CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Eur J Dent 2014; 08(01): 132-140
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.126269
Review Article
Dental Investigation Society

Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review

Orhan Hakki Karatas
1   Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkiye
,
Ebubekir Toy
1   Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkiye
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
24 September 2019 (online)

ABSTRACT

Imaging is one of the most important tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists routinely use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging techniques, but deepness of structures cannot be obtained and localized with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990’s and has gained a precious place in dentistry, especially in orthodontics. The aims of this literature review are to summarize the current state of the 3D imaging techniques and to evaluate the applications in orthodontics.

 
  • REFERENCES

  • 1 Webber RL, Horton RA, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application for three-dimensional dento-alveolar imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1997; 26: 53-62
  • 2 Ucar FI, Sekerci AE, Uysal T, Bengi AO. Standardization of records in orthodontics. Part 2: Craniofacial imaging techniques. Turkish Journal of Orthodontics 2012; 25: 167-87
  • 3 Hajeer MY, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP. Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: Part 1. J Orthod 2004; 31: 62-70
  • 4 Plooij JM, Maal TJ, Haers P, Borstlap WA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Bergé SJ. Digital three-dimensional image fusion processes for planning and evaluating orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40: 341-52
  • 5 Mavili ME, Canter HI, Saglam-Aydinatay B, Kamaci S, Kocadereli I. Use of three-dimensional medical modeling methods for precise planning of orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2007; 18: 740-7
  • 6 Karadeniz EI, Gonzales C, Elekdag-Turk S, Isci D, Sahin-Saglam AM, Alkis H. et al. The effect of fluoride on orthodontic tooth movement in humans. A two-and three-dimensional evaluation. Aust Orthod J 2011; 27: 94-101
  • 7 Andresen V. Three contributions to orthodontological diagnosis. International Journal of Orthodontia, Oral Surgery and Radiography 1926; 12: 235-51
  • 8 Van Loon J. A new method for indicating normal and abnormal relations of the teeth to the facial lines. Dental Cosmos 1915; 57: 1093-101
  • 9 Schwarz R. New cephalometric method and apparatus and its application to orthodontia. Int J Orthod Oral Surg Radiol 1925; 11: 989-1017
  • 10 Herman GT. Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection. 2nd ed.. New York: Springer; 2009: p. 1-17
  • 11 Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2006; 72: 75-80
  • 12 Ritman EL. Micro-computed tomography-current status and developments. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 6: 185-208
  • 13 Paddock SW, Eliceiri KW. Laser scanning confocal microscopy: History, applications, and related optical sectioning techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1075: 9-47
  • 14 Fechteler P, Eisert P, Rurainsky J. Fast and high resolution 3D face scanning. ICIP 2007; 3: III-81-III-4
  • 15 Ras F, Habets LL, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Quantification of facial morphology using stereophotogrammetry-demonstration of a new concept. J Dent 1996; 24: 369-74
  • 16 Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Serrao G. Facial three-dimensional morphometry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 109: 86-93
  • 17 Edelman RR, Hesselink J, Zlatkin M. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging: 3-volume set. Saunders; 2005
  • 18 Broadbent BH. A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod 1931; 1: 45-66
  • 19 Athanasiou AE. Orthodontic cephalometry. London: Mosby-Wolfe; 1997: p. 241-92
  • 20 Nalçaci R, Oztürk F, Sökücü O. A comparison of two-dimensional radiography and three-dimensional computed tomography in angular cephalometric measurements. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2010; 39: 100-6
  • 21 Burke PH, Beard FH. Stereophotogrammetry of the face: A preliminary investigation into the accuracy of a simplified system evolved for contour mapping by photography. Am J Orthod 1967; 53: 769-82
  • 22 Baumrind S. Towards a general model for clinical craniofacial research. In: Hunter WS, Carlson DS. editors. Essay in Honor of Robert Moyers. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan; 1991
  • 23 Han UK, Vig KW, Weintraub JA, Vig PS, Kowalski CJ. Consistency of orthodontic treatment decisions relative to diagnostic records. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991; 100: 212-9
  • 24 Hixon EH. The norm concept and cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1956; 42: 898-906
  • 25 Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1979; 75: 599-617
  • 26 Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements: 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod 1971; 60: 111-27
  • 27 Vig PS. Orthodontic controversies: Their origins, consequences and resolution. Current Controversies in Orthodontics. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 1991: p. 269-310
  • 28 Gron P. A geometrical evaluation of image size in dental radiography. J Dent Res 1960; 39: 289-301
  • 29 Singh IJ, Savara BS. Norms of size and annual increments of seven anatomical measures of maxillae in girls from three to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod 1966; 36: 312-24
  • 30 Dean D, Hans MG, Bookstein FL, Subramanyan K. Three-dimensional Bolton-brush growth study landmark data: Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the Bolton standards cohort. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000; 37: 145-56
  • 31 Subramanyan K, Dean D. Scanned bi-orthogonal radiographs as a source for 3D cephalometric data. SPIE 1996; 34: 717-24
  • 32 Udupa JK, Herman GT. 3D Imaging in medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991
  • 33 Aboudara CA, Hatcher D, Nielsen IL, Miller A. A three dimensional evaluation of the upper airway in adolescents. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003; 6 (Suppl. 01) 173-5
  • 34 Rabinov K, Kell Jr T, Gordon PH. CT of the salivary glands. Radiol Clin North Am 1984; 22: 145-59
  • 35 Westesson PL, Katzberg RW, Tallents RH, Sanchez-Woodworth RE, Svensson SA. CT and MR of the temporomandibular joint: Comparison with autopsy specimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 1165-71
  • 36 Bolger WE, Butzin CA, Parsons DS. Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 56-64
  • 37 Zilkha A. Computed tomography in facial trauma. Radiology 1982; 144: 545-8
  • 38 Görgülü S, Gokce SM, Olmez H, Sagdic D, Ors F. Nasal cavity volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion in adolescents evaluated with 3-dimensional simulation and modeling programs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: 633-40
  • 39 Ito K, Gomi Y, Sato S, Arai Y, Shinoda K. Clinical application of a new compact CT system to assess 3-D images for the preoperative treatment planning of implants in the posterior mandible a case report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001; 12: 539-42
  • 40 Harorli A, Akgul M, Dagistan S. Radiology in Dentistry. Ataturk University Press; 2006
  • 41 Halazonetis DJ. From 2-dimensional cephalograms to 3-dimensional computed tomography scans. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 627-37
  • 42 Kau CH, Richmond S, Palomo JM, Hans MG. Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. J Orthod 2005; 32: 282-93
  • 43 White SC. Cone-beam imaging in dentistry. Health Phys 2008; 95: 628-37
  • 44 Tsiklakis K, Donta C, Gavala S, Karayianni K, Kamenopoulou V, Hourdakis CJ. Dose reduction in maxillofacial imaging using low dose cone beam CT. Eur J Radiol 2005; 56: 413-7
  • 45 Mah JK, Danforth RA, Bumann A, Hatcher D. Radiation absorbed in maxillofacial imaging with a new dental computed tomography device. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96: 508-13
  • 46 Baysal A, Karadede I, Hekimoglu S, Ucar F, Ozer T, Veli I. et al. Evaluation of root resorption following rapid maxillary expansion using cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 2012; 82: 488-94
  • 47 Ericson S, Kurol PJ. Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: A CT study. Angle Orthod 2000; 70: 415-23
  • 48 Zhao Y, Nguyen M, Gohl E, Mah JK, Sameshima G, Enciso R. Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137 (Suppl. 04) S71-8
  • 49 Valiathan M, El H, Hans MG, Palomo MJ. Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume. Angle Orthod 2010; 80: 1068-74
  • 50 Korbmacher H, Kahl-Nieke B, Schöllchen M, Heiland M. Value of two cone-beam computed tomography systems from an orthodontic point of view. J Orofac Orthop 2007; 68: 278-89
  • 51 Chien PC, Parks ET, Eraso F, Hartsfield JK, Roberts WE, Ofner S. Comparison of reliability in anatomical landmark identification using two-dimensional digital cephalometrics and three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in vivo . Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009; 38: 262-73
  • 52 Ludlow JB, Gubler M, Cevidanes L, Mol A. Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136: 312.e1-10
  • 53 Wörtche R, Hassfeld S, Lux CJ, Müssig E, Hensley FW, Krempien R. et al. Clinical application of cone beam digital volume tomography in children with cleft lip and palate. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006; 35: 88-94
  • 54 Shirota T, Kurabayashi H, Ogura H, Seki K, Maki K, Shintani S. Analysis of bone volume using computer simulation system for secondary bone graft in alveolar cleft. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39: 904-8
  • 55 Quereshy FA, Barnum G, Demko C, Horan M, Palomo JM, Baur DA. et al. Use of cone beam computed tomography to volumetrically assess alveolar cleft defects-preliminary results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70: 188-91
  • 56 Miyamoto J, Nakajima T. Anthropometric evaluation of complete unilateral cleft lip nose with cone beam CT in early childhood. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63: 9-14
  • 57 Gribel BF, Gribel MN, Manzi FR, Brooks SL, McNamara Jr JA. From 2D to 3D: An algorithm to derive normal values for 3-dimensional computerized assessment. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 3-10
  • 58 White AJ, Fallis DW, Vandewalle KS. Analysis of intra-arch and interarch measurements from digital models with 2 impression materials and a modeling process based on cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137: 456.e1-9
  • 59 Cevidanes LH, Styner MA, Proffit WR. Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 611-8
  • 60 Leuzinger M, Dudic A, Giannopoulou C, Kiliaridis S. Root-contact evaluation by panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography of super-high resolution. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137: 389-92
  • 61 Stampanoni M, Wyss P, Abela R, Borchert GL, Vermeulen D, Ruegsegger P. X-ray tomographic microscopy at the Swiss light source. International symposium on optical science and technology: International society for optics and photonics. 2002: p. 42-53
  • 62 Keleş A, Alcin H, Kamalak A, Versiani MA. Oval-shaped canal retreatment with self-adjusting file: A micro-computed tomography study. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1086-0
  • 63 Borba M, Miranda Jr WG, Cesar PF, Griggs JA, Bona AD. Evaluation of the adaptation of zirconia-based fixed partial dentures using micro-CT technology. Braz Oral Res 2013; 27: 396-402
  • 64 King AD, Turk T, Colak C, Elekdag-Turk S, Jones AS, Petocz P. et al. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 21. Extent of root resorption after the application of 2.5° and 15° tips for 4 weeks: A microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e299-305
  • 65 Karadeniz EI, Gonzales C, Nebioglu-Dalci O, Dwarte D, Turk T, Isci D. et al. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 20. Effect of fluoride on orthodontically induced root resorption with light and heavy orthodontic forces for 4 weeks: A microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e199-210
  • 66 Underhill TE, Chilvarquer I, Kimura K, Langlais RP, McDavid WD, Preece JW. et al. Radiobiologic risk estimation from dental radiology: Part 1. Absorbed doses to critical organs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 66: 111-20
  • 67 Yamamoto K, Hayakawa Y, Kousuge Y, Wakoh M, Sekiguchi H, Yakushiji M. et al. Diagnostic value of tuned-aperture computed tomography versus conventional dentoalveolar imaging in assessment of impacted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 109-18
  • 68 Nguyen CX, Nissanov J, Öztürk C, Nuveen MJ, Tuncay OC. Three-dimensional imaging of the craniofacial complex. Clin Orthod Res 2000; 3: 46-50
  • 69 Tuncay OC. Three-dimensional imaging and motion animation. Semin Orthod 2001; 7: 244-50
  • 70 Techalertpaisarn P, Kuroda T. Three-dimensional computer-graphic demonstration of facial soft tissue changes in mandibular prognathic patients after mandibular sagittal ramus osteotomy. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1998; 13: 217-25
  • 71 Curry S, Baumrind S, Carlson S, Beers A, Boyd R. Integrated three-dimensional ciraniofacial mapping at the Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Laboratory/University of the Pacific. Seminars in Orthodontics 2001; 7: 258-65
  • 72 Hajeer MY, Ayoub AF, Millett DT, Bock M, Siebert JP. Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: The clinical application of a new method. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 2002; 17: 318-30
  • 73 Larheim TA. Current trends in temporomandibular joint imaging. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 80: 555-76
  • 74 Webber RL, Horton RA. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application in dental radiology. In: Farman AG. editors. Avances in maxillofacial imaging. BV: Elsevier Science; 1997: p. 359-62
  • 75 Mah J, Enciso R, Jorgensen M. Management of impacted cuspids using 3-D volumetric imaging. J Calif Dent Assoc 2003; 31: 835-41
  • 76 Bookstein FL. The geometry of craniofacial growth invariants. Am J Orthod 1983; 83: 221-34
  • 77 van Dijke CF, Kirk BA, Peterfy CG, Genant HK, Brasch RC, Kapila S. Arthritic temporomandibular joint: Correlation of macromolecular contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1997; 204: 825-32
  • 78 Robb RA. The dynamic spatial reconstructor: An x-ray video-fluoroscopic CT scanner for dynamic volume imaging of moving organs. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1982; 1: 22-33
  • 79 Mckee IW, Williamson PC, Lam EW, Heo G, Glover KE, Major PW. The accuracy of 4 panoramic units in the projection of mesiodistal tooth angulations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 121: 166-75