Subscribe to RSS

DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758456
Clinical profile of tuberous sclerosis complex patients with and without epilepsy: a need for awareness for early diagnosis
Perfil clínico de pacientes com complexo de esclerose tuberosa com e sem epilepsia: uma necessidade de conscientização para o diagnóstico precoceAuthors
Abstract
Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystemic disorder. Its clinical features manifest differently in several organs, prompting the need for better knowledge.
Objective The goal of the present study is to evaluate the neurological findings of TSC, such as cerebral lesions and epilepsy, and to raise awareness of non-neurological findings that could contribute to an earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Methods This was a natural history study of patients with a definitive diagnosis of TSC who were referred to a specialized outpatient clinic and followed-up for 2 years with clinical and radiological exams.
Results A total of 130 TSC patients (59 males [45.4%], mean age 20.4 years old [1 to 56 years old]); 107 patients (82.3%) were diagnosed with epilepsy. Seizures predominantly began at < 1 year old (72.8%); focal seizures predominated (86.9%); epileptic spasms occurred in 34.5% of patients, and refractory epilepsy was present in 55.1%. Neuropsychiatric disorders, cortical tubers and cerebellar tubers were significantly more frequent in the epilepsy group. Moreover, rhabdomyomas were significantly more frequent in the epilepsy group (p = 0.044), while lymphangioleiomyomatosis was significantly less frequent in the epilepsy group (p = 0.009). Other non-neurological findings did not differ significantly between the groups with and without epilepsy.
Conclusions The present study of TSC patients demonstrated the predominantly neurological involvement and significantly higher proportion of TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders in the epilepsy group. Higher proportions of cortical and cerebellar tubers may be a risk factor for epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Resumo
Antecedentes O Complexo da esclerose tuberosa (CET) é uma doença multissistêmica. As apresentações clínicas em diferentes órgãos são diversas, necessitando um maior conhecimento da doença.
Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar na CET o envolvimento neurológico, como lesões cerebrais e epilepsia, e chamar a atenção para achados não neurológicos que contribuiriam para o diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.
Métodos Estudo de história natural do CET em pacientes com critérios diagnósticos definidos encaminhados aleatoriamente para serviço especializado e que foram acompanhados, durante 2 anos, com exames clínicos e radiológicos.
Resultados O total de 130 pacientes (59 do sexo masculino [45.4%]), idade média de 20,4 anos [1 a 56 anos]) foram avaliados; 107 pacientes (82.3%) foram diagnosticados com epilepsia. As crises epilépticas se iniciaram especialmente em pacientes < 1 ano de idade (72,8%); predomínio de crise focal (86,9%); ocorrência de espasmos infantis em 34,5% deles e de epilepsia refratária em 55,1%. A frequência de distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, túberes corticais e túberes cerebelares foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo com epilepsia. Além disso, rabdomioma foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo com epilepsia (p = 0,044), enquanto a linfoangioleiomiomatose foi significativamente menos frequente (p = 0,009). Outros comprometimentos não neurológicos, como os oftalmológicos e os nefrológicos, não diferiram significativamente nos grupos com e sem epilepsia.
Conclusões O presente estudo com pacientes com CET com e sem epilepsia pode demonstrar uma maior proporção significativa de transtornos neuropsiquiátricos associados ao CET no grupo com epilepsia. A maior proporção de túberes corticais e cerebelares parecem ser um fator de risco para epilepsia e para o comprometimento do neurodesenvolvimento.
Keywords
Tuberous Sclerosis - Epilepsy - Early Diagnosis - Neurologic Manifestations - NeuropsychiatryPalavras-chave
Esclerose Tuberosa - Epilepsia - Diagnóstico Precoce - Manifestações Neurológicas - NeuropsychiatryAuthors' Contributions
CCSP, MLGM: contributed to conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, and project administration (equal); FDGD: formal analysis, investigation, methodology.
Publication History
Received: 06 July 2021
Accepted: 18 January 2022
Article published online:
19 December 2022
© 2022. Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil
-
References
- 1 Peron A, Northrup H. Tuberous sclerosis complex. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2018; 178 (03) 274-277
- 2 Sybert VP, Hall JG. Inheritance of tuberous sclerosis. Lancet 1979; 1 (8119): 783
- 3 Leung AKC, Robson WLM. Tuberous sclerosis complex: a review. J Pediatr Health Care 2007; 21 (02) 108-114
- 4 Roach ES. Applying the lessons of Tuberous Sclerosis: The 2015 Hower Award Lecture. Pediatric Neurology 2016; 63: 6-22
- 5 Fryer AE, Chalmers A, Connor JM. et al. Evidence that the gene for tuberous sclerosis is on chromosome 9. Lancet 1987; 1 (8534): 659-661
- 6 van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C. et al. Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science 1997; 277 (5327): 805-808
- 7 European Chromosome 16 Tuberous Sclerosis Consortium. Identification and characterization of the tuberous sclerosis gene on chromosome 16. Cell 1993; 75 (07) 1305-1315
- 8 Wiernecke R, Konig A, Declue JE. Identification of tuberin, the tuberous sclerosis-2 product. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 16409-16414 .1305-15
- 9 Baskin Jr HJ. The pathogenesis and imaging of the tuberous sclerosis complex. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38 (09) 936-952
- 10 McEneaney LJ, Tee AR. Finding a cure for tuberous sclerosis complex: From genetics through to targeted drug therapies. Adv Genet 2019; 103: 91-118
- 11 Au KS, Williams AT, Roach ES. et al. Genotype/phenotype correlation in 325 individuals referred for a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex in the United States. Genet Med 2007; 9 (02) 88-100
- 12 Hasbani DM, Crino PB. Tuberous sclerosis complex. Handb Clin Neurol 2018; 148: 813-822
- 13 Northrup H, Koenig MK, Pearson DA, Au KS. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. 1999 Jul 13 [updated 2020 Apr 16]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Mirzaa G, Amemiya A. editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; Seattle; 1993–2021. PMID: 20301399
- 14 Nabbout R, Kuchenbuch M, Chiron C, Curatolo P. Pharmacotherapy for Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. CNS Drugs 2021; 35 (09) 965-983
- 15 Schubert-Bast S, Strzelczyk A. Review of the treatment options for epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex: towards precision medicine. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14: 1-22
- 16 de Vries PJ, Whittemore VH, Leclezio L. et al. Tuberous sclerosis associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND) and the TAND Checklist. Pediatr Neurol 2015; 52 (01) 25-35
- 17 Roach ES, Sparagana SP. Diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 2004; 19 (09) 643-649
- 18 Notaro K, Pierce B. Tuberous sclerosis complex: A multisystem disorder. JAAPA 2021; 34 (03) 28-33
- 19 Islam MP. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 37: 100875
- 20 Kingswood JC, d'Augères GB, Belousova E. et al; TOSCA consortium and TOSCA investigators. TuberOus SClerosis registry to increase disease Awareness (TOSCA) - baseline data on 2093 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12 (01) 2
- 21 Northrup H, Aronow ME, Bebin EM. et al; International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group. Updated International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria and Surveillance and Management Recommendations. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 123: 50-66
- 22 Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA. et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017; 58 (04) 522-530
- 23 Nabbout R, Belousova E, Benedik MP. et al; TOSCA Consortium and TOSCA Investigators. Epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex: Findings from the TOSCA Study. Epilepsia Open 2018; 4 (01) 73-84
- 24 Chu-Shore CJ, Major P, Camposano S, Muzykewicz D, Thiele EA. The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (07) 1236-1241
- 25 Davis PE, Filip-Dhima R, Sideridis G. et al; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Autism Center of Excellence Research Network. Presentation and Diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in Infants. Pediatrics 2017; 140 (06) e20164040
- 26 Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT. et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (06) 1069-1077
- 27 Jeong A, Nakagawa JA, Wong M. Predictors of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Child Neurol 2017; 32 (14) 1092-1098
- 28 Capal JK, Bernardino-Cuesta B, Horn PS, Murray D, Byars AW, Bing NM. et al. TACERN Study Group. Influence of seizures on early development in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsy Behav 2017; May;70(Pt A): 245-52
- 29 Curatolo P, Jóźwiak S, Nabbout R. TSC Consensus Meeting for SEGA and Epilepsy Management. Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16 (06) 582-586
- 30 Wu JY, Peters JM, Goyal M. et al. Clinical electroencephalographic biomarker for impending epilepsy in asymptomatic tuberous sclerosis complex infants. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 54: 29-34
- 31 Cusmai R, Moavero R, Bombardieri R, Vigevano F, Curatolo P. Long-term neurological outcome in children with early-onset epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22 (04) 735-739
- 32 Jóźwiak S, Kotulska K, Domańska-Pakieła D. et al. Antiepileptic treatment before the onset of seizures reduces epilepsy severity and risk of mental retardation in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15 (05) 424-431
- 33 Kotulska K, Kwiatkowski DJ, Curatolo P. et al; EPISTOP Investigators. Prevention of Epilepsy in Infants with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex in the EPISTOP Trial. Ann Neurol 2021; 89 (02) 304-314
- 34 Northrup H, Krueger DA. International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group. Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 49 (04) 243-254
- 35 Roach ES, Williams DP, Laster DW. Magnetic resonance imaging in tuberous sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1987; 44 (03) 301-303
- 36 Shepherd CW, Houser OW, Gomez MR. MR findings in tuberous sclerosis complex and correlation with seizure development and mental impairment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16 (01) 149-155
- 37 Menor F, Martí-Bonmatí L, Mulas F, Poyatos C, Cortina H. Neuroimaging in tuberous sclerosis: a clinicoradiological evaluation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol 1992; 22 (07) 485-489
- 38 Inoue Y, Nakajima S, Fukuda T. et al. Magnetic resonance images of tuberous sclerosis. Further observations and clinical correlations. Neuroradiology 1988; 30 (05) 379-384
- 39 Jambaqué I, Cusmai R, Curatolo P, Cortesi F, Perrot C, Dulac O. Neuropsychological aspects of tuberous sclerosis in relation to epilepsy and MRI findings. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991; 33 (08) 698-705
- 40 Curatolo P, Moavero R, van Scheppingen J, Aronica E. mTOR dysregulation and tuberous sclerosis-related epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18 (03) 185-201
- 41 Talos DM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Cordero K, Black PM, Jensen FE. Cell-specific alterations of glutamate receptor expression in tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers. Ann Neurol 2008; 63 (04) 454-465
- 42 White R, Hua Y, Scheithauer B, Lynch DR, Henske EP, Crino PB. Selective alterations in glutamate and GABA receptor subunit mRNA expression in dysplastic neurons and giant cells of cortical tubers. Ann Neurol 2001; 49 (01) 67-78
- 43 Daghistani R, Rutka J, Widjaja E. MRI characteristics of cerebellar tubers and their longitudinal changes in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31 (01) 109-113
- 44 Boronat S, Thiele EA, Caruso P. Cerebellar lesions are associated with TSC2 mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex: a retrospective record review study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59 (10) 1071-1076
- 45 Toldo I, Bugin S, Perissinotto E. et al. Cerebellar lesions as potential predictors of neurobehavioural phenotype in tuberous sclerosis complex. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61 (10) 1221-1228
- 46 Vaughn J, Hagiwara M, Katz J. et al. MRI characterization and longitudinal study of focal cerebellar lesions in a young tuberous sclerosis cohort. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34 (03) 655-659
- 47 Lu DS, Karas PJ, Krueger DA, Weiner HL. Central nervous system manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2018; 178 (03) 291-298
- 48 Braffman BH, Bilaniuk LT, Naidich TP. et al. MR imaging of tuberous sclerosis: pathogenesis of this phakomatosis, use of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and literature review. Radiology 1992; 183 (01) 227-238
- 49 Jansen AC, Belousova E, Benedik MP. et al. Clinical Characteristics of Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 705
- 50 Sidira C, Vargiami E, Dragoumi P, Zafeiriou DI. Hemimegalencephaly and tuberous sclerosis complex: A rare yet challenging association. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 30: 58-65
- 51 Ewalt DH, Sheffield E, Sparagana SP, Delgado MR, Roach ES. Renal lesion growth in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Urol 1998; 160 (01) 141-145
- 52 Patel U, Simpson E, Kingswood JC, Saggar-Malik AK. Tuberose sclerosis complex: analysis of growth rates aids differentiation of renal cell carcinoma from atypical or minimal-fat-containing angiomyolipoma. Clin Radiol 2005; 60 (06) 665-673 , discussion 663–664
- 53 Smith HC, Watson GH, Patel RG, Super M. Cardiac rhabdomyomata in tuberous sclerosis: their course and diagnostic value. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64 (02) 196-200
- 54 Wallace G, Smith HC, Watson GH, Rimmer S, D'Souza SW. Tuberous sclerosis presenting with fetal and neonatal cardiac tumours. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65 (4 Spec No): 377-379
- 55 Webb DW, Thomas RD, Osborne JP. Cardiac rhabdomyomas and their association with tuberous sclerosis. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68 (03) 367-370
- 56 DiMario Jr FJ, Diana D, Leopold H, Chameides L. Evolution of cardiac rhabdomyoma in tuberous sclerosis complex. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996; 35 (12) 615-619
