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DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-120488
Economic Evaluation of Minor Ailment Schemes (MAS) in the UK
Publication History
Publication Date:
17 January 2017 (online)
Abstract
Objective Self-care is considered as a possibility to empower patients and to achieve possibly efficiency gains. However, there is a lack of evidence whether, or not, self-care initiatives can contribute to achieve efficiency gains. The aim of this research is to perform an economic evaluation of the Minor Ailment Schemes (MAS), a self-care initiative in the UK.
Methods To assess potential savings of the MAS through an economic evaluation we surveyed medical and non-medical costs and benefits under three different scenarios (GP consultation, self-care with medication, self-care with home remedies). We applied this framework to evaluate the effects of the MAS with regard to the treatment of five common minor ailments (Athlete’s foot, cold, cough, heartburn and lower urinary tract infection) from four different perspectives (patient, payer, provider and society).
Results The evaluation shows that patients would be better off shifting to utilisation of MAS, particularly patients who pay prescription charges. From the pharmacists’ perspective MAS could lead to higher costs due to continuous training and a more time needed for consultation. The results from the physicians’ perspective were mixed depending on the payment mechanism and on the alternatives physicians used out of the freed resources. From a societal perspective, a positive net welfare impact will only be achieved if more than a fourth of the patients with minor ailments use the MAS.
Conclusion MAS may have the potential to achieve positive net societal benefits and can have a role to play in the optimisation of health care systems. However, it needs to be considered that MAS may lead to negative net benefits for some stakeholders. Furthermore, MAS are embedded in the UK health care setting and its effects are determined by internal factors (e. g. “self-care culture”) and external factors (e. g. pharmaceutical policies). It is thus recommended carrying out a thorough analysis of the health care setting to which the self-care initiative is planned to be transferred.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Selbstbehandlung („Self Care“) soll dazu beitragen Patientinnen/Patienten verstärkt an der eigenen Gesundheitsbehandlung zu beteiligen und damit auch die Versorgungseffizienz zu steigern. Allerdings liegt kaum Evidenz zum vermuteten Mehrwert von Selbstbehandlungs-Maßnahmen bei minderschweren Beschwerden vor. Diese Studie führte daher eine ökonomische Evaluierung der „Minor Ailments Schemes (MAS)“, die auf einer Initiative zur Förderung der Selbsthandlung in Großbritannien basieren, durch.
Methodik Das Autorenteam erhob direkte medizinische und nicht medizinische Kosten für Leistungen des Gesundheitssystems und ermittelte damit Einsparpotenziale in drei angenommene Szenarien (1) Hausarzt-Konsultation, (2) Selbstbehandlung mit Medikamenten, (3) Selbstbehandlung mit Hausmitteln, die keine Medikamente sind. Die Kosten wurden für die Behandlung fünf häufiger und minderschwerer Beschwerden (Fußpilz, Erkältung, Husten, Sodbrennen, unkomplizierter Harnwegsinfekt) eingesetzt und Auswirkungen aus vier unterschiedlichen Perspektiven (Patientin/Patient, Leistungsanbieter, öffentliche Zahler und Gesellschaft) bewertet.
Ergebnisse Patientinnen/Patienten, die nicht von den Rezeptgebühren befreit sind, profitieren in größerem Ausmaß von MAS als von der Rezeptgebühr befreite Personen. Apotheker/innen müssen mit erhöhten Kosten rechnen, da vermehrt Schulungen erforderlich sind und Beratungszeiten länger werden. Bei Ärztinnen/Ärzten die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich eines möglichen Mehrwerts von MAS weniger eindeutig: Fällt die Erstattung für ärztliche Leistungen nicht vollständig weg und können die freigewordenen Ressourcen (Verzicht auf Hausarzt-Konsultation der Person mit minderschweren Beschwerden) für andere Leistungen genutzt werden, ist Mehrwert gegeben. Gesellschaftlich wirken MAS erst wohlfahrtssteigend, wenn mindestens ein Viertel aller Patientinnen/Patienten mit minderschweren Beschwerden MAS in Anspruch nimmt.
Schlussfolgerung MAS können aus gesellschaftlicher Perspektive zu einem positiven Nettonutzen führen und wesentlich zur Optimierung eines Gesundheitssystems beitragen. Für manche Akteure im Gesundheitswesen ist die Einführung von MAS mit einem negativen Nettonutzen verbunden. Jedenfalls ist MAS als Leistung des britischen Gesundheitssystems in dessen Kontext und mit seinen Systemcharakteristika (z. B. in Bezug auf die Arzneimittelpolitik) zu betrachten – in Großbritannien wird Selbstbehandlung sehr gefördert, was zu einem anderen Verständnis der Bevölkerung beiträgt. Um Modelle wie MAS erfolgreich in Gesundheitssystemen anderer Länder einzuführen, empfiehlt sich die Analyse von Akteuren und Umweltfaktoren des jeweiligen Systems.
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