone grafting in augmentation rhinoplasty. Long-term results [in French]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 2009; 110 (05) 256-262
136 Jackson IT, Choi HY, Clay R. , et al. Long-term follow-up of cranial bone graft in dorsal nasal augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (06) 1869-1873
137 Meyer R. Secondary Rhinoplasty: Including Reconstruction of the Nose. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2002: 177
138 Adamson PA. Clinical commentary: grafts in rhinoplasty: alloplastic vs. autogenous, clinical challenges in otolaryngology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126 (04) 561-562
139 Moshaver A, Gantous A. The use of autogenous costal cartilage graft in septorhinoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137 (06) 862-867
140 Sepehr A, Alexander AJ, Chauhan N, Gantous A. Detailed analysis of graft techniques for nasal reconstruction following Wegener granulomatosis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 40 (06) 473-480
141 Chauhan N, Sepehr A, Gantous A. Costal cartilage autograft harvest: inferior strip preservation technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125 (05) 214e-215e
142 Toriumi DM. Choosing autologous vs irradiated homograft rib costal cartilage for grafting in rhinoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (03) 188-189
143 Boccieri A, Marano A. The conchal cartilage graft in nasal reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 60 (02) 188-194
144 Kim DW, Shah AR, Toriumi DM. Concentric and eccentric carved costal cartilage: a comparison of warping. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2006; 8 (01) 42-46
145 Gunter JP, Clark CP, Friedman RM. Internal stabilization of autogenous rib cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty: a barrier to cartilage warping. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100 (01) 161-169
146 Erol OO. The Turkish delight: a pliable graft for rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105 (06) 2229-2241 , discussion 2242–2243
147 Daniel RK. Diced cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty surgery: current techniques and applications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122 (06) 1883-1891
148 Tasman AJ, Diener PA, Litschel R. The diced cartilage glue graft for nasal augmentation. Morphometric evidence of longevity. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2013; 15 (02) 86-94
149 Tasman AJ, Suárez GA. The diced cartilage glue graft for radix augmentation in rhinoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (04) 303-304
150 Jang YJ, Song HM, Yoon YJ, Sykes JM. Combined use of crushed cartilage and processed fascia lata for dorsal augmentation in rhinoplasty for Asians. Laryngoscope 2009; 119 (06) 1088-1092
151 Toriumi DM. Dorsal augmentation using autologous costal cartilage or microfat-infused soft tissue augmentation. Facial Plast Surg 2017; 33 (02) 162-178
152 Cohen JC, Pearlman SJ. Radix grafts in cosmetic rhinoplasty: lessons from an 8-year review. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2012; 14 (06) 456-461
153 Ortiz-Monasterio F, Lopez-Mas J, Araico J. Rhinoplasty in the thick-skinned nose. Br J Plast Surg 1974; 27 (01) 19-24
154 Peck GC. Rhinoplasty: external shaving is invaluable in treating thick, sebaceous skin. Aesthet Surg J 1997; 17 (06) 414
155 Hafezi F, Naghibzadeh B, Nouhi A. Management of the thick-skinned nose: a more effective approach. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006; 115 (06) 444-449
156 Cakmak O, Buyuklu F. Crushed cartilage grafts for concealing irregularities in rhinoplasty. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2007; 9 (05) 352-357
157 Cobo R, Vitery L. Isotretinoin use in thick-skinned rhinoplasty patients. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (06) 656-661
158 Muccini Jr JA. The dermatologist and the facial plastic surgeon. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2003; 11 (02) 197-207
159 Warner JP, Chauhan N, Adamson PA. Alar soft-tissue techniques in rhinoplasty: algorithmic approach, quantifiable guidelines, and scar outcomes from a single surgeon experience. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (03) 149-158
160 Adamson PA, Smith OS, Tropper GJ, McGraw BL. Analysis of alar base narrowing. Am J Cosmet Surg 1990; 7 (04) 239-243
161 Kridel RWH, Castellano RD. A simplified approach to alar base reduction: a review of 124 patients over 20 years. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005; 7 (02) 81-93
162 Anderson JR. A reasoned approach to nasal base surgery. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110 (06) 349-358
163 Ilhan AE, Sozen T, Caypinar Eser B, Cengiz B. Association of skin thickness with alar bases reduction in patients undergoing lateral crural repositioning and strut grafting. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (06) 516-521
164 Matton G, Anseeuw A, De Keyser F. The history of injectable biomaterials and the biology of collagen. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1985; 9 (02) 133-140
165 Rohrich RJ, Potter JK. Liquid injectable silicone: is there a role as a cosmetic soft-tissue filler?. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 113 (04) 1239-1241
166 Kontis TC, Rivkin A. The history of injectable facial fillers. Facial Plast Surg 2009; 25 (02) 67-72
167 Gold MH. Use of hyaluronic acid fillers for the treatment of the aging face. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2 (03) 369-376
168 Daines SM, Williams EF. Complications associated with injectable soft-tissue fillers: a 5-year retrospective review. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2013; 15 (03) 226-231
169 Rayess HM, Svider PF, Hanba C. , et al. A cross-sectional analysis of adverse events and litigation for injectable fillers. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (03) 207-214
170 Lekakis G, Claes P, Hamilton III GS, Hellings PW. Three-dimensional surface imaging and the continuous evolution of preoperative and postoperative assessment in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2016; 32 (01) 88-94
171 Singh P, Pearlman S. Use of computer imaging in rhinoplasty: a survey of the practices of facial plastic surgeons. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017; 41 (04) 898-904
172 Hamilton III GS. Morphing images to demonstrate potential surgical outcomes. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2010; 18 (02) 267-282
173 Klosterman T, Romo III T. Three-dimensional printed facial models in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 2018; 34 (02) 201-204
174 McGuire C, Nurmsoo S, Samargandi OA, Bezuhly M. Role of tranexamic acid in reducing intraoperative blood loss and postoperative edema and ecchymosis in primary elective rhinoplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2019 (e-pub ahead of print). Doi: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.1737
175 Ishii LE, Tollefson TT, Basura GJ. , et al. Clinical practice guideline: improving form and function after rhinoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156 (2_suppl, 2S): S1-S30
176 Rhee JS, Arganbright JM, McMullin BT, Hannley M. Evidence supporting functional rhinoplasty or nasal valve repair: a 25-year systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139 (01) 10-20
177 Most SP, Moubayed SP. Patient-reported outcome measures for facial plastic surgery: a specialty finally gets to go to the PROM. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (02) 101
178 Moubayed SP, Ioannidis JPA, Saltychev M, Most SP. The 10-item standardized cosmesis and health nasal outcomes survey (SCHNOS) for functional and cosmetic rhinoplasty. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (01) 37-42
179 Sharp HR, Rowe-Jones JM. Assessing outcome in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2003; 28 (05) 430-435