RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-927204
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Muster der späten Kontrastmittelanreicherung in der MRT bei ischämischen und nicht-ischämischen Kardiomyopathien
Patterns of Delayed-Enhancement in MRI of Ischemic and Non-Ischemic CardiomyopathiesPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 18.8.2006
angenommen: 26.9.2006
Publikationsdatum:
03. Januar 2007 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Technik der späten Kontrastmittelanreicherung im MRT (delayed-enhancement [DE]-MRT) findet breite Anwendung in der klinischen Routine zur Beurteilung des Myokards. Myokarderkrankungen unterschiedlicher Ätiologie führen zu regionalen Veränderungen im Myokard wie Nekrose, Fibrose, Ödem oder Metaboliteinlagerungen, die mit der DE-MRT dargestellt werden können. Sowohl akute und chronische Myokardischämien auf dem Boden einer koronaren Herzerkrankung als auch nicht-ischämische Kardiomyopathien zeigen DE, häufig mit charakteristischem Anreicherungsmuster. Während das DE ischämischer Ursache subendokardial gelegen ist, zeigen nicht-ischämische Kardiomyopathien oft ein intramyokardiales oder subepikardiales Anreicherungsmuster. Das typische Muster dilatativer Kardiomyopathien ist eine bandförmige, intramyokardiale Anreicherung mit Beteiligung des Septums. Arrhythmogene rechtsventrikuläre Dysplasien/Kardiomyopathien gehen häufig mit einem rechtsventrikulären DE einher. Die kardiale Amyloidose als zumeist restriktive Kardiomyopathie zeigt typischerweise ein zirkuläres, subendokardiales DE. Hypertrophe Kardiomyopathien zeigen in den hypertrophierten Wandabschnitten ein fleckiges, intramyokardiales DE, welches typischerweise anteroseptal liegt. Akute Myokarditiden gehen unter Umständen mit einem intramyokardialen oder subepikardialen DE unter Einbeziehung der Seitenwand einher. Bei chronischen Myokarditiden kann vorwiegend intramyokardiales oder subepikardiales DE beobachtet werden. Bei kardialen Sarkoidosen wird ein fleckförmiges, subepikardiales Anreicherungsmuster mit rechts- und linksventrikulärer Beteiligung beschrieben. Überschneidungen der Anreicherungsmuster innerhalb der Kardiomyopathien bestehen jedoch, sodass die Trennschärfe allein anhand der DE-MRT beschränkt ist. Daher ist die DE-MRT immer in Zusammenschau mit anderen klinischen und MRT-Befunden zu bewerten. Vielfach korreliert die Menge an DE mit klinischen und funktionellen Parametern sowie mit der Häufigkeit an unerwünschten kardialen Ereignissen, sodass die DE-MRT möglicherweise zur Risikostratifizierung von Patienten geeignet ist. Weiterhin kann die DE-MRT zur Planung von Myokardbiopsien und zur Korrelation mit den Ergebnissen aus einer elektrophysiologischen Untersuchung eingesetzt werden.
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced MRI using the delayed-enhancement technique (DE-MRI) is widely applied in the clinical work-up of myocardial diseases. Myocardial diseases of varying etiology result in myocardial changes, such as necrosis, fibrosis, edema and metabolite deposition, which can be visualized by DE-MRI. Acute and chronic ischemic diseases based on a coronary artery disease as well as non-ischemic cardiomyopathies display DE. Cardiomyopathies often show a characteristic enhancement pattern. While ischemic lesions are localized in the subendocardium, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies often display an intramyocardial or subepicardial pattern. The typical pattern for dilated cardiomyopathies is band-like and intramyocardial with septal involvement. Arrhythmogenic right-ventricular dysplasias/cardiomyopathies are frequently associated with right-ventricular DE. In the case of amyloid cardiomyopathies which are often restrictive cardiomyopathies, subendocardial and circular DE is typically observed. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies display patchy intramyocardial DE usually in the anteroseptal region. Acute myocarditis is typically accompanied by intramyocardial or subepicardial DE affecting the lateral wall. In the case of chronic myocarditis, intramyocardial or subepicardial DE is observed most frequently. Cardiac sarcoidosis typically entails patchy subepicardial DE with right- and left-ventricular involvement. Since there is an overlap between the enhancement patterns of cardiomyopathies, the diagnostic accuracy of DE-MRI is limited and the diagnosis must be based on additional clinical and MRI findings. The amount of DE often corresponds with cardiac functional parameters as well as with the frequency of cardiac events so that DE-MRI may be useful for risk stratification. Furthermore, DE-MRI can be helpful in the planning and evaluation of myocardial biopsies and electrophysiological examinations.
Key words
gadolinium - cardiac - tissue characterization - ischemia/infarction - infection
Literatur
- 1
Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M. et al .
Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation
of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies.
Circulation.
1996;
93
841-842
MissingFormLabel
- 2
Miller S, Riessen R.
MR-tomographische Diagnostik von Kardiomyopathien.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2005;
177
1497-1505
MissingFormLabel
- 3
Gutberlet M, Spors B, Grothoff M. et al .
Vergleich verschiedener kardialer MRT-Sequenzen bei 1.5 T/3.0 T bezüglich des Signal-
und Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhältnisses - Erste Erfahrungen.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2004;
176
801-808
MissingFormLabel
- 4
Kramer U, Wolf S, Fenchel M. et al .
TrueFISP-MR-Bildgebung zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Hamodialyse auf myokardiale
Funktionsparameter bei Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2004;
176
350-356
MissingFormLabel
- 5
Krombach G A, Spuentrup E, Buecker A. et al .
Herztumoren: Magnetresonanztomographie und Mehrschicht-Spiral-CT.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2005;
177
1205-1218
MissingFormLabel
- 6
Friedrich M G, Strohm O, Schulz-Menger J. et al .
Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in
the course of viral myocarditis.
Circulation.
1998;
97
1802-1809
MissingFormLabel
- 7
Rehr R B, Peshock R M, Malloy C R. et al .
Improved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction after intravenous
paramagnetic contrast agent administration.
Am J Cardiol.
1986;
57
864-868
MissingFormLabel
- 8
Simonetti O P, Kim R J, Fieno D S. et al .
An improved MR imaging technique for the visualization of myocardial infarction.
Radiology.
2001;
218
215-223
MissingFormLabel
- 9
Kim R J, Fieno D S, Parrish T B. et al .
Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age,
and contractile function.
Circulation.
1999;
100
1992-2002
MissingFormLabel
- 10
Stork A, Lund G K, Bansmann M. et al .
Vergleich der ödemsensitiven HASTE-TIRM-Sequenz mit der späten Kontrastmittelanreicherung
bei akutem Myokardinfarkt.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2003;
175
194-198
MissingFormLabel
- 11
Stork A, Lund G K, Muellerleile K. et al .
Characterization of the peri-infarction zone using T2-weighted MRI and delayed-enhancement
MRI in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Eur Radiol.
2006;
16
2350-2357
MissingFormLabel
- 12
Judd R M, Lugo-Olivieri C H, Arai M. et al .
Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance
images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts.
Circulation.
1995;
92
1902-1910
MissingFormLabel
- 13
Saeed M, Lund G, Wendland M F. et al .
Magnetic resonance characterization of the peri-infarction zone of reperfused myocardial
infarction with necrosis-specific and extracellular nonspecific contrast media.
Circulation.
2001;
103
871-876
MissingFormLabel
- 14
Lund G K, Stork A, Saeed M. et al .
Acute myocardial infarction: evaluation with first-pass enhancement and delayed enhancement
MR imaging compared with 201Tl SPECT imaging.
Radiology.
2004;
232
49-57
MissingFormLabel
- 15
Pennell D J, Sechtem U P, Higgins C B. et al .
Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel
report.
Eur Heart J.
2004;
25
1940-1965
MissingFormLabel
- 16
Choi K M, Kim R J, Gubernikoff G. et al .
Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in
contractile function.
Circulation.
2001;
104
1101-1107
MissingFormLabel
- 17
Haase J, Bayar R, Hackenbroch M. et al .
Relationship between size of myocardial infarctions assessed by delayed contrast-enhanced
MRI after primary PCI, biochemical markers, and time to intervention.
J Interv Cardiol.
2004;
17
367-373
MissingFormLabel
- 18
Ingkanisorn W P, Rhoads K L, Aletras A H. et al .
Gadolinium delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance correlates with clinical
measures of myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;
43
2253-2259
MissingFormLabel
- 19
Selvanayagam J B, Kardos A, Nicolson D. et al .
Anteroseptal or apical myocardial infarction: a controversy addressed using delayed
enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.
J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.
2004;
6
653-661
MissingFormLabel
- 20
Bos E J, Baks T van den, Moelker A D. et al .
Magnetic resonance imaging of haemorrhage within reperfused myocardial infarcts: possible
interference with iron oxide-labelled cell tracking?.
Eur Heart J.
2006;
27
1620-1626
MissingFormLabel
- 21
Gerber B L, Rochitte C E, Melin J A. et al .
Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial
infarction.
Circulation.
2000;
101
2734-2741
MissingFormLabel
- 22
Kim R J, Hillenbrand H B, Judd R M.
Evaluation of myocardial viability by MRI.
Herz.
2000;
25
417-430
MissingFormLabel
- 23
Rochitte C E, Lima J A, Bluemke D A. et al .
Magnitude and time course of microvascular obstruction and tissue injury after acute
myocardial infarction.
Circulation.
1998;
98
1006-1014
MissingFormLabel
- 24
Wu K C, Kim R J, Bluemke D A. et al .
Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography
and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1998;
32
1756-1764
MissingFormLabel
- 25
Kim R J, Wu E, Rafael A. et al .
The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial
dysfunction.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
1445-1453
MissingFormLabel
- 26
Rominger M B, Bachmann G F, Geuer M. et al .
Comparison of left and right ventricular ejection and filling parameters of the heart
using cine-MRI with breath holding technique. Clinical study of 42 patients with cardiomyopathy
and coronary heart disease.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
1999;
170
534-541
MissingFormLabel
- 27
McCrohon J A, Moon J C, Prasad S K. et al .
Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery
disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
Circulation.
2003;
108
54-59
MissingFormLabel
- 28
Mollet N R, Dymarkowski S, Volders W. et al .
Visualization of ventricular thrombi with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
in patients with ischemic heart disease.
Circulation.
2002;
106
2873-2876
MissingFormLabel
- 29
Elliott P.
Cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy.
Heart.
2000;
84
106-112
MissingFormLabel
- 30
Zimmermann O, Grebe O, Merkle N. et al .
Myocardial biopsy findings and gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance
in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Eur J Heart Fail.
2006;
8
162-166
MissingFormLabel
- 31
Nazarian S, Bluemke D A, Lardo A C. et al .
Magnetic resonance assessment of the substrate for inducible ventricular tachycardia
in nonischemic cardiomyopathy.
Circulation.
2005;
112
2821-2825
MissingFormLabel
- 32
Akisawa M, Matsumura Y, Kitaoka H. et al .
Myocardial enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium-diethylenetriamine
pentaacetic acid and improvement of left ventricular function in patients with dilated
cardiomyopathy.
J Cardiol.
2002;
40
145-152
MissingFormLabel
- 33
Dec G W, Fuster V.
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
N Engl J Med.
1994;
331
1564-1575
MissingFormLabel
- 34
Menghetti L, Basso C, Nava A. et al .
Spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance for tissue characterisation in arrhythmogenic
right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Heart.
1996;
76
467-470
MissingFormLabel
- 35
Molinari G, Sardanelli F, Gaita F. et al .
Right ventricular dysplasia as a generalized cardiomyopathy? Findings on magnetic
resonance imaging.
Eur Heart J.
1995;
16
1619-1624
MissingFormLabel
- 36
Blake L M, Scheinman M M, Higgins C B.
MR features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
1994;
162
809-812
MissingFormLabel
- 37
Ricci C, Longo R, Pagnan L. et al .
Magnetic resonance imaging in right ventricular dysplasia.
Am J Cardiol.
1992;
70
1589-1595
MissingFormLabel
- 38
Auffermann W, Wichter T, Breithardt G. et al .
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease: MR imaging vs angiography.
Am J Roentgenol.
1993;
161
549-555
MissingFormLabel
- 39
Wall E E, Kayser H W, Bootsma M M. et al .
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: MRI findings.
Herz.
2000;
25
356-364
MissingFormLabel
- 40
Pennell D van der, Casolo G.
Right ventricular arrhythmia: emergence of magnetic resonance imaging as an investigative
tool.
Eur Heart J.
1997;
18
1843-1845
MissingFormLabel
- 41
Midiri M, Finazzo M, Brancato M. et al .
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: MR features.
Eur Radiol.
1997;
7
307-312
MissingFormLabel
- 42
Bluemke D A, Krupinski E A, Ovitt T. et al .
MR Imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: morphologic findings
and interobserver reliability.
Cardiology.
2003;
99
153-162
MissingFormLabel
- 43
Tandri H, Bomma C, Calkins H. et al .
Magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular
dysplasia.
J Magn Reson Imaging.
2004;
19
848-858
MissingFormLabel
- 44
Aviram G, Fishman J E, Young M L. et al .
MR evaluation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients.
Am J Roentgenol.
2003;
180
1135-1141
MissingFormLabel
- 45
Cesare E di.
MRI assessment of right ventricular dysplasia.
Eur Radiol.
2003;
13
1387-1393
MissingFormLabel
- 46
Tandri H, Calkins H, Nasir K. et al .
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients meeting task force criteria for arrhythmogenic
right ventricular dysplasia.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.
2003;
14
476-482
MissingFormLabel
- 47
Tandri H, Saranathan M, Rodriguez E R. et al .
Noninvasive detection of myocardial fibrosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
using delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45
98-103
MissingFormLabel
- 48
Maceira A M, Joshi J, Prasad S K. et al .
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis.
Circulation.
2005;
111
186-193
MissingFormLabel
- 49
Perugini E, Rapezzi C, Piva T. et al .
Non-invasive evaluation of the myocardial substrate of cardiac amyloidosis by gadolinium
cardiac magnetic resonance.
Heart.
2006;
92
343-349
MissingFormLabel
- 50
Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt F M. et al .
Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between
infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease.
Am J Roentgenol.
2005;
184
1420-1426
MissingFormLabel
- 51
Martin N, Ott R, Klues H G.
Idiopathic hypereosinophilia with cardiac involvement.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr.
2004;
129
557-560
MissingFormLabel
- 52
Moon J C, Mogensen J, Elliott P M. et al .
Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in troponin I.
Heart.
2005;
91
1036-1040
MissingFormLabel
- 53
Amano Y, Takayama M, Takahama K. et al .
Delayed hyper-enhancement of myocardium in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetrical
septal hypertrophy: comparison with global and regional cardiac MR imaging appearances.
J Magn Reson Imaging.
2004;
20
595-600
MissingFormLabel
- 54
Teraoka K, Hirano M, Ookubo H. et al .
Delayed contrast enhancement of MRI in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Magn Reson Imaging.
2004;
22
155-161
MissingFormLabel
- 55
Bogaert J, Goldstein M, Tannouri F. et al .
Original report. Late myocardial enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with contrast-enhanced
MR imaging.
Am J Roentgenol.
2003;
180
981-985
MissingFormLabel
- 56
Moon J C, McKenna W J, McCrohon J A. et al .
Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular
magnetic resonance.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2003;
41
1561-1567
MissingFormLabel
- 57
Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A. et al .
Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2002;
40
2156-2164
MissingFormLabel
- 58
Kuribayashi T, Roberts W C.
Myocardial disarray at junction of ventricular septum and left and right ventricular
free walls in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol.
1992;
70
1333-1340
MissingFormLabel
- 59
Maron B J, Epstein S E, Roberts W C.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and transmural myocardial infarction without significant
atherosclerosis of the extramural coronary arteries.
Am J Cardiol.
1979;
43
1086-1102
MissingFormLabel
- 60
Maron B J, Wolfson J K, Epstein S E. et al .
Intramural („small vessel”) coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1986;
8
545-557
MissingFormLabel
- 61
Varnava A M, Elliott P M, Sharma S. et al .
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the interrelation of disarray, fibrosis, and small vessel
disease.
Heart.
2000;
84
476-482
MissingFormLabel
- 62
Moon J C, Reed E, Sheppard M N. et al .
The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance
in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;
43
2260-2264
MissingFormLabel
- 63
Kim R J, Judd R M.
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: in
vivo imaging of the pathologic substrate for premature cardiac death?.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2003;
41
1568-1572
MissingFormLabel
- 64
Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A. et al .
Multimedia article. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis:
a comparison to histology and molecular pathology.
Circulation.
2004;
109
1250-1258
MissingFormLabel
- 65
Rieker O, Mohrs O, Oberholzer K. et al .
MRT des Herzens bei Verdacht auf Myokarditis.
Fortschr Röntgenstr.
2002;
174
1530-1536
MissingFormLabel
- 66
Laissy J P, Hyafil F, Feldman L J. et al .
Differentiating acute myocardial infarction from myocarditis: diagnostic value of
early- and delayed-perfusion cardiac MR imaging.
Radiology.
2005;
237
75-82
MissingFormLabel
- 67
Abdel-Aty H, Boye P, Zagrosek A. et al .
Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected
acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2005;
45
1815-1822
MissingFormLabel
- 68
De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A. et al .
Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis
presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2006;
47
1649-1654
MissingFormLabel
- 69
Nemeth M A, Muthupillai R, Wilson J M. et al .
Cardiac sarcoidosis detected by delayed-hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging.
Tex Heart Inst J.
2004;
31
99-102
MissingFormLabel
- 70
Serra J J, Monte G U, Mello E S. et al .
Images in cardiovascular medicine. Cardiac sarcoidosis evaluated by delayed-enhanced
magnetic resonance imaging.
Circulation.
2003;
107
e188-189
MissingFormLabel
- 71
Vignaux O.
Cardiac sarcoidosis: spectrum of MRI features.
Am J Roentgenol.
2005;
184
249-254
MissingFormLabel
Dr. Alexander Stork
Klinik und Poliklinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum
Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistraße 52
20246 Hamburg
Telefon: ++49/40/4 28 03 40 10
Fax: ++49/40/4 28 03 67 99
eMail: a.stork@uke.uni-hamburg.de