RSS-Feed abonnieren
Bitte kopieren Sie die angezeigte URL und fügen sie dann in Ihren RSS-Reader ein.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/de/10.1055-s-00000084.xml
Synthesis 2007(12): 1841-1847
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-983717
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-983717
PAPER
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New YorkPdX2/CuX2-Catalyzed Annulation of 2-Ethynylbenzeneamines: Selective Synthesis of 2-Substituted 3-Halo-1H-indoles
Weitere Informationen
Received
6 March 2007
Publikationsdatum:
08. Juni 2007 (online)
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
08. Juni 2007 (online)

Abstract
A novel and effective protocol for the synthesis of 2-substituted 3-halo-1H-indoles by PdX2/CuX2-catalyzed annulations of 2-ethynylbenzeneamines has been developed. In the presence of PdX2 and CuX2, the annulation reactions of a variety of 2-ethynylbenzeneamines were conducted in moderate to good yields. It is noteworthy that only N-acetyl-protected 2-ethynylbenzeneamines can undergo the reaction successfully.
Key words
palladium(II) halide - copper(II) halide - annulation - 2-ethynylbenzeneamine - 2-substituted 3-halo-1H-indoles
- For recent reviews, see:
- 1a
Crisp GT. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27: 427 - 1b
Gribble GW. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28: 335 - 1c
Li JJ.Gribble GW. In Palladium in Heterocyclic Chemistry Pergamon; Amsterdam: 2000. - 1d
Gribble GW. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2000, 7: 37 - 1e
Lu X. In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis Vol. 2:Negishi E. Wiley-Interscience; New York: 2002. p.2267-2288 - 1f
Knölker HJ.Reddy KR. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102: 4303 - 1g
Chinchilla R.Nájera C.Yus M. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104: 2667 - 1h
Lloyd-Williams P.Giralt E. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2001, 30: 145 - 1i
Cacchi S.Fabrizi G. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105: 2873 - 1j
Humphrey GR.Kuethe JT. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106: 2875 - For selected papers, see:
- 2a
Carter GT.Rinehart KL.Li HL.Connor SLKL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19: 4479 - 2b
Tarzia G.Diamantini G.Giacomo BD.Spadoni G. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40: 2003 - 2c
He F.Foxman BM.Snider BB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120: 6417 - 2d
Kanekiyo N.Kuwada T.Choshi T.Nobuhiro J.Hibino S. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 8793 - 2e
Zhang H.Larock RC. Org. Lett. 2001, 3: 3083 - 2f
Zhang H.Larock RC. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67: 9318 - 2g
Hooper MW.Utsunomiya M.Hartwig JF. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68: 2861 - 2h
Rawat M.Wulff WD. Org. Lett. 2004, 6: 329 - 2i
Nicolaou KC.Snyder SA.Huang XH.Simonsen KB.Koumbis AE.Bigot A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126: 10162 - 2j
Frohner W.Monse B.Braxmeier TM.Casiraghi L.Sahagun H.Seneci P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7: 4573 - 2k
Ludwig J.Bovens S.Brauch C.Elfringhoff AS.Lehr M. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49: 2611 - For representative papers on the synthesis 3-haloindole mediated by N-halosuccinimides, see:
- 3a
Saulnier MG.Gribble GW. J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47: 757 - 3b
Saulnier MG.Gribble GW. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48: 2690 - 3c
Mistry AG.Smith K.Bye MR. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27: 1051 - 3d
Kobayashi Y.Fujimoto T.Fukuyama T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121: 6501 - 3e
Katayama S.Ae N.Nagata R. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 3474 - 3f
Ma C.Liu X.Li X.Flippen-Anderson J.Yu S.Cook JM. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 4525 - 4a
Bocchi V.Palla G. Synthesis 1982, 1096 - 4b
Martin P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28: 1645 - 4c
Martin P. Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71: 344 - 4d
Timms GH.Tupper DE.Morgan SE. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1989, 817 - 4e
Billimoria AD.Cava MP. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59: 6777 - 4f
Brennan MR.Erickson KL.Szmalc FS.Tansey MJ.Thornton JM. Heterocycles 1986, 24: 2879 - 5a
Akinori K.Tatsuya N. Synthesis 1980, 365 - 5b
Tarzia G.Diamantini G.Giacomo BDi.Spadoni G. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43: 2449 - For selected papers on the other transformations for the synthesis of 3-haloindoles, see:
- 6a
Bergman J.Carlsson R.Sjoberg B. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1977, 14: 1123 - 6b
Kubo A.Uchino K. Heterocycles 1981, 16: 1441 - 6c
Gribble GW.Allison BD.Conway SC.Saulnier MG. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1992, 24: 649 - 6d
Witulsk B.Buschmann N.Bergsträßer U. Tetrahedron 2000, 56: 8473 - 6e
Balogh-Hergovich É.Speier G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1986, 2305 - 6f
Tang S.Li J.-H.Xie Y.-X.Wang N.-X. Synthesis 2007, 1535 - 7a
Barluenga J.Trincado M.Rubio E.González JM. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42: 2406 - 7b
Amjad M.Knight DW. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45: 539 - 7c
Yue D.Larock RC. Org. Lett. 2004, 6: 1037 - 7d
Yue D.Yao T.Larock RC. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71: 62 - 8
Liang Y.Tang S.Zhang X.-D.Mao L.-Q.Xie Y.-X.Li J.-H. Org. Lett. 2006, 8: 3017 - 9 The results showed that a change in the amount of CuX2 affects the reaction. This is may be because the concentration of the halide ions
can stabilize intermediate 6 in Scheme 2. However, more halide ions result in some side-reactions. For the effect
of the halide ion on the halopalladation reaction in detail, see reference 1d and:
Ma S.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56: 5120 - It has been reported that Cu(II) as an oxidant could cleave the C-Pd σ-bond, see:
- 10a
Bäckvall JE.Nordberg RE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102: 393 - 10b
Ji J.Zhang C.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60: 1160 - 10c
Ma S.Lu X. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58: 1245 - 10d
Li J.-H.Jiang H.-F.Feng A.-Q.Jia L.-Q. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64: 5984 - 10e
Li J.-H.Jiang H.-F.Chen M.-C. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 3627 - 10f
Li J.-H.Liang Y.Xie Y.-X. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 8125 - 10g
Li J.-H.Tang S.Xie Y.-X. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70: 477 - For recent representative papers on protonolysis of the Pd complex to regenerate the active Pd(II) species by HCl, see:
- 11a
Pei T.Widenhoefer RA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123: 11290 - 11b
Yang D.Li J.-H.Gao Q.Yan Y.-L. Org. Lett. 2003, 5: 2869 - 11c
Han X.Wang X.Pei T.Widenhoefer RA. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10: 6333 ; and references cited therein - 11d
Li J.-H.Zhu Q.-M.Liang Y.Yang D. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70: 5347 - 12
Hiroya K.Itoh S.Sakamoto T. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 1126