The Choice between Plasma-Based Common Coagulation Tests and Cell-Based Viscoelastic Tests in Monitoring Hemostatic Competence: Not an either–or Proposition

Abstract

There has been a significant interest in the last decade in the use of viscoelastic tests (VETs) to determine the hemostatic competence of bleeding patients. Previously, common coagulation tests (CCTs) such as the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were used to assist in the guidance of blood component and hemostatic adjunctive therapy for these patients. However, the experience of decades of VET use in liver failure with transplantation, cardiac surgery, and trauma has now spread to obstetrical hemorrhage and congenital and acquired coagulopathies. Since CCTs measure only 5 to 10% of the lifespan of a clot, these assays have been found to be of limited use for acute surgical and medical conditions, whereby rapid results are required. However, there are medical indications for the PT/PTT that cannot be supplanted by VETs. Therefore, the choice of whether to use a CCT or a VET to guide blood component therapy or hemostatic adjunctive therapy may often require consideration of both methodologies. In this review, we provide examples of the relative indications for CCTs and VETs in monitoring hemostatic competence of bleeding patients.

Keywords

thromboelastography - hemorrhage - thrombosis - anticoagulants

Publication History

Article published online:
29 September 2022

• References

• 1 Horsti J. The progress of prothrombin time measurement. Hematol Rev 2009; 1 (02) e19
• 2 Hutt Centeno E, Militello M, Gomes MP. Anti-Xa assays: what is their role today in antithrombotic therapy?. Cleve Clin J Med 2019; 86 (06) 417-425
• 3 Segal JB, Dzik WH, Network TMHCT. Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Trials Network. Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures: an evidence-based review. Transfusion 2005; 45 (09) 1413-1425
• 4 Walsh M, Thomas S, Kwaan H. et al. Modern methods for monitoring hemorrhagic resuscitation in the United States: why the delay?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89 (06) 1018-1022
• 5 Wei H, Child LJ. Clinical utility of viscoelastic testing in chronic liver disease: a systematic review. World J Hepatol 2020; 12 (11) 1115-1127
• 6 Saner FH, Bezinover D. Assessment and management of coagulopathy in critically-ill patients with liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2019; 25 (02) 179-186
• 7 Hartmann J, Walsh M, Grisoli A. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy by viscoelastography. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46 (02) 134-146
• 8 Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Sawyer M. et al. Primary fibrinolysis is integral in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma. Ann Surg 2010; 252 (03) 434-442 , discussion 443–444
• 9 Görlinger K, Pérez-Ferrer A, Dirkmann D. et al. The role of evidence-based algorithms for rotational thromboelastometry-guided bleeding management. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 72 (04) 297-322
• 10 Schöchl H, Maegele M, Solomon C, Görlinger K, Voelckel W. Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Rev Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20 (15) 15
• 11 Tanaka KA, Bader SO, Görlinger K. Novel approaches in management of perioperative coagulopathy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27 (01) 72-80
• 12 MacDonald SG, Luddington RJ. Critical factors contributing to the thromboelastography trace. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010; 36 (07) 712-722
• 13 Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Tantry US. et al. First report of the point-of-care TEG: a technical validation study of the TEG-6S system. Platelets 2016; 27 (07) 642-649
• 14 Whiting D, DiNardo JA. TEG and ROTEM: technology and clinical applications. Am J Hematol 2014; 89 (02) 228-232
• 15 Görlinger K, Iqbal J, Dirkmann D, Tanaka KA. Whole blood assay: thromboelastometry – basics. In: Teruya J. ed. Management of Bleeding Patients. Springer International Publishing; 2021: 45-66
• 16 Crowe EP, Goel R, Ness PM. Prothrombin and Partial Thromboplastin Time. Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. Springer; 2021: 265-270
• 17 Nilsson CU, Strandberg K, Reinstrup P. Warfarin monitoring with viscoelastic haemostatic assays, thrombin generation, coagulation factors and correlations to Owren and Quick prothrombin time. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2018; 78 (05) 358-364
• 18 Afshari A, Wikkelsø A, Brok J, Møller AM, Wetterslev J. Thrombelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemotherapy versus usual care in patients with massive transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 3 (03) CD007871
• 19 Hunt H, Stanworth S, Curry N. et al. Thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) for trauma induced coagulopathy in adult trauma patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; (02) CD010438
• 20 Wikkelsø A, Wetterslev J, Møller AM, Afshari A. Thromboelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemostatic treatment versus usual care in adults or children with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; (08) CD007871
• 21 Etchill EW, Myers SP, McDaniel LM. et al. Should all massively transfused patients be treated equally? An analysis of massive transfusion ratios in the nontrauma setting. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (08) 1311-1316
• 22 Subramanian M, Kaplan LJ, Cannon JW. Thromboelastography-guided resuscitation of the trauma patient. JAMA Surg 2019; 154 (12) 1152-1153
• 23 Hartmann J, Murphy M, Dias JD. Viscoelastic hemostatic assays: moving from the laboratory to the site of care—a review of established and emerging technologies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10 (02) 118
• 24 Görlinger K, Dirkmann D, Hanke AA. Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM®). In: Moore HB, Moore EE, Neal MD. eds. Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. 2nd ed.. Spring Nature Switzerland AG; 2021: 279-312 :chap Chapter 18
• 25 Moore EE, Moore HB, Kornblith LZ. et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7 (01) 30
• 26 Moore EE, Moore HB, Gonzalez E, Sauaia A, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Rationale for the selective administration of tranexamic acid to inhibit fibrinolysis in the severely injured patient. Transfusion 2016; 56 (Suppl. 02) S110-S114
• 27 Moore HB, Moore EE, Neal MD. Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. 2nd ed.. Spring Nature Switzerland AG; 2021
• 28 Walsh M, Moore EE, Moore H. et al. Use of viscoelastography in malignancy-associated coagulopathy and thrombosis: a review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2019; 45 (04) 354-372
• 29 Shander A, Hofmann A, Ozawa S, Theusinger OM, Gombotz H, Spahn DR. Activity-based costs of blood transfusions in surgical patients at four hospitals. Transfusion 2010; 50 (04) 753-765
• 30 Shander A, Ozawa S, Hofmann A. Activity-based costs of plasma transfusions in medical and surgical inpatients at a US hospital. Vox Sang 2016; 111 (01) 55-61
• 31 Lee AY, Connors JM, Baumann Kreuziger L. et al. COVID-19 and Coagulopathy: Frequently Asked Questions. American Society of Hematology. Updated January 29, 2021. Accessed January 26, 2021. Available at: https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-coagulopathy
• 32 Shiach CR, Campbell B, Poller L, Keown M, Chauhan N. Reliability of point-of-care prothrombin time testing in a community clinic: a randomized crossover comparison with hospital laboratory testing. Br J Haematol 2002; 119 (02) 370-375
• 33 Choi TS, Greilich PE, Shi C, Wilson JS, Keller A, Kroll MH. Point-of-care testing for prothrombin time, but not activated partial thromboplastin time, correlates with laboratory methods in patients receiving aprotinin or epsilon-aminocaproic acid while undergoing cardiac surgery. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117 (01) 74-78
• 34 Urwyler N, Trelle S, Theiler L. et al. Does point of care prothrombin time measurement reduce the transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in patients undergoing major surgery? The POC-OP randomized-controlled trial. Trials 2009; 10: 107
• 35 Ryan F, O'Shea S, Byrne S. The reliability of point-of-care prothrombin time testing. A comparison of CoaguChek S and XS INR measurements with hospital laboratory monitoring. Int J Lab Hematol 2010; 32 (1 Pt 1): e26-e33
• 36 Wee HE, Sin KY, Chiang P, Guo KW. Validation of the use of a point-of-care device in monitoring the international normalised ratio in postoperative cardiac patients. Ann Acad Med Singap 2016; 45 (09) 424-426
• 37 Karigowda L, Deshpande K, Jones S, Miller J. The accuracy of a point of care measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time in intensive care patients. Pathology 2019; 51 (06) 628-633
• 38 Wool GD. Benefits and pitfalls of point-of-care coagulation testing for anticoagulation management: an ACLPS critical review. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151 (01) 1-17
• 39 Volod O, Bunch CM, Zackariya N. et al. Viscoelastic hemostatic assays: a primer on legacy and new generation devices. J Clin Med 2022; 11 (03) 860
• 40 Allen TW, Winegar D, Viola F. The Quantra® System and SEER Sonorheometry. In: Moore HB, Moore EE, Neal MD. eds. Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. 2nd ed.. Spring Nature Switzerland AG; 2021: 693-704
• 41 Groves DS, Welsby IJ, Naik BI. et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Quantra QPlus system in adult patients undergoing major surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 2020; 130 (04) 899-909
• 42 Naik BI, Tanaka K, Sudhagoni RG, Viola F. Prediction of hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia at the point of care with the Quantra® QPlus® System. Thromb Res 2021; 197: 88-93
• 43 Calatzis A, Wittwer M, Leyser H, Hipp Q, Spannagl M. ClotPro–a new generation viscoelastic whole blood coagulation analyzer. Paper presented at: the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research (GTH), 20–23 February. 2018
• 44 Sahli SD, Rössler J, Tscholl DW, Studt J-D, Spahn DR, Kaserer A. Point-of-care diagnostics in coagulation management. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20 (15) 4254
• 45 Leyser H. Devices and methods for measuring viscoelastic changes of a sample. Germany patent application PCT/EP20 17/05 1660. 2018
• 46 Crowe EP, DeSimone RA, Goel R, Haas T, Cushing MM. Survey on Impact of Thromboelastometry on a Hospital Blood Bank. AABB Annual Meeting, Boston, MA October 2018.
• 47 Cohen T, Haas T, Cushing MM. The strengths and weaknesses of viscoelastic testing compared to traditional coagulation testing. Transfusion 2020; 60 (Suppl. 06) S21-S28
• 48 Brearton C, Rushton A, Parker J, Martin H, Hodgson J. Performance evaluation of a new point of care viscoelastic coagulation monitoring system in major abdominal, orthopaedic and vascular surgery. Platelets 2020; 31 (08) 1052-1059
• 49 Hunt BJ. The current place of tranexamic acid in the management of bleeding. Anaesthesia 2015; 70 (Suppl. 01) 50-53 , e18
• 50 Kuiper GJAJM, van Egmond LT, Henskens YMC. et al. Shifts of transfusion demand in cardiac surgery after implementation of rotational thromboelastometry-guided transfusion protocols: analysis of the HEROES-CS (HEmostasis Registry of patiEntS in Cardiac Surgery) Observational, Prospective Open Cohort Database. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (02) 307-317
• 51 Skolnick BE, Mathews DR, Khutoryansky NM, Pusateri AE, Carr ME. Exploratory study on the reversal of warfarin with rFVIIa in healthy subjects. Blood 2010; 116 (05) 693-701
• 52 Lombardo S, Millar D, Jurkovich GJ, Coimbra R, Nirula R. Factor VIIa administration in traumatic brain injury: an AAST-MITC propensity score analysis. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2018; 3 (01) e000134
• 53 Hepner DL, Concepcion M, Bhavani-Shankar K. Coagulation status using thromboelastography in patients receiving warfarin prophylaxis and epidural analgesia. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14 (06) 405-410
• 54 Nagata N, Sakurai T, Moriyasu S. et al. Impact of INR monitoring, reversal agent use, heparin bridging, and anticoagulant interruption on rebleeding and thromboembolism in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. PLoS One 2017; 12 (09) e0183423
• 55 Mallett SV. Clinical utility of viscoelastic tests of coagulation (TEG/ROTEM) in patients with liver disease and during liver transplantation. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41 (05) 527-537
• 56 Holcomb JB, Minei KM, Scerbo ML. et al. Admission rapid thrombelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department: experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients. Ann Surg 2012; 256 (03) 476-486
• 57 Smythe MA, Priziola J, Dobesh PP, Wirth D, Cuker A, Wittkowsky AK. Guidance for the practical management of the heparin anticoagulants in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 41 (01) 165-186
• 58 Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (Suppl. 02) e24S-e43S
• 59 Wool GD, Lu CM. Education Committee of the Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians and Scientists. Pathology consultation on anticoagulation monitoring: factor X-related assays. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140 (05) 623-634
• 60 Vandiver JW, Vondracek TG. Antifactor Xa levels versus activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32 (06) 546-558
• 61 Marci CD, Prager D. A review of the clinical indications for the plasma heparin assay. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 99 (05) 546-550
• 62 Bartholomew JK, Kottke-Marchant K. Monitoring anticoagulation therapy in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. J Clin Rheumatol 1998; 4 (06) 307-312
• 63 Mehta TP, Smythe MA, Mattson JC. Strategies for managing heparin therapy in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31 (12) 1221-1231
• 64 Lehman CM, Frank EL. Laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy: partial thromboplastin time or anti-Xa assay?. Lab Med 2009; 40 (01) 47-51
• 65 Samuel S, Allison TA, Sharaf S. et al. Antifactor Xa levels vs. activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. A pilot study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41 (05) 499-502
• 66 Toulon P, Smahi M, De Pooter N. APTT therapeutic range for monitoring unfractionated heparin therapy. Significant impact of the anti-Xa reagent used for correlation. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19 (08) 2002-2006
• 67 Dingus SJ, Smith AR, Dager WE, Zochert S, Nothdurft SA, Gulseth MP. Comparison of managing factor Xa inhibitor to unfractionated heparin transitions by aPTT versus a treatment guideline utilizing heparin anti-Xa Levels. Ann Pharmacother 2022; (e-pub ahead of print).
• 68 Kang YG, Martin DJ, Marquez J. et al. Intraoperative changes in blood coagulation and thrombelastographic monitoring in liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1985; 64 (09) 888-896
• 69 Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, Francis S, Vela-Cantos F, Ergin MA. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1999; 88 (02) 312-319
• 70 Enriquez LJ, Shore-Lesserson L. Point-of-care coagulation testing and transfusion algorithms. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103 (1, suppl 1): i14-i22
• 71 Tanaka KA, Ogawa S, Bolliger D. A primer for clinical use of rotational thromboelastometry. Point Care 2012; 11 (02) 77-84
• 72 Ojito JW, Hannan RL, Burgos MM. et al. Comparison of point-of-care activated clotting time systems utilized in a single pediatric institution. J Extra Corpor Technol 2012; 44 (01) 15-20
• 73 Levin AI, Heine AM, Coetzee JF, Coetzee A. Heparinase thromboelastography compared with activated coagulation time for protamine titration after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28 (02) 224-229
• 74 Vonk AB, Veerhoek D, van den Brom CE, van Barneveld LJ, Boer C. Individualized heparin and protamine management improves rotational thromboelastometric parameters and postoperative hemostasis in valve surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28 (02) 235-241
• 75 Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI. Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14 (03) 623-627
• 76 Bruckbauer M, Prexl O, Voelckel W. et al. Impact of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with hip fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2019; 33 (01) e8-e13
• 77 Dubois V, Dincq A-S, Douxfils J. et al. Perioperative management of patients on direct oral anticoagulants. Thromb J 2017; 15 (01) 14
• 78 Mullins B, Akehurst H, Slattery D, Chesser T. Should surgery be delayed in patients taking direct oral anticoagulants who suffer a hip fracture? A retrospective, case-controlled observational study at a UK major trauma centre. BMJ Open 2018; 8 (04) e020625
• 79 Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Anderson JM. et al. The Perioperative Anticoagulant Use for Surgery Evaluation (PAUSE) study for patients on a direct oral anticoagulant who need an elective surgery or procedure: design and rationale. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117 (12) 2415-2424
• 80 Dias JD, Lopez-Espina CG, Ippolito J. et al. Rapid point-of-care detection and classification of direct-acting oral anticoagulants with the TEG 6s: Implications for trauma and acute care surgery. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 87 (02) 364-370
• 81 Pavoni V, Gianesello L, Conti D. et al. “In less than no time”: feasibility of rotational thromboelastometry to detect anticoagulant drugs activity and to guide reversal therapy. J Clin Med 2022; 11 (05) 1407
• 82 Dias JD, Norem K, Doorneweerd DD, Thurer RL, Popovsky MA, Omert LA. Use of thromboelastography (TEG) for detection of new oral anticoagulants. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139 (05) 665-673
• 83 Davis PK, Musunuru H, Walsh M, Mitra R, Ploplis V, Castellino FJ. The ex vivo reversibility of dabigatran-induced whole-blood coagulopathy as monitored by thromboelastography: mechanistic implications for clinical medicine. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108 (03) 586-588
• 84 Dias JD, Lopez-Espina C, Ippolito J. et al. Novel thromboelastography point-of-care test detects all commercially available DOACs at therapeutic concentrations and classifies them as direct thrombin or factor Xa inhibitors with high consistency. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (suppl_1): ehy564.218
• 85 Artang R, Anderson M, Nielsen JD. Fully automated thromboelastograph TEG 6s to measure anticoagulant effects of direct oral anticoagulants in healthy male volunteers. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3 (03) 391-396
• 86 Pailleret C, Jourdi G, Siguret V. et al. Modified ROTEM for the detection of rivaroxaban and apixaban anticoagulant activity in whole blood: a diagnostic test study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 36 (06) 449-456
• 87 Sarode R. Direct oral anticoagulant monitoring: what laboratory tests are available to guide us?. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2019; 2019 (01) 194-197
• 88 Oberladstätter D, Schlimp CJ, Zipperle J. et al. Impact of idarucizumab and andexanet alfa on DOAC plasma concentration and ClotPro^® clotting time: an ex vivo spiking study in a cohort of trauma patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (16) 3476
• 89 Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW. Urgent need to measure effects of direct oral anticoagulants. Circulation 2016; 134 (03) 186-188
• 90 Bliden K, Zaman F, Taheri H. et al. P5598Multicenter observational trial to evaluate TEG6s oral anticoagulant assay in apixaban- treated patients. Eur Heart J 2017; 38 (suppl_1): ehx493.P5598
• 91 Gurbel PA, Bliden K, Zaman F. et al. Multicenter observational trial to evaluate TEG6s oral anticoagulant (OAC) assay in apixiban treated patients. Circulation 2017; 136 (suppl_1): A20555-A20555
• 92 Ramiz S, Hartmann J, Young G, Escobar MA, Chitlur M. Clinical utility of viscoelastic testing (TEG and ROTEM analyzers) in the management of old and new therapies for hemophilia. Am J Hematol 2019; 94 (02) 249-256
• 93 Bolton-Maggs PH. The rare inherited coagulation disorders. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60 (Suppl. 01) S37-S40
• 94 Jenkins PV, Bowyer A, Burgess C. et al. Laboratory coagulation tests and emicizumab treatment A United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation guideline. Haemophilia 2020; 26 (01) 151-155
• 95 Lenting PJ. Laboratory monitoring of hemophilia A treatments: new challenges. Blood Adv 2020; 4 (09) 2111-2118
• 96 Sørensen B, Ingerslev J. Whole blood clot formation phenotypes in hemophilia A and rare coagulation disorders. Patterns of response to recombinant factor VIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2 (01) 102-110
• 97 Aghighi S, Riddell A, Lee CA, Brown SA, Tuddenham E, Chowdary P. Global coagulation assays in hemophilia A: a comparison to conventional assays. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 4 (02) 298-308
• 98 Nogami K. The utility of thromboelastography in inherited and acquired bleeding disorders. Br J Haematol 2016; 174 (04) 503-514
• 99 Yada K, Nogami K, Wakabayashi H, Fay PJ, Shima M. The mild phenotype in severe hemophilia A with Arg1781His mutation is associated with enhanced binding affinity of factor VIII for factor X. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109 (06) 1007-1015
• 100 Dunkley SM, Yang K. The use of combination FEIBA and rFVIIa bypassing therapy, with TEG profiling, in uncontrollable bleeding associated with acquired haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2009; 15 (03) 828-830
• 101 Young G, Blain R, Nakagawa P, Nugent DJ. Individualization of bypassing agent treatment for haemophilic patients with inhibitors utilizing thromboelastography. Haemophilia 2006; 12 (06) 598-604
• 102 Shima M, Matsumoto T, Ogiwara K. New assays for monitoring haemophilia treatment. Haemophilia 2008; 14 (Suppl. 03) 83-92
• 103 Fisher C, Mo A, Warrillow S, Smith C, Jones D. Utility of thromboelastography in managing acquired Factor VIII inhibitor associated massive haemorrhage. Anaesth Intensive Care 2013; 41 (06) 799-803
• 104 Qi X, Zhao Y, Li K, Fan L, Hua B. Evaluating and monitoring the efficacy of recombinant activated factor VIIa in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25 (07) 754-760
• 105 Schneiderman J, Rubin E, Nugent DJ, Young G. Sequential therapy with activated prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant FVIIa in patients with severe haemophilia and inhibitors: update of our previous experience. Haemophilia 2007; 13 (03) 244-248
• 106 Furukawa S, Nogami K, Ogiwara K, Yada K, Minami H, Shima M. Systematic monitoring of hemostatic management in hemophilia A patients with inhibitor in the perioperative period using rotational thromboelastometry. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13 (07) 1279-1284
• 107 Fogarty PF, Mancuso ME, Kasthuri R. et al; Global Emerging Hemophilia Panel (GEHEP). Presentation and management of acute coronary syndromes among adult persons with haemophilia: results of an international, retrospective, 10-year survey. Haemophilia 2015; 21 (05) 589-597
• 108 Tang M, Wierup P, Terp K, Ingerslev J, Sørensen B. Cardiac surgery in patients with haemophilia. Haemophilia 2009; 15 (01) 101-107
• 109 Pivalizza EG, Escobar MA. Thrombelastography-guided factor VIIa therapy in a surgical patient with severe hemophilia and factor VIII inhibitor. Anesth Analg 2008; 107 (02) 398-401
• 110 Speybroeck J, Marsee M, Shariff F. et al. Viscoelastic testing in benign hematologic disorders: clinical perspectives and future implications of point-of-care testing to assess hemostatic competence. Transfusion 2020; 60 (Suppl. 06) S101-S121
• 111 Mumford AD, Ackroyd S, Alikhan R. et al; BCSH Committee. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of the rare coagulation disorders: a United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organization guideline on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2014; 167 (03) 304-326
• 112 Palla R, Peyvandi F, Shapiro AD. Rare bleeding disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Blood 2015; 125 (13) 2052-2061
• 113 Tran HT, Tjønnfjord GE, Holme PA. Use of thromboelastography and thrombin generation assay to predict clinical phenotype in patients with severe FVII deficiency. Haemophilia 2014; 20 (01) 141-146
• 114 Toret E, Ay Y, Karapinar TH, Oymak Y, Kavakli K, Vergin RC. Evaluation of bleeding phenotype of inherited factor VII deficiency in children with a bleeding assessment tool and global assays. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 42 (06) e527-e530
• 115 Zia AN, Chitlur M, Rajpurkar M. et al. Thromboelastography identifies children with rare bleeding disorders and predicts bleeding phenotype. Haemophilia 2015; 21 (01) 124-132
• 116 Al Dieri R, Peyvandi F, Santagostino E. et al. The thrombogram in rare inherited coagulation disorders: its relation to clinical bleeding. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88 (04) 576-582
• 117 Van Geffen M, Menegatti M, Loof A. et al. Retrospective evaluation of bleeding tendency and simultaneous thrombin and plasmin generation in patients with rare bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2012; 18 (04) 630-638
• 118 Greene LA, Goldenberg NA, Simpson ML. et al. Use of global assays to understand clinical phenotype in congenital factor VII deficiency. Haemophilia 2013; 19 (05) 765-772
• 119 Ambrosino P, Tarantino L, Di Minno G. et al. The risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cirrhosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117 (01) 139-148
• 120 Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (02) 147-156
• 121 Stravitz RT. Potential applications of thromboelastography in patients with acute and chronic liver disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8 (08) 513-520
• 122 Stravitz RT, Fontana RJ, Meinzer C. et al; ALF Study Group. Coagulopathy, bleeding events, and outcome according to rotational thromboelastometry in patients with acute liver injury/failure. Hepatology 2021; 74 (02) 937-949
• 123 Starzl TE. The saga of liver replacement, with particular reference to the reciprocal influence of liver and kidney transplantation (1955-1967). J Am Coll Surg 2002; 195 (05) 587-610
• 124 Groth CG, Pechet L, Starzl TE. Coagulation during and after orthotopic transplantation of the human liver. Arch Surg 1969; 98 (01) 31-34
• 125 Agarwal B, Wright G, Gatt A. et al. Evaluation of coagulation abnormalities in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2012; 57 (04) 780-786
• 126 Chau TN, Chan YW, Patch D, Tokunaga S, Greenslade L, Burroughs AK. Thrombelastographic changes and early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Gut 1998; 43 (02) 267-271
• 127 Scărlătescu E, Lancé MD, White NJ, Aramă SS, Tomescu DR. Effects of malignancy on blood coagulation in septic intensive care patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2018; 29 (01) 92-96
• 128 Levi M. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Lab Hematol 2014; 36 (03) 228-236
• 129 Kander T, Larsson A, Taune V, Schött U, Tynngård N. Assessment of haemostasis in disseminated intravascular coagulation by use of point-of-care assays and routine coagulation tests, in critically ill patients; a prospective observational study. PLoS One 2016; 11 (03) e0151202
• 130 Scarlatescu E, White NJ, Tomescu DR. Standard and derived rotational thromboelastometry parameters for prediction of disseminated intravascular coagulation in septic patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2020; 31 (05) 317-323
• 131 Müller MCA, Meijers JC, van Meenen DM, Thachil J, Juffermans NP. Thromboelastometry in critically ill patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 30 (05) 181-187
• 132 Kim SM, Kim S-I, Yu G. et al. Role of thromboelastography as an early predictor of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with septic shock. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (12) 3883
• 133 Collins PW, Bell SF, de Lloyd L, Collis RE. Management of postpartum haemorrhage: from research into practice, a narrative review of the literature and the Cardiff experience. Int J Obstet Anesth 2019; 37: 106-117
• 134 Hartmann J, Ergang A, Mason D, Dias JD. The role of TEG analysis in patients with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: a systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11 (02) 172
• 135 Stillson JE, Bunch CM, Gillespie L. et al. Thromboelastography-guided management of anticoagulated COVID-19 patients to prevent hemorrhage. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47 (04) 442-446
• 136 Bareille M, Hardy M, Douxfils J. et al. Viscoelastometric testing to assess hemostasis of COVID-19: a systematic review. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (08) 1740
• 137 Bunch CM, Thomas AV, Stillson JE. et al. Preventing thrombohemorrhagic complications of heparinized COVID-19 patients using adjunctive thromboelastography: a retrospective study. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (14) 3097
• 138 Katz D, Maher P, Getrajdman C. et al. Monitoring of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and anticoagulation with thromboelastometry. Transfus Med Hemother 2021; 48 (03) 168-172
• 139 Görlinger K, Almutawah H, Almutawaa F. et al. The role of rotational thromboelastometry during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Korean J Anesthesiol 2021; 74 (02) 91-102
• 140 Görlinger K, Dirkmann D, Gandhi A, Simioni P. COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and inflammatory response: what do we know already and what are the knowledge gaps?. Anesth Analg 2020; 131 (05) 1324-1333
• 141 Pavoni V, Gianesello L, Pazzi M, Dattolo P, Prisco D. Questions about COVID-19 associated coagulopathy: possible answers from the viscoelastic tests. J Clin Monit Comput 2022; 36 (01) 55-69
• 142 Bachler M, Bösch J, Stürzel DP. et al. Impaired fibrinolysis in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126 (03) 590-598
• 143 Duque P, Chasco-Ganuza M, Burgos-Santamaria A, Terradillos E. Increased resistance to fibrinolysis activation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a case series. Blood Coagul Fibrinol 2021; 32 (04) 298-301
• 144 Bunch CM, Thomas AV, Stillson JE. et al. Thromboelastography-guided anticoagulant therapy for the double hazard of thrombohemorrhagic events in COVID-19: a report of 3 cases. Am J Case Rep 2021; 22: e931080
• 145 Thomas AV, Lin KP, Stillson JE. et al. A case series of thromboelastography-guided anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients with inherited and acquired hypercoagulable states. Case Rep Med 2021; 2021: 5568982
• 146 Hincker A, Feit J, Sladen RN, Wagener G. Rotational thromboelastometry predicts thromboembolic complications after major non-cardiac surgery. Crit Care 2014; 18 (05) 549
• 147 Levi M, Hunt BJ. A critical appraisal of point-of-care coagulation testing in critically ill patients. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13 (11) 1960-1967
• 148 Ostrowski SR, Berg RM, Windeløv NA. et al. Discrepant fibrinolytic response in plasma and whole blood during experimental endotoxemia in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2013; 8 (03) e59368
• 149 Brenner T, Schmidt K, Delang M. et al. Viscoelastic and aggregometric point-of-care testing in patients with septic shock - cross-links between inflammation and haemostasis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012; 56 (10) 1277-1290
• 150 Collins PW, Macchiavello LI, Lewis SJ. et al. Global tests of haemostasis in critically ill patients with severe sepsis syndrome compared to controls. Br J Haematol 2006; 135 (02) 220-227
• 151 Daudel F, Kessler U, Folly H, Lienert JS, Takala J, Jakob SM. Thromboelastometry for the assessment of coagulation abnormalities in early and established adult sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2009; 13 (02) R42
• 152 Dempfle CE, Borggrefe M. Point of care coagulation tests in critically ill patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008; 34 (05) 445-450
• 153 Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Vindeløv N, Perner A, Espersen K. Hypocoagulability, as evaluated by thrombelastography, at admission to the ICU is associated with increased 30-day mortality. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010; 21 (02) 168-174
• 154 Müller MC, Meijers JC, Vroom MB, Juffermans NP. Utility of thromboelastography and/or thromboelastometry in adults with sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care 2014; 18 (01) R30
• 155 Meizoso JP, Ray JJ, Allen CJ. et al. Hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism in burn patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41 (01) 43-48
• 156 Kowalewski M, Malvindi PG, Zieliński K. et al. Left ventricle unloading with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock. systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (04) 1039
• 157 Colman E, Yin EB, Laine G. et al. Evaluation of a heparin monitoring protocol for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and review of the literature. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (08) 3325-3335
• 158 Chlebowski MM, Baltagi S, Carlson M, Levy JH, Spinella PC. Clinical controversies in anticoagulation monitoring and antithrombin supplementation for ECMO. Crit Care 2020; 24 (01) 19
• 159 Huang CY, Chen IM, Hsieh YC. et al. Thrombelastography change after bridging to left ventricular assist device from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. J Chin Med Assoc 2012; 75 (08) 363-369
• 160 Bonderski VA, Portillo J, Sharp L, Rech MA. Thromboelastometry-guided anticoagulation reversal in a patient with ventricular assist device with intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 41: 265.e5-265.e8
• 161 Eckman PM, Katz JN, El Banayosy A, Bohula EA, Sun B, van Diepen S. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock: an introduction for the busy clinician. Circulation 2019; 140 (24) 2019-2037
• 162 Snegovskikh D, Souza D, Walton Z. et al. Point-of-care viscoelastic testing improves the outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage. J Clin Anesth 2018; 44: 50-56
• 163 Othman M, Han K, Elbatarny M, Abdul-Kadir R. The use of viscoelastic hemostatic tests in pregnancy and puerperium: review of the current evidence - communication from the Women's Health SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17 (07) 1184-1189
• 164 Hurwich M, Zimmer D, Guerra E. et al. A case of successful thromboelastographic guided resuscitation after postpartum hemorrhage and cardiac arrest. J Extra Corpor Technol 2016; 48 (04) 194-197
• 165 Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D. et al; OBS2 study collaborators. Viscoelastometry guided fresh frozen plasma infusion for postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, an observational study. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119 (03) 422-434
• 166 Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D. et al. Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119 (03) 411-421
• 167 Liew-Spilger AE, Sorg NR, Brenner TJ. et al. Viscoelastic hemostatic assays for postpartum hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (17) 3946
• 168 Loughran JA, Kitchen TL, Sindhakar S, Ashraf M, Awad M, Kealaher EJ. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®)-guided diagnosis and management of amniotic fluid embolism. Int J Obstet Anesth 2019; 38: 127-130
• 169 Baumgartner S, Shariff F, Vande Lune S. et al. The utilization of viscoelastic testing to guide blood component therapy and adjunctive hemostatic therapy for postpartum hemorrhage: a narrative review. Curr Opin Gynecol Obstet 2019; 2 (01) 272-286
• 170 Truong HT, Browning RM. Anaphylaxis-induced hyperfibrinolysis in pregnancy. Int J Obstet Anesth 2015; 24 (02) 180-184
• 171 Sharma P, Saxena R. A novel thromboelastographic score to identify overt disseminated intravascular coagulation resulting in a hypocoagulable state. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134 (01) 97-102
• 172 Collis RE, Collins PW. Haemostatic management of obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2015; 70 (Suppl. 01) 78-86 , e27–e28
• 173 Abdul-Kadir R, McLintock C, Ducloy AS. et al. Evaluation and management of postpartum hemorrhage: consensus from an international expert panel. Transfusion 2014; 54 (07) 1756-1768
• 174 Collins FS, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine. N Engl J Med 2015; 372 (09) 793-795
• 175 Frigo MG, Agostini V, Brizzi A, Ragusa A, Svelato A. Practical approach to transfusion management of post-partum haemorrhage. Transfus Med 2021; 31 (01) 11-15
• 176 Mallaiah S, Barclay P, Harrod I, Chevannes C, Bhalla A. Introduction of an algorithm for ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate administration in major obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2015; 70 (02) 166-175
• 177 McNamara H, Kenyon C, Smith R, Mallaiah S, Barclay P. Four years' experience of a ROTEM^® -guided algorithm for treatment of coagulopathy in obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2019; 74 (08) 984-991
• 178 de Lange NM, Lancé MD, de Groot R, Beckers EA, Henskens YM, Scheepers HC. Obstetric hemorrhage and coagulation: an update. Thromboelastography, thromboelastometry, and conventional coagulation tests in the diagnosis and prediction of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012; 67 (07) 426-435
• 179 McDonnell NJ, Browning R. How to replace fibrinogen in postpartum haemorrhage situations? (Hint: Don't use FFP!). Int J Obstet Anesth 2018; 33: 4-7
• 180 Collins P, Abdul-Kadir R, Thachil J. Subcommittees on Women' s Health Issues in Thrombosis and Haemostasis and on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Management of coagulopathy associated with postpartum hemorrhage: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14 (01) 205-210
• 181 Spasiano A, Matellon C, Orso D. et al. Functional fibrinogen (FLEV-TEG) versus the Clauss method in an obstetric population: a comparative study. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19 (01) 90
• 182 Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats T. et al. The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients. Health Technol Assess 2013; 17 (10) 1-79
• 183 Shakur H, Elbourne D, Gülmezoglu M. et al. The WOMAN Trial (World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial): tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: an international randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial. Trials 2010; 11 (01) 40
• 184 Sentilhes L, Winer N, Azria E. et al; Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique et Gynécologie. Tranexamic acid for the prevention of blood loss after vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (08) 731-742
• 185 Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur H, Ageron FX, Roberts I. Antifibrinolytic Trials Collaboration. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet 2018; 391 (10116): 125-132
• 186 Shakur H, Roberts I, Fawole B. et al; WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389 (10084): 2105-2116
• 187 Sharma AD, Al-Achi A, Seccombe JF, Hummel R, Preston M, Behrend D. Does incorporation of thromboelastography improve bleeding prediction following adult cardiac surgery?. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25 (06) 561-570
• 188 Welsby IJ, Jiao K, Ortel TL. et al. The kaolin-activated Thrombelastograph predicts bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20 (04) 531-535
• 189 Tanaka KA, Bolliger D, Vadlamudi R, Nimmo A. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-based coagulation management in cardiac surgery and major trauma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26 (06) 1083-1093
• 190 Karkouti K, Callum J, Wijeysundera DN. et al; TACS Investigators. Point-of-care hemostatic testing in cardiac surgery: a stepped-wedge clustered randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2016; 134 (16) 1152-1162
• 191 Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E, Crapelli GB, Rahe-Meyer N, Menicanti L, Frigiola A. Surgical Clinical Outcome REsearch (SCORE) Group. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of fibrinogen concentrate supplementation after complex cardiac surgery. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4 (06) e002066
• 192 Collins PW, Solomon C, Sutor K. et al. Theoretical modelling of fibrinogen supplementation with therapeutic plasma, cryoprecipitate, or fibrinogen concentrate. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113 (04) 585-595
• 193 Peng HT, Nascimento B, Beckett A. Thromboelastography and thromboelastometry in assessment of fibrinogen deficiency and prediction for transfusion requirement: a descriptive review. BioMed Res Int 2018; 2018: 7020539
• 194 Flisberg P, Rundgren M, Engström M. The effects of platelet transfusions evaluated using rotational thromboelastometry. Anesth Analg 2009; 108 (05) 1430-1432
• 195 Aoki K, Sugimoto A, Nagasawa A, Saito M, Ohzeki H. Optimization of thromboelastography-guided platelet transfusion in cardiovascular surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 60 (07) 411-416
• 196 Blasi A, Muñoz G, de Soto I. et al. Reliability of thromboelastometry for detecting the safe coagulation threshold in patients taking acenocoumarol after elective heart valve replacement. Thromb Res 2015; 136 (03) 669-672
• 197 Görlinger K, Iqbal J, Dirkmann D, Tanaka KA. Whole blood assay: thromboelastometry. In: Teruya J. ed. Management of Bleeding Patients. Springer International Publishing; 2016: 37-64
• 198 Agarwal S, Johnson RI, Shaw M. A comparison of fibrinogen measurement using TEG(®) functional fibrinogen and Clauss in cardiac surgery patients. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 37 (04) 459-465
• 199 Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E, Ranucci M, Silvetti S. Surgical and Clinical Outcome Research (SCORE) Group. Fibrinogen levels compensation of thrombocytopenia-induced bleeding following cardiac surgery. Int J Cardiol 2017; 249: 96-100
• 200 Baryshnikova E, Di Dedda U, Ranucci M. A comparative study of SEER sonorheometry versus standard coagulation tests, rotational thromboelastometry, and multiple electrode aggregometry in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (06) 1590-1598
• 201 Chen L, Bracey AW, Radovancevic R. et al. Clopidogrel and bleeding in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128 (03) 425-431
• 202 Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E. Sensitivity of viscoelastic tests to platelet function. J Clin Med 2020; 9 (01) 189
• 203 Weitzel NS, Weitzel LB, Epperson LE, Karimpour-Ford A, Tran ZV, Seres T. Platelet mapping as part of modified thromboelastography (TEG®) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 2012; 67 (10) 1158-1165
• 204 Ichikawa J, Kodaka M, Nishiyama K, Hirasaki Y, Ozaki M, Komori M. Reappearance of circulating heparin in whole blood heparin concentration-based management does not correlate with postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28 (04) 1003-1007
• 205 Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Rizvi SI, Culliford L, Angelini GD. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007; 116 (22) 2544-2552
• 206 Serraino GF, Murphy GJ. Routine use of viscoelastic blood tests for diagnosis and treatment of coagulopathic bleeding in cardiac surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118 (06) 823-833
• 207 Vlot EA, Rigter S, Noordzij PG. Optimal patient blood management in cardiac surgery using viscoelastic point-of-care testing: response to: routine use of viscoelastic blood tests for diagnosis and treatment of coagulopathic bleeding in cardiac surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119 (03) 544-545
• 208 Raphael J, Mazer CD, Subramani S. et al. Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice improvement advisory for management of perioperative bleeding and hemostasis in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (11) 2887-2899
• 209 Dasta JF, McLaughlin TP, Mody SH, Piech CT. Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: the contribution of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2005; 33 (06) 1266-1271
• 210 Roullet S, Freyburger G, Cruc M. et al. Management of bleeding and transfusion during liver transplantation before and after the introduction of a rotational thromboelastometry-based algorithm. Liver Transpl 2015; 21 (02) 169-179
• 211 De Pietri L, Bianchini M, Montalti R. et al. Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016; 63 (02) 566-573
• 212 Massicotte L, Beaulieu D, Thibeault L. et al. Coagulation defects do not predict blood product requirements during liver transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85 (07) 956-962
• 213 De Pietri L, Montalti R, Nicolini D, Troisi RI, Moccheggiani F, Vivarelli M. Perioperative thromboprophylaxis in liver transplant patients. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24 (27) 2931-2948
• 214 Hartmann M, Walde C, Dirkmann D, Saner FH. Safety of coagulation factor concentrates guided by ROTEM™-analyses in liver transplantation: results from 372 procedures. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19 (01) 97
• 215 Raza I, Davenport R, Rourke C. et al. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (02) 307-314
• 216 Ramos CR, Moore EE, Manco-Johnson ML, Silliman CC, Chapman MC, Banerjee A. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients: a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (07) 1435-1437
• 217 Larsen OH, Fenger-Eriksen C, Ingerslev J, Sørensen B. Improved point-of-care identification of hyperfibrinolysis is needed. Thromb Res 2012; 130 (04) 690-691
• 218 Hunt BJ, Raza I, Brohi K. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients: a reply to a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (07) 1437-1438
• 219 Curry NS, Davenport R. Transfusion strategies for major haemorrhage in trauma. Br J Haematol 2019; 184 (04) 508-523
• 220 Curry NS, Davenport R, Pavord S. et al. The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in the management of major bleeding: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol 2018; 182 (06) 789-806
• 221 Juffermans NP, Wirtz MR, Balvers K. et al; TACTIC partners. Towards patient-specific management of trauma hemorrhage: the effect of resuscitation therapy on parameters of thromboelastometry. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17 (03) 441-448
• 222 Rowell SE, Barbosa RR, Lennox TC. et al. Moderate elevations in international normalized ratio should not lead to delays in neurosurgical intervention in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 77 (06) 846-850 , discussion 851
• 223 Ågren A, Wikman AT, Holmström M, Östlund A, Edgren G. Thromboelastography (TEG®) compared to conventional coagulation tests in surgical patients–a laboratory evaluation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013; 73 (03) 214-220
• 224 Davenport R, Manson J, De'Ath H. et al. Functional definition and characterization of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Crit Care Med 2011; 39 (12) 2652-2658
• 225 Inaba K, Rizoli S, Veigas PV. et al; Viscoelastic Testing in Trauma Consensus Panel. 2014 Consensus conference on viscoelastic test-based transfusion guidelines for early trauma resuscitation: report of the panel. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78 (06) 1220-1229
• 226 Baksaas-Aasen K, Van Dieren S, Balvers K. et al. Data-driven development of ROTEM and TEG algorithms for the management of trauma hemorrhage: a prospective observational multicenter study. Ann Surg 2018; 270 (06) 1178-1185
• 227 Leeper CM, Kutcher M, Nasr I. et al. Acute traumatic coagulopathy in a critically injured pediatric population: Definition, trend over time, and outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 81 (01) 34-41
• 228 Prat NJ, Meyer AD, Ingalls NK, Trichereau J, DuBose JJ, Cap AP. Rotational thromboelastometry significantly optimizes transfusion practices for damage control resuscitation in combat casualties. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83 (03) 373-380
• 229 Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Oliveri R, Wade CE, Ostrowski SR, Holcomb JB. How I treat patients with massive hemorrhage. Blood 2014; 124 (20) 3052-3058
• 230 Johansson PI. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for massively bleeding patients: the Copenhagen concept. Transfus Apheresis Sci 2010; 43 (03) 401-405
• 231 Nardi G, Agostini V, Rondinelli B. et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: impact of the early coagulation support protocol on blood product consumption, mortality and costs. Crit Care 2015; 19 (01) 83
• 232 Fenger-Eriksen C, Lindberg-Larsen M, Christensen AQ, Ingerslev J, Sørensen B. Fibrinogen concentrate substitution therapy in patients with massive haemorrhage and low plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101 (06) 769-773
• 233 Innerhofer P, Westermann I, Tauber H. et al. The exclusive use of coagulation factor concentrates enables reversal of coagulopathy and decreases transfusion rates in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury 2013; 44 (02) 209-216
• 234 Lim Jr RC, Olcott IV C, Robinson AJ, Blaisdell FW. Platelet response and coagulation changes following massive blood replacement. J Trauma 1973; 13 (07) 577-582
• 235 Mann KG, Brummel K, Butenas S. What is all that thrombin for?. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1 (07) 1504-1514
• 236 Martini WZ, Rodriguez CM, Cap AP, Dubick MA. Efficacy of resuscitation with fibrinogen concentrate and platelets in traumatic hemorrhage swine model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 89 (2S, suppl 2): S137-S145
• 237 Walsh M, Moore EE, Moore HB. et al. Whole blood, fixed ratio, or goal-directed blood component therapy for the initial resuscitation of severely hemorrhaging trauma patients: a narrative review. J Clin Med 2021; 10 (02) 320
• 238 Rahe-Meyer N, Solomon C, Hanke A. et al. Effects of fibrinogen concentrate as first-line therapy during major aortic replacement surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2013; 118 (01) 40-50
• 239 Sadeghi M, Atefyekta R, Azimaraghi O. et al. A randomized, double blind trial of prophylactic fibrinogen to reduce bleeding in cardiac surgery. Braz J Anesthesiol 2014; 64 (04) 253-257
• 240 Yamamoto K, Usui A, Takamatsu J. Fibrinogen concentrate administration attributes to significant reductions of blood loss and transfusion requirements in thoracic aneurysm repair. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9 (01) 90
• 241 Marsden M, Benger J, Brohi K. et al; CRYOSTAT-2 investigators. Coagulopathy, cryoprecipitate and CRYOSTAT-2: realising the potential of a nationwide trauma system for a national clinical trial. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122 (02) 164-169
• 242 Fries D. The early use of fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate, and recombinant-activated factor VIIa in massive bleeding. Transfusion 2013; 53 (Suppl. 01) 91S-95S
• 243 Innerhofer P, Fries D, Mittermayr M. et al. Reversal of trauma-induced coagulopathy using first-line coagulation factor concentrates or fresh frozen plasma (RETIC): a single-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol 2017; 4 (06) e258-e271
• 244 Mengoli C, Franchini M, Marano G. et al. The use of fibrinogen concentrate for the management of trauma-related bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Transfus 2017; 15 (04) 318-324
• 245 Nascimento B, Callum J, Tien H. et al. Fibrinogen in the initial resuscitation of severe trauma (FiiRST): a randomized feasibility trial. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117 (06) 775-782
• 246 Schöchl H, Nienaber U, Maegele M. et al. Transfusion in trauma: thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy. Crit Care 2011; 15 (02) R83
• 247 Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Sawano M. et al. Pre-emptive administration of fibrinogen concentrate contributes to improved prognosis in patients with severe trauma. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2016; 1 (01) e000037
• 248 Curry N, Foley C, Wong H. et al. Early fibrinogen concentrate therapy for major haemorrhage in trauma (E-FIT 1): results from a UK multi-centre, randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Crit Care 2018; 22 (01) 164
• 249 Maegele M, Zinser M, Schlimp C, Schöchl H, Fries D. Injectable hemostatic adjuncts in trauma: Fibrinogen and the FIinTIC study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78 (6, suppl 1): S76-S82
• 250 Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V. et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care 2019; 23 (01) 98
• 251 Ziegler B, Voelckel W, Zipperle J, Grottke O, Schöchl H. Comparison between the new fully automated viscoelastic coagulation analysers TEG 6s and ROTEM Sigma in trauma patients: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 36 (11) 834-842
• 252 Kaserer A, Casutt M, Sprengel K, Seifert B, Spahn DR, Stein P. Comparison of two different coagulation algorithms on the use of allogenic blood products and coagulation factors in severely injured trauma patients: a retrospective, multicentre, observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2018; 26 (01) 4
• 253 Chipman AM, Jenne C, Wu F, Kozar RA. Contemporary resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: What will the future hold?. Am J Surg 2020; 220 (03) 580-588
• 254 Moore HB, Moore EE, Chapman MP. et al. Does tranexamic acid improve clot strength in severely injured patients who have elevated fibrin degradation products and low fibrinolytic activity, measured by thrombelastography?. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 229 (01) 92-101
• 255 Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S. et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10 (07) 1342-1351
• 256 McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Bailey M, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ. Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of mortality in major trauma patients: a five-year statewide cohort study. Injury 2017; 48 (05) 1074-1081
• 257 Pezold M, Moore EE, Wohlauer M. et al. Viscoelastic clot strength predicts coagulation-related mortality within 15 minutes. Surgery 2012; 151 (01) 48-54
• 258 Farrell MS, Moore EE, Thomas AV. et al. “Death Diamond” tracing on thromboelastography as a marker of poor survival after trauma. Am Surg 2021; 88 (07) 1689-1693
• 259 Engström M, Schött U, Romner B, Reinstrup P. Acidosis impairs the coagulation: a thromboelastographic study. J Trauma 2006; 61 (03) 624-628
• 260 Gonzalez E, Moore EE, Moore HB. et al. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation of trauma-induced coagulopathy: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial comparing a viscoelastic assay to conventional coagulation assays. Ann Surg 2016; 263 (06) 1051-1059
• 261 Dias JD, Sauaia A, Achneck HE, Hartmann J, Moore EE. Thromboelastography-guided therapy improves patient blood management and certain clinical outcomes in elective cardiac and liver surgery and emergency resuscitation: a systematic review and analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17 (06) 984-994