Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-813230
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Gibt es Belege für den Impact qualitätssichernder/-fördernder Verfahren in anderen Ländern?
Is There Any Evidence for the Impact of Quality Assurance or Quality Improvement Methods in Foreign Countries?Publication History
Publication Date:
18 June 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Die in Zielsetzungen für die Gesundheitsversorgung festgelegte Qualität gilt es zu sichern und gegebenenfalls fortlaufend zu verbessern. Qualitätseinbußen werden nicht zuletzt infolge pauschalierender Vergütung befürchtet. Länderübergreifend werden Problemlösungen von verschiedenen Konzepten der Qualitätssicherung und -förderung erwartet. Die Frage nach deren Eignung ist offen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht dazu Bewertungen, Belege und in der Literatur dargelegte Studien aus Ländern, die bereits über mehrjährige Erfahrung mit einem DRG-System verfügen. Methodik: Recherche in der Cochrane-Datenbank sowie in den Datenbanken des International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (DARE, NHSEED und HTA), in DIMDI und der Medline-Datenbank des NIH. Recherchiert wurde außerdem im Länderbezug generell im Internet. Ergebnisse: Instrumente der Qualitätssicherung und -förderung wie z. B. Akkreditierung, Einsatz von EbM, Leitlinien und Indikatorensets sind in den meisten der 18 untersuchten Ländern etabliert, nationalspezifisch geprägt sind insbesondere Verfahren wie Register oder Audits. Bei vergleichbaren Problemen besteht weitreichender internationaler Konsens zu den in der Qualitätsförderung zu adressierenden Aspekten. Insgesamt ergibt sich nur limitierte Evidenz für Effektivität und generelle Anwendbarkeit der verschiedenen Qualitätsverbesserungsansätze. Insbesondere sind positive Auswirkungen auf das Outcome nicht belegt. Auch im Hinblick auf den Kostenimpact fehlt eine systematische Evaluation, entsprechende Evidenzberichte sind eher anekdotischer Art. Reflexion und Qualitätsförderungsprozesse im lokalen Bezug werden vielfach günstig beurteilt, ohne dass ein Impact auf das Gesamtsystem belegt ist. Schlussfolgerungen: Keines der bisher verbreiteten Modelle erweist sich bislang als generell überlegen. Es fehlt letztlich das Wissen, welche Ansätze für welche angestrebte Verbesserung und in welchem Kontext angemessen sind. Qualitätsförderung erfährt als Strategie breite Zustimmung und erscheint gesundheitspolitisch korrekt. Ob sie tatsächlich eine bessere, effizientere und auf das Behandlungsergebnis und den Patienten zentrierte Versorgung fördert, bleibt durch die Versorgungsforschung weiter zu klären. Neue Modelle (wie beispielsweise die Integration verschiedener Ansätze oder DMP-Systeme) bedürfen systematischer und systemischer Evaluation bereits vor dem verbreiteten Einsatz. Als Bindeglied ist die Sozialmedizin gefordert, zwischen den gesellschaftlich konsentierten Zielen der Gesundheitsversorgung und der Medizin operational zu vermitteln.
Abstract
Aims: Internationally, the implementation of diagnosis-related group systems has underlined the importance of quality assurance and improvement in health care systems. Support is expected by various concepts based on different theories and traditions. Published experience and knowledge of other countries with long-standing DRG systems and data in literature are studied to see whether there is an evidence-based impact of quality assurance and quality improvement on health care systems. Methods: Relevant data was searched for in the Cochrane-database, the INAHTA-databases DARE, NHSEED and HTA, in DIMDI and the Medline-database of the NIH as well as generally in the internet, addressing the different countries. Results: Several tools of quality assurance and quality improvement like accreditation, evidence-based medicine and guidelines exist in most of the 18 countries studied. Some of them, such as registries and audits, have marked national characteristics. Similar problems in provision of health care are reported internationally. There is broad consensus as to the aspects to be addressed in quality improvement concepts. Though international consensus on effective organization and methods of external assessment is growing there is only limited evidence for efficiency and general applicability of the different tools. Their cost impact, too, has not undergone systematic evaluation. Procedures like feedback strategies and reflection have been identified as having the potenzial to change the practice of health care professionals on a local level, but evidence for system-related impact is missing. Above all, for all concepts of quality improvement there is no real evidence of clinical benefit in the sense of better patient outcomes. Conclusions: None of the various tools for quality improvement in health care proves superior so far. It remains unclear which tool suits best for which intended improvement and in which context. Although quality improvement as a strategy meets with wide approval and appears to be a correct health policy, it remains doubtful whether it really improves clinical outcome and patient-centred health care. Public health research should address these questions. New concepts (e. g. integrating different tools of quality assurance and improvement or DMP systems) need evaluation prior to their broad implementation. Social medicine is called upon to mediate between the consented health care aims of society and medicine.
Schlüsselwörter
Qualitätssicherung - Qualitätsförderung - Impact - Evidenz - Outcome
Key words
Quality assurance - quality improvement - impact - evidence - outcome
Literatur
- 1 Øvretveit J. Learning from quality improvement in Europe and beyond. Jour Joint Comm Accredit Healthcare Organis. 1997; 23 7-22
- 2 Arnold M. Gesundheitssystemforschung: Inhalt und Ziele eines Faches am Schnittpunkt von Ökonomie, Medizin, Politik und Ethik. Gesundheitswesen. 2003; 65 425-431
- 3 Grol R. Between evidence-based practice and total quality management: the implementation of cost-effective care. Int Jour Health Care Qual. 2000; 12 297-304
- 4 Lüngen M, Lauterbach K W. Nutzung von Diagnosis-related groups (DRG) im internationalen Vergleich. Der Chirurg. 2002; 71 (10) 1288-1295
- 5 Oberender P, Daumann F. Qualitätssicherung in der medizinischen Versorgung. Gesundheitswesen. 1996; 58 447-453
- 6 Schrappe M. Validierung von Indikatoren und Indikatorensystemen. Vorlesung Qualitätsmanagement am Klinikum der Phillips-Universität Marburg 10.1.2003. http://www.schrappe.com/ms/qm_vorl/indval.pdf (Stand 10/2003).
- 7 Ciccone G, Bertero D, Bruno A. et al . Quality of data or quality of care? Comparison of diverse standardization methods by clinical severity, based on the discharge form, in the analysis of hospital mortality. Epidemiol Prev. 1999; 23 286-293
- 8 Sprague L. Contracting for quality: Medicare’s quality improvement organizations. NHPF Issue Brief. 2002; 774 1-15
- 9 Thomas L, Cullum N, McColl E. et al . Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. 2003; 3
- 10 Grimshaw J, Russel I. Effects of guidelines on medical practice. A systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet. 1993; 342 1317-1322
- 11 Van der Weijden T, Grol R, Knottnerus J. Feasibility of a national cholesterol guideline in daily practice. A randomized controlled trial in 20 general practices. Int Jour Qual Health Care. 1999; 11 131-137
- 12 Lichtman J H, Roumanis S A, Radford M J. et al . Can practice guidelines be transported effectively to different settings? Results from a multicenter interventional study. Joint Comm Jour Qual Improvem. 2001; 42-53
- 13 Shaneyfelt T, Mayo-Smith M, Rothwangel J. Are guidelines following guidelines? The methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines in the peer reviewed medical literature. Jour Am Med Assoc. 1999; 281 1900-1905
- 14 Klazinga N, Lombarts K, van Everdingen J. Quality management in medical specialties: the use of channels and dikes in improving health care in The Netherlands. Jt Comm Jour Qual Improv. 1998; 24 240-250
- 15 Thomson O ’Brien MA, Oxman A D. et al . Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. 2003; 3
- 16 Weiss K B, Wagner R. Performance measurement through audit, feedback, and profiling as tools for improving clinical care. Chest. 2000; 118 53S-58
- 17 Thomson O ’Brien MA, Oxman A D, Davis D A. et al . Audit and feedback versus alternative strategies: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. 2003; 3
- 18 O’Connell D, Henry D, Tombins R. Randomized controlled trial of effect of feedback on general practitioners’ prescribing in Australia. BMJ. 1999; 318 507-511
- 19 Winkens R A, Pop P, Grol R P. et al . Effects of routine individual feedback over nine years on general practitioners’ requests for tests. BMJ. 1996; 312 490
- 20 Irwin P, Rutledge Z, Rudd A G. The feasibility of a national audit of stroke. Br Jour Clin Govern. 2001; 6 27-33
- 21 Hearnshaw H, Harker R, Cheater F. et al . A study of the methods used to select review criteria for clinical audit. Health Technol Assess. 2002; 6. http://www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk/fullmono/mon601.pdf (Stand 10/2003)
- 22 Lombarts M J, Klazinga N S. A policy analysis of the introduction and dissemination of external peer review (visitatie) as a means of professional self-regulation amongst medical specialists in the Netherlands in the period 1985 - 2000. Health Policy. 2001; 58 191-213
- 23 Shortell S M, Levin D Z, O’Brien J L. et al . Assessing the evidence on CQI: is the glass half empty or half full?. Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1995; 40 4-24
- 24 Casparie A F, Sluijs E M, Wagner C. et al . Quality systems in Dutch health care institutions. Health Policy. 1997; 42 255-267
- 25 Kerr D, Bevan H, Gowland B. et al . Redesigning cancer care. BMJ. 2002; 324 164-166
- 26 Shortell S M, Bennett C L, Byck G R. Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement on clinical practice: what it will take to accelerate progress. Milbank Quart. 1998; 76 593-624
- 27 Blumenthal D, Kilo C. A report card on continuous quality improvement. Milbank Quart. 1998; 76 625-648
- 28 Glück D, Selbmann H K. Genuin-medizinische Zertifizierungsverfahren in ausländischen Krankenhäusern. ZaeFQ. 2000; 94 659-664
- 29 Dean B eaulieu N, Epstein A M. National committee on quality assurance health-plan accreditation: predictors, correlates of performance, and market impact. Med Care. 2002; 40 325-337
- 30 Viswanathan H N, Salmon J W. Accrediting organizations and quality improvement. Am Jour Manag Care. 2000; 6 1117-1130
- 31 Collopy B T, Campbell J C, Williams J W. et al . Acute Health Clinical Indicator Project. Final Report. Vol. 1. ACHS Care Evaluation Program in Association with Monash University Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine. 1999;
- 32 Frolich A, Christensen M. Accreditation of hospitals. A review of international experiences. Ugeskr Laeger. 2002; 164: 4412 (engl. Abstract)
- 33 Montagu D. Accreditation and other external quality assessment systems for healthcare. Review of experience and lessons learned. Department for International Development (DFID), Health Systems Resource Centre (HSRC) 2003. http://www.healthsystemsrc.org/publications/Issues_papers/Accreditation.pdf (Stand 10/2003).
- 34 Asplund K, Hulter A sberg K, Norrving B. et al . Riks-stroke - a Swedish national quality register for stroke care. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 15 5-7
- 35 Or Z. Improving the performance of health care systems: from measures to action (a review of experiences in four OECD countries). Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs/Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee, Labour Market and Social Policy - Occasional Papers No. 57, DEELSA/ELSA/WD 2002; 1. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/58/1 847 865.pdf (Stand 10/2003).
- 36 Havelin L I, Engesaeter L B, Espehaug B. et al . The Norwegian arthroplasty register: 11 years and 73,000 arthoplasties. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000; 71 337-353
-
37
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Measuring up. Improving Health System Performance in OECD Countries. OECD Publications Service 2002. http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/8102011E.PDF (Stand 10/2003).
- 38 Fine L G, Keogh B E, Cretin S. et al . for the Nuffield-Rand Cardiac Surgery Demonstration Project Group. How to evaluate and improve the quality and credibility of an outcomes database: validation and feedback study on the UK Cardiac Surgery Experience. BMJ. 2003; 326 25-28
- 39 Dudley R A, Rittenhouse D, Bae R. Creating a Statewide Hospital Quality Reporting System. California Healthcare Foundation. The Quality Initiative 2002. http://www.chcf.org/documents/quality/creatinghospitalqualityreporting.pdf (Stand 10/2003).
- 40 Balas E A, Boren S A, Brown G D. et al . Effect of physician profiling on utilization: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Jour Gen Intern Med. 1996; 11 584-590
- 41 Forster A, Smith J, Young J. et al . Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. 2003; 3
- 42 Harper D L. Cleveland’s five-year experience with public reporting of hospital quality performance measurements. Hosp. Quart. 1999. http://www.longwoods.com/hq/spring99/index.html (Stand 10/2003).
- 43 Baker D W, Einstadter D, Thomas C. et al . The effect of publicly reporting hospital performance on market share and risk-adjusted mortality at high-mortality hospitals. Med Care. 2003; 41 729-740
- 44 O’Connor A M, Rostom A, Fiset V. et al . Decision aids for patients facing health treatment or screening decisions: systematic review. BMJ. 1999; 319 731-73
- 45 Baker D W, Einstadter D, Thomas C L. et al . Mortality trends during a program that publicly reported hospital performance. Med Care. 2002; 40 879-890
- 46 Shine K I. Health care quality and how to achieve it. Robert H. Ebert Memorial Lecture 2001. http://www.milbank.org/reports/020130Ebert/020130Ebert.html (Stand 10/2003).
- 47 Grol R. Improving the quality of medical care. Building bridges among professional pride, payer profit, and patient satisfaction. JAMA. 2001; 286 2578-2585
- 48 Woolf S H, Grol R, Hutchinson A. et al . Potenzial benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999; 318 527-530
- 49 Haycox A, Bagust A, Whalley T. Clinical guidelines - the hidden costs. BMJ. 1999; 318 391-393
- 50 Robra B P, Swart E, Felder S. Krankenhausreport 2002. Kapitel 4. Perspektiven des Wettbewerbs im Krankenhaussektor. Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK. http://www.wido.de/Krankenhaus/Krankenhausreport/Report2002/inhalt2002.html (Stand 10/2003).
- 51 Diagnosis P ty Ltd. Quality systems and public health: background review. Excerpt from Report to the National Public Health Partnership, Australia 1998. http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/nphp/ppi/quality/bckpaper/bckpaper.pdf (Stand 10/2003).
- 52 Wakefield D S, Helms C M. The role of peer review in a health care Organization driven by TQM/CQI. Joint Comm Jour Qual Improv. 1995; 21 227-231
- 53 Turnbull J E, Hembree W E. Consumer information, patient satisfaction surveys, and public reports. Am Jour Med Qual. 1996; 11 S 42-45
- 54 Bindman A B. Can physician profiles be trusted?. JAMA. 1999; 281 2142-2143
- 55 Sangha O. Krankenhaus-Report 2000. Kapitel 7. Begleitende Strukturmaßnahmen eines DRG-Vergütungssystems in Deutschland. Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK. http://www.wido.de/Krankenhaus/Krankenhausreport/Report2000/index.html (Stand 10/2003).
- 56 Van Gennip E M. A study of attitudes towards and endorsement of Dutch external health service reviews models. Presentation Expertmeeting 1998. http://www.caspe.co.uk/expert/documents/nlendrse.pdf (Stand September 2003).
- 57 Shaw C. External assessment of health care. BMJ. 2001; 322 851-854
- 58 Gostomzyk J G, Schaefer H. Gegenwart und Zukunft der Sozialmedizin. Gesundheitswesen. 1998; 60 3-12
1 häufig nicht adäquat kontrolliert und ohne Randomisierungsstrategie für die teilnehmenden Ärzte, vorrangig kleinzahlige Vorher-Nachher-Vergleiche
Dr. med. Elisabeth Simoes
KCQ beim MDK Baden-Württemberg
Ahornweg 2
77933 Lahr/Schwarzwald
Email: e.simoes@mdkbw.de