Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-37337
Alkyl Phosphines as Reagents and Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Publication History
Publication Date:
19 February 2003 (online)
Abstract
A literature review of the major stoichiometric uses of tertiary phosphines, with particular emphasis on the relative abilities of trialkylphosphines and triarylphosphines in Wittig, Staudinger, or Mitsunobu reactions, is presented. Pronounced differences in reaction rates and selectivity, product yields and ease of by-product removal are often observed when trialkylphosphines are compared with triarylphosphines as promoters in these types of reactions. Also presented here is a compilation of some useful physical properties for selected trialkylphosphines, their usual methods of preparation and typical uses in organic synthesis.
-
1 Introduction
-
2 Wittig Reaction
-
2.1 Staudinger Reaction
-
3 Hydroxyl Replacement Reaction
-
3.1 Mitsunobu Reaction
-
3.2 Tertiary Phosphines with Organosulfur and Organoselenium Compounds
-
3.3 Nitro Compounds and Nitriles
-
3.4 Reactions with Organic Halides
-
4 Reactions Catalyzed by Trialkylphosphines
-
5 Michael Reaction
-
6 Conclusions
Key words
phosphorus - Mitsunobu - Wittig Reactions - nucleophiles - cleavage
- 1
Organophosphorus
Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Cadogan JIG. Academic Press; New York: 1979. -
2a
Bohlmann R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Vol. 6:Trost BM.Fleming I. Pergamon; London: 1991. Chap. 1.7. p.203 -
2b
Sustmann R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Vol. 6:Trost BM.Fleming I. Pergamon; London: 1991. Chap. 2.1. p.301 - 3
Organic
Phosphorus Compounds
Kosalopoff GM.Maier L. Wiley; New York: 1973. Chap. 1: - 4
Ebner G. In Houben-Weyl Band E1, Organishche Phosphorverbindungen IRegitz M. Georg Thieme Velag; Stuttgart: 1982. p.106-183 - 5
Organic
Phosphorus Compounds
Kosalopoff GM.Maier L. Wiley; New York: 1973. Chap. 6. - 6
Bohlmann R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Vol. 6:Trost BM.Fleming I. Pergamon; London: 1991. Chap. 7. - 7
Bohlmann R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Vol. 6:Trost BM.Fleming I. Pergamon; London: 1991. Chap. 4. - 8
Bohlmann R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis Vol. 6:Trost BM.Fleming I. Pergamon; London: 1991. Chap. 5A. - 9
Johnson AW. Ylides and Imines of Phosphorus Wiley; New York: 1993. - 10 Tributylphosphine has been used
more often but triethylphosphine may offer advantages in some cases,
e.g.:
Urpi F.Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 38: 4623 - 12
Rickelton WA. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Vol. 18:Kroschwitz J. Wiley Interscience; New York: 4th Ed., 1996. p.656-667 - 13
Burger LL.Wagner RM. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1958, 3: 310 - Processes to obtain P(C4H9)3 from O=P(C4H9)3:
-
14a
Vullo WJ. inventors; U.S. Patent Hooker Chemical Co. 3,475,469. Treatment with Cl2-CO: -
14b
Köchling J, andGardner JN. inventors; DE F. Hoffmann-La Roche PS 2347153. Treatment with [P(OC6H5)3] at 300-400 °C: -
14c Treatment with TiCl4-LiH (1:4) at 100 °C:
Dzhemiler UM. Isv. Akad. Nauk., Ser. Khim. 1980, 734 -
14d With LiAlH4:
Hein F.Issler K.Rabold H. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 1956, 287: 208 -
16a
Starks CM.Lio H. Phase Transfer Catalysis Academic Press Inc.; New York: 1978. -
16b
Starks CM. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93: 195 -
18a
McAuliffe CA. In Comphrehensive Coordination Chemistry Vol. 6:Wilkinson G.Gillard RD.McCleverty JA. Pergamon; New York: 1987. Chap. 2. 116: p.989-1066 -
18b
Dictionary of
Organophosphorus Compounds
Edmundson R. S., Chapman
and Hall Ed.;
New York:
1988.
- 19
Tolman CA. Chem. Rev. 1977, 77: 313 -
20a
McAuliffe CA. In Comphrehensive Coordination Chemistry Vol. 6:Wilkinson G.Gillard RD.McCleverty JA. Pergamon; New York: 1987. p.1015-1029 -
20b Thermodynamic method based
on isoequilibrium behavior to determine stereoelectronic parameters
of phosphines:
Streuli CA.Henderson WA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82: 5791 -
20c
Streuli CA. Anal. Chem. 1960, 32: 985 -
20d Determination of stereoelectronic
parameters of phosphines:
Fernandez AI.Lee TY.Reyes C.Prock A.Giering WP.Haar CM.Noland SP. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 2631 -
20e See also:
Basato M. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1986, 217 - 21 Except as noted, physical and
chemical property data are from:
Maier L. In Organic Phosphorus Compounds Vol. 1:Kosolapoff G.Maier L. John Wiley and Sons Inc.; New York: 1972. p.1-287 ; or from the Strem Chemical Co. Catalog - 22
Hey L.Lingold CK. J. Chem. Soc. 1933, 531 - 23
Screttas C.Isbell AF. J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27: 2573 - 24
Crafts JM.Silva R. J. Chem. Soc. 1871, 24: 629 - 25
Davies WC.Pearse PL.Jones WJ. J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 3770 - 26
Davies WC. J. Chem. Soc. 1933, 1043 - 27
Buckler SA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84: 3093 - 28
Kaufmann GB.Teter LA. Inorg. Synth. 1963, 7: 9 - 29
Davies WC.Jones WJ. J. Chem. Soc. 1929, 33 - 31 Review:
Maercker A. Org. React. 1965, 14: 270 -
32a
Van Arnum SD. In Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Wiley-Interscience; New York: 1999. 4th Ed.. p.2108 -
32b
Mercier C.Chabardes P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1994, 66: 1509 -
32c
Pommer H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1977, 16: 423 -
33a
Pommer H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1960, 72: 811 -
33b
Pommer H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1960, 72: 911 -
33c
Freyschlag H.Grassner H.Nurrenbach A.Pommer H.Reif W.Sarnecki W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1965, 4: 287 - Several methods for reduction of Ph3P=O to Ph3P have been disclosed in the patent literature:
-
34a
Hermeling D,Bassler P,Hammes P,Hugo R,Lechtken P, andHardo S. inventors; EP BASF 638580. Reaction with phosgene to give Cl2PPh3, followed by hydrogenation to give Ph3PHCl: -
34b
Hagemeyer A,Rieker C. W,Lautensack T, andHermeling D. inventors; EP BASF 716061. Treatment of Ph3P=O with mixtures of metal (e.g., Bi and Ta) pretreated with H2, CO, etc.: -
34c
Köchling J, andGardner JDEF. inventors; Hoffmann-La Roche PS 2347153. From reaction of Ph3P=O with (PhO)3P at high temperatures to give Ph3P and (PhO)3P=O: -
34d
Townsend JW, andValentine D. inventors; U.S. Patent F. Hoffmann-LaRoche 4,008,082. From Pd/C catalyzed reaction of Ph3P=O with SiCl4 /H2 /S: - 35
Speziale AJ.Bissing DE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85: 3878 - Reviews:
-
36a
Cadogan JIG. Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic SynthesisCadogan JIG. Academic Press; New York: 1979. p.1-14 -
36b
Gosney I.Rowley AG. Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic SynthesisCadogan JIG. Academic Press; New York: 1979. p.17-142 - 37
Johnson AW.LaCount RB. Tetrahedron 1960, 9: 130 - 38
Wittig G.Rieber M. Annalen 1949, 562: 177 - 39
Christmann M.Bhatt U.Quitschalle M.Claus E.Kalesse M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39: 4364 - 40
Mulzer J.Mantoulidis A.Öhler E. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65: 7456 - 41
Liu Z.-y.Yu C.-z.Wang R.-F.Li G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 5261 -
42a Caliculyns:
Zhao Z.Scarlato GR.Armstrong RW. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32: 1609 -
42b
Evans DA.Gage JR.Leighton JL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114: 9434-9453 -
42c See also:
Evans DA.Gage JR.Leighton JL. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57: 1964 -
42d Ulapualides:
Celatka CA.Liu P.Panek JS. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38: 5449 -
42e Phorboxazoles:
Paterson I.Arnott EA. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 7185 - 43 Good selectivities for Z-isomers have been reported using phosphonates
(Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction):
Ando K.Yuki G. Kagaku Kyokai 2000, 58: 869 ; Chem. Abstr. 2000, 133, 207396 - 44
Mapp AK.Heathcock CH. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 23 -
45a
Garner P.Ramakanth S. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52: 2629 -
45b
Trippett S.Walker DM. J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 1266 - 46
Petroski RJ. Synth. Commun. 1997, 27: 3279 - 47
McCombie S.Luchaco CA. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38: 5775 -
48a
Ganguly S.Roundhill DM. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 639 -
48b
Xhang C.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60: 2906 - 49
Cameron AF.Duncanson FD.Freer AA.Armstrong DW.Ramage R. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1975, 1030 -
50a
Morita K.Suzuki Z.Hirose H. Bull. Chem Soc. Jpn. 1968, 41: 2815 -
50b
Drewes SE.Roos GHP. Tetrahedron 1988, 44: 4653 - 51
Oda R.Kawabata T.Yanimoto S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1964, 5: 1653 - 52
Meyers AI.Lawson JP.Carver DR. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46: 3119 -
53a
Sato M.Gonella NC.Cava MP. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44: 930 -
53b
Hartzler HD. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93: 4961 -
53c
Aitken RA.Ferguson G.Raut SV. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 812 -
53d
Aitken RA.Raut SV.Ferguson G. Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 8023 -
53e
Aitken RA.Lightfoot P.Wilson NJ. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 35 -
53f
Chen X.-D.Lu Y.-X.Cao R.-Z.Xue M.Liu L.-Z. Phosphorous, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 1999, 152: 185 -
54a
Aitken RA.Carcas K.Hill L.Massil T.Raut SV. Tetrahedron 1997, 53: 2261 -
54b
Aitken RA.Hill L.Lightfoot P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38: 7927 -
54c
Aitken RA.Hill L.Massil T.Hursthouse MB.Malik KMA. Tetrahedron 1997, 53: 10441 -
54d
Aitken RA.Hill L.Lightfoot P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 1061 -
55a
Rickborn B.Gerkin M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90: 4193 -
55b
Rickborn B.Gerkin M. J. Am Chem. Soc. 1971, 93: 1693 - 56
Buddrus J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1968, 7: 536 - 57
Shen Y.Xin Y.Zhao J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29: 6119 - 58
Shen Y.Yang B.Yuan G. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989, 144 -
59a
Huang YZ.Shen Y.Chen C. Synth. Commun. 1989, 19: 83 -
59b
Huang Y.Shen Y.Chen C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 2903 - 60
Tsunoda T.Takagi H.Takaba D.Kaku H.Ito S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41: 235 - 61 Review:
Gololobov YG.Kasukhin LF. Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 1353 - 62
Velasco MD.Molina P.Fresneda PM.Sanz MA. Tetrahedron 2000, 56: 4079 ; and references therein - 63
Schmidbauer H.Jonas G. Chem. Ber. 1967, 100: 1120 - 64
Wiberg N.Schwenk G.Schmid KH. Chem. Ber. 1972, 105: 1209 - 65
Horner L.Gross A. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1955, 591: 117 - 66
Shaw RA.Fitzsimmons BW.Smith BD. Chem. Rev. 1962, 62: 247 - 67
Wabel E.Mucklejohn SA. Phosphorus Sulfur 1981, 9: 235 - 68
Cledera P.Avendaño C.Menéndez JC. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65: 1743 - 69
Fresneda PM.Molina P.Delgado S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 7275 - 70
Rohloff JC.Kent KM.Postich MJ.Becker MW.Chapman HH.Kelly DE.Lew W.Louie MS.McGee LR.Prisbe EJ.Schultze LM.Yu RH.Zhang L. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63: 4545 - Roche has published an improved route to the epoxide 21; and an improved synthesis apparently intended for industrial use that does not involve phosphine reagents:
-
71a Improved route:
Federspiel M.Fischer R.Hennig M.Mair H.-J.Oberhauser T.Rimmler G.Albiez T.Bruhin J.Estermann H.Gandert C.Göckel V.Götzö S.Hoffmann U.Huber G.Janatsch G.Lauper S.Röckel-Stäbler O.Trussardi R.Zwahlen AG. Org. Process Res. Dev. 1999, 3: 266 -
71b Improved synthesis:
Karpf M.Trussardi R. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 2044 -
72a
Eguchi S.Takeuchi H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1989, 602 -
72b
Molina P.Arques A.Vinader MV. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55: 4724 -
72c
Murahashi S.-I.Tanigawa Y.Imada Y.Taniguchi Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27: 227 ; and references therein -
73a
Afonso CAM. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36: 8857 -
73b
Afonzo CAM. Synth. Commun. 1998, 28: 261 ; and references therein - 74
Afonso CAM.Barros MT.Maycock CM. Tetrahedron 1999, 55: 801 - 75
Ariza X.Urpí F.Viladomat C.Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 9101 - 76
Ariza X.Urpí F.Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 7515 - 77
Kato H.Ohmori K.Suzuki K. Synlett 2001, 1003 - 78
Garcia J.Urpi F.Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 4841 - 79
Zaloom J.Calandra M.Roberts DC. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50: 2601 - 80
Bosch I.Urpí F.Vilarrasa J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 91 - 81
Strässler C.Heimgartner H. Helv. Chim. Acta 1997, 80: 2058 - 82
Harrison CR.Dodge P.Hunt BJ.Khoshdel E.Richardson G. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48: 3721 - 83
Sikora D.Gajda T. Tetrahedron 2000, 56: 3755 - 84
Anderson NG.Ramsden PD.Che D.Parvez M.Keay BA. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 7478 - 85 Review:
Wild SB. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1997, 166: 291 - 86 Review:
Shah S.Protasiewicz JD. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 210: 181 - 87
Le Floch P.Marinetti A.Ricard L.Mathey F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112: 2407 - 88
de Vaumas R.Marinetti A.Ricard L.Mathey J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114: 261 - 89
Nair V.Nair JS.Vinod AU. Synthesis 2000, 1713 - 90 Table adapted from:
Castro BR. Org. React. 1983, 29: 1 - Reviews:
-
91a
Mitsunobu O. Synthesis 1981, 1 -
91b
Hughes DL. Org. React. 1992, 42: 335 - 92 Review of applications of Mitsunobu
reactions in peptide chemistry:
Wisniewski K.Koldziejczyk AS.Falkiewicz B. J. Pept. Sci. 1998, 1 - 93 Review of applications of Mitsunobu
chemistry to natural products synthesis:
Itô S.Tsunoda T. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71: 1053 - 94 Review of earlier applications
of [P(C4H9]3 in
Mitsunobu chemistry:
Diver ST. In Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis Vol. 7:Pacquette LA. Wiley & Sons; Chichester: 1995. p.5014 - 95
O’Neil IA.Thompson S.Murray CL.Kalindjian SB. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 7787 - 96 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) supported
triarylphosphine conjugate for use in both Staudinger and Mitsunobu reactions:
Wentworth P.Vandersteen AM.Janda KD. Chem. Commun. 1997, 759 - 97 Water-soluble triarylphosphines
used in Mitsunobu reactions:
Kovacs L.Timer Z.Penke B. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999, 18: 727 -
98a
Anderson NG.Lust DA.Colapret KA.Simpson JH.Malley MF.Gougoutas JZ. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61: 7955 -
98b
Etter MC.Baures PW. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110: 639 - Fluka’s Chemika News Oct. 2001 lists DEAD as ‘temporarily not available because of a reclassification of DEAD explosion risks’. A polymer bound analogue of DEAD has been described (see a) and a discussion of the risks involved in handling azo-dicarboxylates is available (see b):
-
99a
Arnold LD.Assil HI.Vederas JC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111: 3973 -
99b
Arnold LD.Assil HI.Vederas JC. Org. Synth. 1995, 73: 278 - 100
Tsunoda T.Uemoto K.Ohtani T.Kaku H.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 7359 - 101
Tsunoda T.Yamamiya Y.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34: 1639 - 102
Tsunoda T.Otsuka J.Yamamiya Y.Itô S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 35: 539 - 103
Tsunoda T.Kawamura Y.Uemoto K.Ito S. Heterocycles 1998, 47: 177 - 104
Tsunoda T.Ozaki F.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35: 5081 - 105
Tsunoda T.Nagaku M.Nagino C.Kawamura Y.Ozaki F.Hioki H.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 2531 - 106
Tsunoda T.Nagino C.Oguri M.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 2459 - 107 Use in Mitsunobu chemistry of both
PPh3 and P(C4H9)3 with the
cyclic axadicarboxamide derivative 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione
(‘MTAD’) has also been described:
Oshikawa T.Yamashita M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1984, 57: 2675 ; cf. Ref. 51,52 - 108
Lai J.-Y.Yu J.Hawkins RD.Falck JR. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36: 5691 - 109
Tsunoda T.Yamamiya Y.Kawamura Y.Ito S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36: 2529 - 110
Tsunoda T.Uemoto K.Nagino C.Kawamura M.Kaku H.Itô S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 7355 - 111
Kosower EM.Kanaety-Londner H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 98: 3001 - 112
Bose AK.Manhas MS.Sahu DP.Hegde VR. Can. J. Chem. 1984, 62: 2498 - 113
Falck JR.Lai J.-Y.Cho S.-D.Yu J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 2903 - 114
Walker KAM. Tetrahedron Lett. 1977, 4475 -
115a
Saylik D.Horvath MJ.Elmes PS.Jackson WR.Lovel CG.Moody K. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 3940 -
115b
Horvath MJ.Saylik D.Elmes PS.Jackson WR.Lovel GC.Moody K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 363 - 116
Weissman SA.Rossen K.Reider PJ. Org. Lett. 2001, 3: 2513 - 117
Ahgren L.Sutin L. Org. Process Res. Dev. 1997, 1: 425 - 118
Robinson PL.Barry CN.Bass SW.Jarvis SE.Evans SA. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48: 5396 - 119 Substance (S)-51b is an intermediate in synthesis of substance
P inhibitor/NK1 antagonist under development
by Merck:
Hale JJ.Mills SG.MacCoss M.Finke PE.Cascieri MA.Sadowski S.Ber E.Chicchi GG.Kurtz M.Metzger J.Eiermann G.Tsou NN.Tattersall FD.Rupniak NM.Williams AR.Rycroft W.Hargreaves R.MacIntyre EE. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41: 4607 - 120
Bell IA.Beshore DC.Gallicchio SN.Williams TM. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41: 1141 - 121
Weissman SA.Lewis S.Askin D.Volante RP.Reider PJ. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 7359 - 122
Walker MA. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 45: 8133 - 123
Mukaiyama T.Matsueda R.Suzuki T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 1901 -
124a
Nakagawa I.Hata T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 16: 1409 -
124b
Hata T.Sekine M. Chem. Lett. 1974, 15: 837 - 125
Gueyard D.Tatibouët A.Gareau Y.Rollin P. Org. Lett. 1999, 1: 521 - 126
Scott JW. Proceedings of Chiral USA 2000 Conference May 15-16 Boston; M.A.: 2000. - 127
Barton DHR.Guziec FS.Shahak I. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1974, 1794 - 128
Shirada T.Yoshida Y.Ohfune Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 6027 - 129
Sakakibara M.Katsumata K.Watanabe Y.Toru T.Ueno Y. Synthesis 1992, 377 ; and references therein -
130a
Grieco PA.Gilman S.Nishizawa M. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41: 1485 -
130b
Sevrin M.Krief A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1980, 656 -
130c
Grieco PA.Jaw JY.Claremon DA.Nicolaou KC. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46: 1215 - 131
Shibata K.Mitsunobu O. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 65: 3163 - 132
Shibata K.Yamaga H.Mitsunobu O. Heterocycles 1999, 50: 947 - 133
Urpí F.Vilarrasa J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31: 7497 - 134
Barton DHR.Motherwell WB.Zard SZ. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 3707 - 135 Review:
Appel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1975, 14: 801 - 136
Appel R.Blaser B.Kleinstück R.Ziehn K.-D. Chem. Ber. 1971, 104: 1847 - 137
Appel R.Volz P. Chem. Ber. 1975, 108: 623 - 138
Appel R.Blaser B.Siegemund G. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 1968, 363: 176 - 139
Oshikawa T.Yamashita M. Bull. Chem. Soc Jpn. 1984, 57: 2675 - 140
Sevrin M.Krief A. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1980, 656 - 141
Bartsch R.Stelzer O.Schmutzler R. Z. Naturforsch., B: Chem. Sci. 1981, 36: 1349 - 142
Bartsch R.Stelzer O.Scmutzler R. Synthesis 1982, 326 -
143a
Hans JJ.Driver RW.Burke SD. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 1430 -
143b
Hans JJ.Driver RW.Burke SD. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65: 2114 -
144a
Letsinger RL.Groody EP.Tanaka T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104: 6805 -
144b
Letsinger RL.Groody EP.Lander N.Tanaka T. Tetrahedron 1984, 40: 137 - 145
Ishiwata A.Kotra LP.Miyashita K.Nagase T.Mobashery S. Org. Lett. 2000, 2: 2889 - 146
Wróblewski AE.Verkade JG. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67: 420 - 147
Palomo C.Oiarbide M.Lopez-Bengoa E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2091 -
148a
Vedejs E.Diver ST. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115: 3358 -
148b
Vedejs E.Bennett NS.Conn LM.Diver ST.Gingras M.Lin S.Oliver PA.Peterson MJ. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58: 7286 -
148c
Procopiou PA.Baugh SPD.Flack SS.Inglis GGA. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63: 2342 -
148d
Kawasaki H.Kihara N.Takata T. Chem. Lett. 1999, 1015 -
149a
Barton DHR.Taran F. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39: 4777 -
149b
Barton DHR.Doris E.Taran F. J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1998, 4: 871 - 150
Schneider C.Brauner J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 3043 - 151
Jenner G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 3091 - 152
Yamada YMA.Ikegami S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41: 2165 - 153
Ilankumaran P.Verkade JG. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 9063 - 154
Vedejs E.MacKay JA. Org. Lett. 2001, 3: 535 ; and references therein - 155
D’Sa BA.Kisanga P.Verkade JG. Synlett 2001, 670 ; and references therein - 156
Tang JS.Verkade JG. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32: 896 - 157
D’Sa BA.Verkade JG. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 12832 -
158a
Bergman ED.Ginsburg D.Pappo R. Org. React. 1959, 10: 179 -
158b
Little RD.Masjedizadeh MR.Wallquist O.McLoughlin JI. Organic Reactions Wiley; New York: 1995. 47: p.Chap. 2 -
158c
Perlmutter P. Conjugate Addition Reactions in Organic Synthesis Pergamon Press; Oxford: 1992. p.Chap. 2: 116 - 159
White DA.Baizer MM. Tetrahedron Lett. 1973, 3597 - 160
Gómez-Bengoa E.Cuerva JM.Mateo C.Echavarren AM. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 8553 - 161 Review:
Krause N.Hoffmann-Röder A. Synthesis 2001, 171 - 162
Dinon F.Richards E.Murphy P.Hibbs DE.Hursthouse MB.Abdul Malik KM. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 3279 - 163
Trost BM.Li C.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116: 3167 - 164
Trost BM.Dake GR. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62: 5670 - 165
Trost BM.Dake GR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119: 7595-7596 - 166
Zhang C.Lu X. Synlett 1995, 645 - 167
Alvarez-Ibarra C.Czákӱ AG.Gómez de Oliva C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 8465 - 168
Lu X.Zhang C.Xu Z. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34: 535 - 169
Trost BM.Kazmaier U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114: 7933 - 170
Guo C.Lu X. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 1921 - 171
Trost BM.Li C.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116: 10819 - 172
Zhang C.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60: 2906 - 173
Xu Z.Lu X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38: 3461 - 174
Xu Z.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63: 5031
References
Uses of trialkylphosphines and related reagents as ligands in catalysts for organic synthesis are discussed in Part II, manuscript in preparation.
15Trade name CYPHOS®3653, [i.e. trihexyl(tetradecyl)phos-phonium chloride], Cytec Industries Inc.
17McNulty, J. Capretta, A.; Wilson, J.; Dyck, J.; Adjabeng, G.; Robertson, A. Chem. Commun. 2002, submitted for publication.
30HP(cyclo-C6H11)2 but not P(cyclo-C6H11)3 can be made by free-radical addition of PH3 to cyclohexene.