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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1076995
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ˙ New York
Obesity and Pregnancy – A Risk Profile
Adipositas und Schwangerschaft – RisikoprofilPublication History
2008
2008
Publication Date:
12 December 2008 (online)
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to illustrate the relationship between maternal obesity during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes. We examined the influence of maternal BMI at the beginning of pregnancy on risks of pregnancy and birth, and on the somatic classification of the neonates. Material and methods: In our retrospective cohort study we included 499 267 singleton pregnancies taken from the German perinatal statistics of 1998–2000. 51 506 obese pregnant women (BMI ≥ 30) were compared to 320 148 pregnant women of normal weight (BMI 18.50–24.99). We divided obesity into 3 BMI-categories: BMI = 30.00–34.99, BMI = 35.00–39.99, and BMI ≥ 40.00. We defined small-for-gestational-age (SGA), appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) status by birth weight percentiles. Results: 10.3 % of all pregnant women had a BMI ≥ 30.00 and 0.8 % had a BMI ≥ 40.00. The frequency of hypertension increased with the extent of obesity: 7.1 % (BMI = 30.00–34.99), 12.5 % (BMI = 35.00–39.99) and 18.3 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 1.2 % (BMI 18.50–24.99). Cephalopelvic disproportion was found in 6.8 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 2.8 % (BMI 18.50–24.99). Fetal macrosomia occurred in 24.8 % (BMI ≥ 40.00) compared to 7.9 % in the control group. Rates of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and fetal structural anomalies also increased with maternal BMI. Women with different BMIs differed in parity but not in age. Conclusions: Obesity during pregnancy is associated with a range of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Pregnancy in obese women therefore calls for close monitoring and careful planning of delivery. Pre-conceptional weight reduction should be considered.
Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung: Das Ziel der vorliegenden retrospektiven Kohortenstudie war es, Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Adipositas (BMI ≥ 30) in der Schwangerschaft und fetomaternalen Risiken darzustellen. Von wesentlichem Interesse war der Einfluss auf die somatische Klassifikation der Neugeborenen. Material und Methoden: In die retrospektive Kohortenstudie wurden 499 267 Schwangere mit einer Einlingsgeburt aus der Perinatalerhebung der Jahre 1998–2000 aus 8 Bundesländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland einbezogen. 51 506 adipöse schwangere Frauen (BMI ≥ 30) wurden 320 148 Schwangeren mit einem Normalgewicht (BMI 18,50–24,99) gegenübergestellt. Die Adipositas wurde in 3 Kategorien unterteilt: 1. BMI 30,00–34,99; 2. BMI 35,00–39,99 und 3. BMI ≥ 40. Zur somatischen Klassifikation der Neugeborenen wurden die 10. und 90. Geburtsgewichtsperzentile verwendet. Als hypotroph wurden Neugeborene < 10. Perzentile und als hypertroph Neugeborene > 90. Perzentile eingestuft. Neugeborene im Bereich 10.–90. Perzentile galten als eutroph. Ergebnisse: Einen BMI von ≥ 30,00 hatten 10,3 % der Schwangeren und 0,8 % der Schwangeren einen BMI ≥ 40,00. Die Hypertonieraten erhöhten sich mit dem Ausmaß der mütterlichen Adipositas: 7,1 % (BMI 30,00–34,99), 12,5 % (BMI 35,00–39,99) und 18,3 % (BMI ≥ 40) verglichen mit 1,2 % (BMI 18,50–24,99). Eine kephalopelvine Dysproportion fanden wir in 6,8 % (BMI ≥ 40) verglichen mit 2,8 % (BMI 18,50–24,99). Die fetale Makrosomierate betrug 24,8 % (BMI ≥ 40) verglichen mit 7,9 % in der Kontrollgruppe. Die Raten von Präeklampsie, Gestationsdiabetes und fetalen strukturellen Anomalien erhöhten sich ebenfalls entsprechend dem mütterlichen Adipositasgrad. Die Adipositasrate in der Schwangerschaft steigt mit zunehmender Parität an. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Adipositas und Schwangerschaft sind sowohl mütterliche als auch neonatale Komplikationen in erhöhtem Maße zu berücksichtigen. Während der Schwangerschaft sind die metabolische Überwachung sowie eine sorgfältige Geburtsplanung bedeutsam. Präkonzeptionell stellt die Gewichtsreduktion einen Therapieansatz dar.
Key words
cephalopelvic disproportion - fetal macrosomia - fetal structural anomalies - hypertension - obesity
Schlüsselwörter
kephalopelvine Dysproportion - fetale Makrosomie - fetale strukturelle Anomalien - Hypertonie - Adipositas
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PD Dr. Dr. rer. med. habil. M. Voigt
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology · Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald
Wollweberstrasse 1–3
17475 Greifswald
Germany
Email: manfred.voigt@kliniksued-rostock.de