Zentralvenöse Punktion -
nur noch mit Ultraschall?

Zusammenfassung.

Ultraschalltechniken können durch eine bessere Anpassung an den Gefäßverlauf die Punktion zentraler Venen verbessern. Um zu beantworten, ob die Forderung, zentralvenöse Punktionen in jedem Fall mit Ultraschall durchzuführen, berechtigt ist, wurden die bislang publizierten Studien zum Thema „ultraschallunterstützte zentralvenöse Punktion” (UZP) analysiert. Die Datenbank Medline wurde für den Zeitraum 1972 bis Mai 2000 mit den Schlüsselwörtern „Katheterisierung, Katheter, zentralvenöse Katheter, Vena jugularis interna, Vena subclavia, Vena axillaris, Vena femoralis, Ultraschall, Ultrasonografie, Site-Rite und Smart Needle” durchsucht. Für die V. jugularis interna fanden sich 29 prospektiv-randomisierte Studien, ergänzt durch 21 prospektive und drei retrospektive Studien sowie einige klinische Erfahrungsberichte, die Vorteile für die UZP feststellten. Für die V. subclavia stehen 4 befürwortenden prospektiven Studien zwei Studien gegenüber, die mit UZP keine besseren Ergebnisse erzielten. Bild gebende Verfahren stellen aufgrund der Visualisation der Gefäße und des Punktionsvorgangs den „Gold-Standard” dar. Mit Doppler-Geräten lassen sich jedoch ähnlich gute Resultate erzielen. Die Forderung, zentralvenöse Punktionen immer mit Unterstützung durch Bild gebende Ultraschallgeräte durchzuführen, erscheint unnötig und nicht realisierbar. Jeder Anästhesist und Intensivmediziner sollte zentralvenöse Punktionen auch ohne Ultraschallgerät durchführen können. Dem Beharren auf der „blinden” Punktionstechnik im Falle des Nichterfolgs sind jedoch für die Vena jugularis interna deutliche Grenzen gesetzt: Insbesondere Kinder, Patienten mit Gerinnungsstörungen und anatomischen Abweichungen sowie unerfahrene Ärzte profitieren von der UZP.

Central Venous Cannulation - Always with Ultrasound Support?

Ultrasound guided puncture (UGP) improves success and complication rates of central venous cannulation. By some authors UGP with imaging devices are strongly recommended for all cannulations of subclavian or internal jugular veins. In order to review the current literature a computer based abstract search in Medline was performed for the period from January 1972 to May 2000 limited by the key words “catheterization, central venous catheter, internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, axillary vein, femoral vein, ultrasound, ultrasonography, Site-Rite und Smart Needle”. UGP of the internal jugular vein was recommended in 29 prospective randomized studies, 21 prospective and three retrospective studies as well as in several clinical reports. UGP of the subclavian vein was supported by only 4 studies, whereas two studies did not show any improvement of puncture results with UGP. Due to the visualisation of the vessel and the cannula imaging techniques represent the “gold standard”. However, with conventional Doppler devices nearly the same success rates can be obtained. It does not seem to be justified to perform every central venous cannulation with Doppler or ultrasound support. Each anaesthetist and intensive care physician should be able to perform central venous cannulation without a Doppler or ultrasound device. However, in cases of abnormal anatomy UGP can be helpful to prevent complications. Especially children, patients with coagulation disorders and physicians with limited experience in central venous cannulation can benefit from UGP.

Schlüsselwörter:

Zentralvenenkatheter - Ultraschall - Vena jugularis interna - Vena subclavia/axillaris - Vena femoralis

Key words:

Central venous catheter - Ultrasound - Internal jugular vein - Subclavian/Axillary vein - Femoral vein

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