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DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-8077
Lipoprotein(a): Epidemiologie und therapeutische Ansätze
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
31. Dezember 2000 (online)

Bereits im Jahre 1963 wurde das Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] von K. Berg beschrieben. Auf molekularer Ebene handelt es sich um ein LDL-ähnliches Partikel, das über eine Disulfidbrücke mit Apolipoprotein(a) [Apo(a)] verbunden ist. Die Plasmakonzentrationen des Lp(a) sind in hohem Maße genetisch determiniert. Der Größenpolymorphismus des Apo(a) korreliert umgekehrt proportional mit dem Lp(a)-Plasmaspiegel [15] . So sind Apo(a)-Allele mit einer niedrigen Anzahl von Kringel-IV-Replikationen mit einem niedrigen Molekulargewicht und einer hohen Lp(a)-Plasmakonzentration vergesellschaftet.
Die Synthese von Lp(a) erfolgt in der Leber. Die Niere scheint ein wichtiges kataboles Organ für Lp(a) zu sein [30]. Lp(a)-Plasmakonzentrationen sind bei nephrotischem Syndrom und terminaler Niereninsuffizienz signifikant erhöht [47]. Kürzlich zeigte eine prospektive Studie mit 440 Hämodialysepatienten, dass der Apo(a)-Phänotyp ein unabhängiger Prädiktor für schwerwiegende kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse innerhalb einer 5-jährigen Periode ist [29].
Auch heute noch ist unser Verständnis in bezug auf die physiologische Rolle und die pathophysiologischen Mechanismen des Lp(a) äußerst lückenhaft. Die umfangreichsten Untersuchungen liegen über die epidemiologischen Aspekte dieses Lipoproteins vor. Erhöhte Lp(a)-Spiegel sind als kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor anerkannt. Aber die Fortschritte, um Wege einer therapeutischen Beeinflussung zu finden, sind bis heute enttäuschend. Lediglich für Nikotinsäure-Derivate und Geschlechtshormone werden relevante Lp(a)-senkende Wirkungen beschrieben. Als therapeutischer Ausweg aus diesem Dilemma bleibt lediglich eine Senkung des LDL-Cholesterins sowie die optimale Kontrolle weiterer beeinflussbarer Risikofaktoren. In besonders schweren Fällen kann die extrakorporale LDL/Lp(a)-Elimination die einzig wirksame Behandlungsform darstellen.
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Korrespondenz
Hans-Peter Thomas
Lipidambulanz/LDL-Apherese
Medizinische
Poliklinik Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum
Mittelallee 11
13353 Berlin
Telefon: 030-450 53340
Fax: 030-450 53905
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