Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2020; 14(04): 566-574
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713957
Original Article

Flexural Strength of Different Monolithic Computer-Assisted Design and Computer-Assisted Manufacturing Ceramic Materials upon Different Thermal Tempering Processes

Niwut Juntavee
1   Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
,
Pithiwat Uasuwan
2   Division of Biomaterials and Prosthodontics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
› Author Affiliations Funding This study received a grant from the Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kean University, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Royal Thai Government.
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Strength of ceramics related with sintering procedure. This study investigated the influence of different tempering processes on flexural strength of three monolithic ceramic materials.

Materials and Methods  Specimens were prepared in bar-shape (width × length × thickness = 4 × 14 × 1.2 mm) from yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP, inCoris TZI [I]), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS, Vita Suprinity [V]), and lithium disilicate (LS2, IPS e.max CAD [E]), and sintered with different tempering processes: slow (S), normal (N), and fast (F) cooling procedure (n = 15/group). Flexural strength (σ) was determined using three-point bending test apparatus at 1 mm/min crosshead speed.

Statistical Analysis  The analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons were determined for significant difference (α = 0.05). Weibull analysis was applied for survival probability, Weibull modulus (m), and characteristics strength (σo). Microstructures were evaluated with scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction.

Results  The mean ± standard deviation (MPa) of σ, m, and σo were: 1,183.98 ± 204.26, 6.23, 1,271.80 for IS; 1,084.43 ± 204.79, 5.76, 1,170.08 for IN; 777.19 ± 99.77, 8.78, 819.96 for IF; 267.15 ± 32.71, 9.11, 281.48 for VS; 218.43 ± 38.46, 6.40, 234.23 for VN; 252.67 ± 37.58, 7.20, 269.23 for VF; 392.09 ± 37.91, 11.37, 409.23 for ES; 378.88 ± 55.38, 7.45, 403.11 for EN, and 390.94 ± 25.34, 16.00, 403.51 for EF. Thermal tempering significantly affected flexural strength of Y-TZP (p < 0.05), but not either ZLS or LS2 (p > 0.05). Y-TZP indicated significantly higher flexural strength upon slow tempering than others.

Conclusion  Enhancing flexural strength of Y-TZP can be achieved through slow tempering process and was suggested as a process for monolithic zirconia. Strengthening of ZLS and LS2 cannot be accomplished through tempering; thus, either S-, N-, or F- tempering procedure can be performed. Nevertheless, to minimize sintering time, rapid thermal tempering is more preferable for both ZLS and LS2.

Keywords

flexural strength - lithium silicate - lithium di-silicate - monolithic zirconia - thermal tempering


Publication History

Article published online:
13 August 2020

© .

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Sen N, Sermet IB, Cinar S. Effect of coloring and sintering on the translucency and biaxial strength of monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 119 (02) 308.e1-308.e7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Conrad HJ, Seong WJ, Pesun IJ. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2007; 98 (05) 389-404
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Denry I, Holloway JA. Ceramics for dental applications: a review. Materials (Basel) 2010; 3 (01) 351-368
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Hallmann L, Ulmer P, Kern M. Effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82: 355-370
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Gallina BL, Busato MCA, Sicoli EA, Camilotti V, Mendonca MJ. Aged translucent aesthetic zirconia: bond strength analysis. Eur J Dent 2019; 13 (01) 5-10
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Bachhav VC, Aras MA. Zirconia-based fixed partial dentures: a clinical review. Quintessence Int 2011; 42 (02) 173-182
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials 1999; 20 (01) 1-25
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Denry I, Kelly JR. Emerging ceramic-based materials for dentistry. J Dent Res 2014; 93 (12) 1235-1242
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Kohorst P, Junghanns J, Dittmer MP, Borchers L, Stiesch M. Different CAD/CAM-processing routes for zirconia restorations: influence on fitting accuracy. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 15 (04) 527-536
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Matsui K, Yoshida H, Ikuhara Y. Isothermal sintering effects on phase separation and grain growth in yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal. J Am Ceram Soc 2009; 92 (02) 467-475
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Sailer I, Fehér A, Filser F, Gauckler LJ, Lüthy H, Hämmerle CH. Five-year clinical results of zirconia frameworks for posterior fixed partial dentures. Int J Prosthodont 2007; 20 (04) 383-388
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Edelhoff D, Florian B, Florian W, Johnen C. HIP zirconia fixed partial dentures–clinical results after 3 years of clinical service. Quintessence Int 2008; 39 (06) 459-471
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Schmitt J, Holst S, Wichmann M, Reich S, Gollner M, Hamel J. Zirconia posterior fixed partial dentures: a prospective clinical 3-year follow-up. Int J Prosthodont 2009; 22 (06) 597-603
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 14 Özkurt-Kayahan Z. Monolithic zirconia: a review of the literature. Biomed Res 2016; 27 (04) 1427-1436
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Guazzato M, Albakry M, Ringer SP, Swain MV. Strength, fracture toughness and microstructure of a selection of all-ceramic materials. Part II. Zirconia-based dental ceramics. Dent Mater 2004; 20 (05) 449-456
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Wang L, D’Alpino PH, Lopes LG, Pereira JC. Mechanical properties of dental restorative materials: relative contribution of laboratory tests. J Appl Oral Sci 2003; 11 (03) 162-167
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Bona AD, Anusavice KJ, DeHoff PH. Weibull analysis and flexural strength of hot-pressed core and veneered ceramic structures. Dent Mater 2003; 19 (07) 662-669
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Denry I, Kelly JR. State of the art of zirconia for dental applications. Dent Mater 2008; 24 (03) 299-307
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Marinis A, Aquilino SA, Lund PS. et al. Fracture toughness of yttria-stabilized zirconia sintered in conventional and microwave ovens. J Prosthet Dent 2013; 109 (03) 165-171
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Zhang Y, Lee JJ, Srikanth R, Lawn BR. Edge chipping and flexural resistance of monolithic ceramics. Dent Mater 2013; 29 (12) 1201-1208
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Heffernan MJ, Aquilino SA, Diaz-Arnold AM. Haselton DR, Stanford CM, Vargas MA. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part I: core materials. J Prosthet Dent 2002; 88 (01) 4-9
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Kelly JR, Nishimura I, Campbell SD. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives. J Prosthet Dent 1996; 75 (01) 18-32
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Chen YM, Smales RJ, Yip KH, Sung WJ. Translucency and biaxial flexural strength of four ceramic core materials. Dent Mater 2008; 24 (11) 1506-1511
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Stawarczyk B, Ozcan M, Hallmann L, Ender A, Mehl A, Hämmerlet CH. The effect of zirconia sintering temperature on flexural strength, grain size, and contrast ratio. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17 (01) 269-274
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Jiang L, Liao Y, Wan Q, Li W. Effects of sintering temperature and particle size on the translucency of zirconium dioxide dental ceramic. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2011; 22 (11) 2429-2435
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Ersoy NM, Aydoğdu HM, Değirmenci BU, Çökük N, Sevimay M. The effects of sintering temperature and duration on the flexural strength and grain size of zirconia. Acta Biomater Odontol Scand 2015; 1 (2-4) 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Juntavee N, Attashu S. Effect of sintering process on color parameters of nano-sized yttria partially stabilized tetragonal monolithic zirconia. J Clin Exp Dent 2018; 10 (08) e794-e804
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Stefanic G, Grzeta B, Popović S, Musić S. In situ phase analysis of the thermal decomposition products of zirconium salts. Croat Chem Acta 1999; 72 (2–3) 395-412
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Thieme K, Avramov I, Rüssel C. The mechanism of deceleration of nucleation and crystal growth by the small addition of transition metals to lithium disilicate glasses. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 25451
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Goharian P, Nemati A, Shabanian M, Afshar A. Properties, crystallization mechanism and microstructure of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. J Non-Cryst Solids 2010; 356 (04) 208-214
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar