References
- 1
Vader J P, Burnand B, Froehlich F, et al.
The European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE): Project
and methods.
Endoscopy.
1999;
31
572-578
- 2
Vader J P, Froehlich F, Dubois R W, et al.
The European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE): Conclusions
and WWW site.
Endoscopy.
1999;
31
687-694
- 3
Mallery S, Metfessel B, Freeman M, et al.
Outcomes of therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers in the general U.S. medical community.
(Abstract).
Am J Gastroenterol.
1996;
91
1919
- 4
Vreeburg E M, Snel P, de Bruijne J W, et al.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Amsterdam area: incidence, diagnosis,
and clinical outcome.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1997;
92
236-243
- 5
Longstreth G F.
Epidemiology of hospitalization for acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based
study.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1995;
90
206-210
- 6
Johnston S J, Jones P F, Needham C D.
Epidemiology and course of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Northeast Scotland.
Br Med J.
1973;
3
655-660
- 7
Schiller K F, Truelove S C, Williams D G.
Haematemesis and melaena, with special reference to factors influencing the outcome.
Br Med J.
1970;
2
7-14
- 8
Rockall T A, Logan R FA, Devlin H B, et al.
Incidence and mortality of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK. (Abstract).
Gut.
1994;
35
547
- 9
Silverstein F E, Gilbert D A, Tedesco F J, et al.
The national ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. I. Study design and baseline
data.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1981;
27
73-79
- 10
Silverstein F E, Gilbert D A, Tedesco F J, et al.
The national ASGE survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. II. Clinical prognostic
factors.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1981;
27
80-93
- 11
Morgan A G, Clamp S E.
OMGE international upper gastrointestinal bleeding survey, 1978 - 1986.
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl.
1988;
144
51-58
- 12
Morgan A G, Clamp S E.
O.M.G.E. International Upper Gastro-Intestinal Bleeding Survey 1978 - 1982.
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl.
1984;
95
41-58
- 13
Bornman P C, Theodorou N A, Shuttleworth R D, et al.
Importance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent haemorrhage
from peptic ulceration: a prospective evaluation.
Brit Med J Clin Res Ed.
1985;
1985
245-247
- 14
MacLeod I A, Mills P R.
Factors identifying the probability of further haemorrhage after acute upper gastrointestinal
haemorrhage.
Brit J Surg.
1982;
69
256-258
- 15
Bordley D R, Mushlin A I, Dolan J G, et al.
Early clinical signs identify low-risk patients with acute upper gastrointestinal
hemorrhage.
J Am Med Ass.
1985;
253
3282-3285
- 16
Rockall T A, Logan R F, Devlin H B, Northfield T C.
Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Gut.
1996;
38
316-321
- 17
Katon R M, Smith F W.
Panendoscopy in the early diagnosis of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastroenterology.
1973;
65
728-734
- 18
Cotton P B, Rosenberg M T, Waldram R P, Axon A T.
Early endoscopy of oesophagus, stomach, and duodenal bulb in patients with haematemesis
and melaena.
Brit Med J.
1973;
2
505-509
- 19
Forrest J A, Finlayson N D, Shearman D J.
Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding.
Lancet.
1974;
2
394-397
- 20
Rollhauser C, Fleischer D E.
Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding - an update.
Endoscopy.
1997;
29
91-105
- 21
Peterson W L, Barnett C C, Smith H J, et al.
Routine early endoscopy in upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding: a randomized, controlled
trial.
N Engl J Med.
1981;
304
925-929
- 22
Dronfield M W, McIllmurray M B, Ferguson R, et al.
A prospective, randomised study of endoscopy and radiology in acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract
bleeding.
Lancet.
1977;
1
1167-1169
- 23
Sandlow L J, Becker G H, Spellberg M A, et al.
A prospective randomized study of the management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1974;
61
282-289
- 24
Graham D Y.
Limited value of early endoscopy in the management of acute upper gastrointestinal
bleeding. Prospective controlled trial.
Am J Surg.
1980;
140
284-290
- 25
Erickson R A, Glick M E.
Why have controlled trials failed to demonstrate a benefit of esophagogastroduodenoscopy
in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding? A probability model analysis.
Dig Dis Sci.
1986;
31
760-768
- 26
D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J.
The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review.
Hepatology.
1995;
22
332-354
- 27
Gimson A E, Ramage J K, Panos M Z, et al.
Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation versus injection sclerotherapy for bleeding
oesophageal varices.
Lancet.
1993;
342
391-394
- 28
Hashizume M, Ohta M, Ueno K, et al.
Endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices compared with injection sclerotherapy: a
prospective randomized trial.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1993;
39
123-126
- 29
Lo G H, Lai K H, Cheng J S, et al.
Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding
from esophageal varices.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
1101-1104
- 30
Laine L, Cook D.
Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal
bleeding. A meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med.
1995;
123
280-287
- 31
Stiegmann G V, Golf J S, Michaletz O P, et al.
Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal
varices.
N Eng J Med.
1992;
326
1527-1532
- 32
Saeed Z A, Stiegmann G V, Ramirez F C, et al.
Endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to combined ligation and sclerotherapy for
esophageal varices - a multicenter prospective randomized trial.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
71-74
- 33
Westaby D.
Emergency and elective endoscopic therapy for variceal hemorrhage.
Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol.
1992;
3
465-480
- 34
Besson I, Ingrand P, Person B, et al.
Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
333
555-560
- 35
Paquet K J.
Prophylactic endoscopic sclerosing treatment of the esophageal wall in varices - a
prospective controlled randomized trial.
Endoscopy.
1982;
14
4-5
- 36
Witzel L, Wolbergs E, Merki H.
Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices. A prospective controlled
study.
Lancet.
1985;
1
773-775
- 37
Kobe E, Zipprich B, Schentke K U, Nilius R.
Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices - a prospective randomized
trial.
Endoscopy.
1990;
22
245-248
- 38
Teran J C, Imperiale T F, Mullen K D, et al.
Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis - a cost effectiveness analysis.
Gastroenterology.
1997;
112
473-482
- 39
Bernard B, Lebrec D, Mathurin P, et al.
Beta-adrenergic antagonists in the prevention of gastrointestinal rebleeding in patients
with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis.
Hepatology.
1997;
25
63-70
- 40
Storey D W, Bown S G, Swain C P, et al.
Endoscopic prediction of recurrent bleeding in peptic ulcers.
N Engl J Med.
1981;
305
915-916
- 41
Wara P.
Endoscopic prediction of major rebleeding - a prospective study of stigmata of hemorrhage
in bleeding ulcer.
Gastroenterology.
1985;
88
1209-1214
- 42
NIH Consensus Conference.
Therapeutic endoscopy and bleeding ulcers.
J Am Med Ass.
1989;
262
1369-1372
- 43
Cook D J, Guyatt G H, Salena B J, Laine L A.
Endoscopic therapy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.
Gastroenterology.
1992;
102
139-148
- 44
Henry D, Cook D.
Meta-analysis workshop in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (letter).
Gastroenterology.
1991;
100
1481-1482
- 45
Sacks H S, Chalmers T C, Blum A L, et al.
Endoscopic hemostasis. An effective therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers.
J Am Med Ass.
1990;
264
494-499
- 46
Saeed Z A, Winchester C B, Ferro P S, et al.
Prospective randomized comparison of polyvinyl bougies and through-the-scope balloons
for dilation of peptic strictures of the esophagus.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1995;
41
189-195
- 47
Brullet E, Calvet X, Campo R, et al.
Factors predicting failure of endoscopic injection therapy in bleeding duodenal ulcer.
Gastrointest Endosc.
1996;
43
111-116
- 48 Boyce H W Jr.
Dysphagia. In: Boyce HW, Jr. (ed). http://www.asge.org/doc/109 1997
- 49
Levine M S, Rubesin S E.
Radiologic Investigation of Dysphagia.
Am J Roentgenol.
1990;
154
1157-1163
- 50
Marshall J B.
Dysphagia. Pathophysiology, causes, and evaluation.
Postgrad Med.
1985;
77
58-63
- 51
Parkman H P, Maurer A H, Caroline D F, et al.
Optimal Evaluation of Patients with Nonobstructive Esophageal Dysphagia.
Dig Dis Sci.
1996;
41
1355-1368
- 52
Rothstein R D.
A systematic Approach to the Patient with Dysphagia.
Hosp Pract.
1997;
32
169-175
- 53
Wilkins W E, Walker J, McNulty M R, et al.
The organisation and evaluation of an open-access dysphagia clinic.
Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl.
1984;
66
115-116
- 54
Bruckstein A H.
Dysphagia. (Review). (25 refs).
Am Family Phys.
1989;
39
147-156
- 55
Barloon T J, Bergus G R, Lu C C.
Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of dysphagia.
Am Family Phys.
1996;
53
535-546
- 56
Boyce G A.
Endoscopic evaluation of the patient with esophageal carcinoma.
Chest Surg Clin N Amer.
1994;
4
257-268
- 57 Fleischer D E.
Esophageal carcinoma. In: Fleischer DE (ed). http://www.asge.org/doc/119, 1997
- 58
Bochud M, Gonvers J J, Vader J P, et al.
Appropriateness of gastroscopy: Barrett's esophagus.
Endoscopy.
1999;
31
604-610
- 59
Moreira L S, Coelho R C, Sadala R U, Dani R.
The use of ethanol injection under endoscopic control to palliate dysphagia caused
by esophagogastric cancer.
Endoscopy.
1994;
26
311-314
- 60 Sleisenger M H.
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. In: Saunders WB (ed). Gastrointestinal disease. Philadelphia; Saunders WB, 1993
1 The European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE, Lausanne,
Switzerland)
Prof. Jean-Jacques Gonvers
Policlinique Médicale Universitaire
Rue César-Roux 19
CH -1005 Lausanne
Switzerland
Telefon: + 41-21-3452323
eMail: Jean-Jacques.Gonvers@inst.hospvd.ch