Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00051611.xml
Download PDF
CC BY-NC 4.0 · Arch Plast Surg 2019; 46(06): 498-510
DOI: 10.5999/aps.2019.00416
DOI: 10.5999/aps.2019.00416
Review Article
The use of autologous fat grafts in breast surgery: A literature review
Authors
We would like to thank our colleagues in the clinic who helped us for literature research in this study.
Autologous fat injection was first described roughly a century ago and has been used in surgery ever since. In addition to its use in many surgical fields, it is also frequently used for both aesthetic and reconstructive purposes in breast surgery. Since the application of fat grafting in breast surgery has steadily increased, studies investigating its reliability have simultaneously become increasingly common. Previous studies have reported that the use of fat grafting in breast surgery is reliable, but some pending questions remain about its routine use. In order to use fat grafts successfully in breast surgery, it is necessary to be familiar with the structure and content of adipose tissue, the efficacy of adipose stem cell-enriched fat grafts, the oncological safety of fat grafts, and the problems that may occur in the radiological follow-up of patients who undergo fat grafting procedures. In this literature review, we aim to discuss the use of fat grafts in breast surgery by investigating these common problems.
Publication History
Received: 11 March 2019
Accepted: 08 November 2019
Article published online:
25 March 2022
© 2019. The Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, permitting unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
REFERENCES
- 1 Neuber F. Fettransplantation. Chir Kongr Verhandl Dsch Gesellch Chir 1893; 22: 66
- 2 Chan CW, McCulley SJ, Macmillan RD. Autologous fat transfer: a review of the literature with a focus on breast cancer surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61: 1438-48
- 3 Trojahn Kolle SF, Oliveri RS, Glovinski PV. et al. Importance of mesenchymal stem cells in autologous fat grafting: a systematic review of existing studies. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2012; 46: 59-68
- 4 Carpaneda CA, Ribeiro MT. Percentage of graft viability versus injected volume in adipose autotransplants. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1994; 18: 17-9
- 5 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019; 69: 7-34
- 6 Czerny A. Plastischer Ersatz der Brustdruse durch ein Lipoma. Chir Kongr Verhandl 1895; 216: 2
- 7 Report on autologous fat transplantation. ASPRS Ad-Hoc Committee on New Procedures, September 30, 1987 Plast Surg Nurs. 1987. 7. 140-1
- 8 Khouri RK, Eisenmann-Klein M, Cardoso E. et al. Brava and autologous fat transfer is a safe and effective breast augmentation alternative: results of a 6-year, 81-patient, prospective multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129: 1173-87
- 9 Gutowski KA. ASPS Fat Graft Task Force. Current applications and safety of autologous fat grafts: a report of the ASPS fat graft task force Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009. 124. 272-80
- 10 Rubin JP, Coon D, Zuley M. et al. Mammographic changes after fat transfer to the breast compared with changes after breast reduction: a blinded study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129: 1029-38
- 11 Bernard RW, Beran SJ. Autologous fat graft in nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112: 964-8
- 12 Chajchir A, Benzaquen I. Liposuction fat grafts in face wrinkles and hemifacial atrophy. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1986; 10: 115-7
- 13 Wang G, Ren Y, Cao W. et al. Liposculpture and fat grafting for aesthetic correction of the gluteal concave deformity associated with multiple intragluteal injection of penicillin in childhood. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013; 37: 39-45
- 14 Rusciani Scorza A, Rusciani Scorza L, Troccola A. et al. Autologous fat transfer for face rejuvenation with tumescent technique fat harvesting and saline washing: a report of 215 cases. Dermatology 2012; 224: 244-50
- 15 Yoshimura K, Sato K, Aoi N. et al. Cell-assisted lipotransfer for cosmetic breast augmentation: supportive use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32: 48-55
- 16 Zheng DN, Li QF, Lei H. et al. Autologous fat grafting to the breast for cosmetic enhancement: experience in 66 patients with long-term follow up. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61: 792-8
- 17 Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP. Fat grafting to the breast revisited: safety and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119: 775-85
- 18 Zocchi ML, Zuliani F. Bicompartmental breast lipostructuring. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32: 313-28
- 19 Mu DL, Luan J, Mu L. et al. Breast augmentation by autologous fat injection grafting: management and clinical analysis of complications. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 63: 124-7
- 20 Del Vecchio DA, Bucky LP. Breast augmentation using preexpansion and autologous fat transplantation: a clinical radiographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127: 2441-50
- 21 Kamakura T, Ito K. Autologous cell-enriched fat grafting for breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35: 1022-30
- 22 Serra-Renom JM, Munoz-Olmo J, Serra-Mestre JM. Endoscopically assisted aesthetic augmentation of tuberous breasts and fat grafting to correct the double bubble. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012; 36: 1114-9
- 23 Pinsolle V, Chichery A, Grolleau JL. et al. Autologous fat injection in Poland’s syndrome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61: 784-91
- 24 Salgarello M, Visconti G, Barone-Adesi L. Fat grafting and breast reconstruction with implant: another option for irradiated breast cancer patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129: 317-29
- 25 Spear SL, Wilson HB, Lockwood MD. Fat injection to correct contour deformities in the reconstructed breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116: 1300-5
- 26 Missana MC, Laurent I, Barreau L. et al. Autologous fat transfer in reconstructive breast surgery: indications, technique and results. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33: 685-90
- 27 Sarfati I, Ihrai T, Duvernay A. et al. Autologous fat grafting to the postmastectomy irradiated chest wall prior to breast implant reconstruction: a series of 68 patients. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2013; 58: 35-40
- 28 Chajchir A. Fat injection: long-term follow-up. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1996; 20: 291-6
- 29 Niechajev I, Sevcuk O. Long-term results of fat transplantation: clinical and histologic studies. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 94: 496-506
- 30 Lewis CM. The current status of autologous fat grafting. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1993; 17: 109-12
- 31 Choi M, Small K, Levovitz C. et al. The volumetric analysis of fat graft survival in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131: 185-91
- 32 Rigotti G. Discussion: the volumetric analysis of fat graft survival in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131: 192-3
- 33 Rosing JH, Wong G, Wong MS. et al. Autologous fat grafting for primary breast augmentation: a systematic review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35: 882-90
- 34 Gentile P, Di Pasquali C, Bocchini I. et al. Breast reconstruction with autologous fat graft mixed with platelet-rich plasma. Surg Innov 2013; 20: 370-6
- 35 Locke MB, de Chalain TM. Current practice in autologous fat transplantation: suggested clinical guidelines based on a review of recent literature. Ann Plast Surg 2008; 60: 98-102
- 36 Manabe Y, Toda S, Miyazaki K. et al. Mature adipocytes, but not preadipocytes, promote the growth of breast carcinoma cells in collagen gel matrix culture through cancer-stromal cell interactions. J Pathol 2003; 201: 221-8
- 37 Yu JM, Jun ES, Bae YC. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissues favor tumor cell growth in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17: 463-73
- 38 Sasano H, Ozaki M. Aromatase expression and its localization in human breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 61: 293-8
- 39 Wang YY, Lehuede C, Laurent V. et al. Adipose tissue and breast epithelial cells: a dangerous dynamic duo in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 324: 142-51
- 40 Pearl RA, Leedham SJ, Pacifico MD. The safety of autologous fat transfer in breast cancer: lessons from stem cell biology. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65: 283-8
- 41 Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14: 189-206
- 42 Park J, Euhus DM, Scherer PE. Paracrine and endocrine effects of adipose tissue on cancer development and progression. Endocr Rev 2011; 32: 550-70
- 43 Iyengar P, Combs TP, Shah SJ. et al. Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization. Oncogene 2003; 22: 6408-23
- 44 Walter M, Liang S, Ghosh S. et al. Interleukin 6 secreted from adipose stromal cells promotes migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 28: 2745-55
- 45 Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ. et al. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 85-97
- 46 Hovey RC, McFadden TB, Akers RM. Regulation of mammary gland growth and morphogenesis by the mammary fat pad: a species comparison. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999; 4: 53-68
- 47 Place AE, Jin Huh S, Polyak K. The microenvironment in breast cancer progression: biology and implications for treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13: 227
- 48 Bochet L, Meulle A, Imbert S. et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes promotes breast tumor radioresistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411: 102-6
- 49 Martin-Padura I, Gregato G, Marighetti P. et al. The white adipose tissue used in lipotransfer procedures is a rich reservoir of CD34+ progenitors able to promote cancer progression. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 325-34
- 50 Rahimi N, Saulnier R, Nakamura T. et al. Role of hepatocyte growth factor in breast cancer: a novel mitogenic factor secreted by adipocytes. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13: 1189-97
- 51 Kamat P, Schweizer R, Kaenel P. et al. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells may promote breast cancer progression and metastatic spread. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136: 76-84
- 52 Molto-Garcia R, Gonzalez-Alonso V, Villaverde-Domenech ME. et al. Effect of human fat graft on breast cancer metastasis in a murine model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139: 1119-28
- 53 Tsuji W, Valentin JE, Marra KG. et al. An animal model of local breast cancer recurrence in the setting of autologous fat grafting for breast reconstruction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7: 125-34
- 54 Orbay H, Hinchcliff KM, Charvet HJ. et al. Fat graft safety after oncologic surgery: addressing the contradiction between in vitro and clinical studies. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 142: 1489-99
- 55 Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM. et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 2012; 150: 366-76
- 56 Lafontan M. Historical perspectives in fat cell biology: the fat cell as a model for the investigation of hormonal and metabolic pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302: C327-59
- 57 Shapiro B, Wertheimer E. The synthesis of fatty acids in adipose tissue in vitro. J Biol Chem 1948; 173: 725-8
- 58 Lindroos B, Suuronen R, Miettinen S. The potential of adipose stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7: 269-91
- 59 Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Buechler C. Mechanisms of disease: adipokines and breast cancer - endocrine and paracrine mechanisms that connect adiposity and breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 345-54
- 60 Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 137: 307-14
- 61 Ligibel J. Obesity and breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2011; 25: 994-1000
- 62 Gu JW, Young E, Patterson SG. et al. Postmenopausal obesity promotes tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer progression in mice. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11: 910-7
- 63 Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18: e457-71
- 64 Matthews SB, Thompson HJ. The obesity-breast cancer conundrum: an analysis of the issues. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17: E989
- 65 Yang H, Youm YH, Vandanmagsar B. et al. Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. J Immunol 2010; 185: 1836-45
- 66 Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33 Pt 5 1078-81
- 67 Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N. et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79-83
- 68 Ohashi K, Parker JL, Ouchi N. et al. Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 6153-60
- 69 Guo J, Widgerow AD, Banyard D. et al. Strategic sequences in fat graft survival. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 74: 376-82
- 70 Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H. et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 2001; 7: 211-28
- 71 Moseley TA, Zhu M, Hedrick MH. Adipose-derived stem and progenitor cells as fillers in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118(3 Suppl): 121S-8S
- 72 Strem BM, Hicok KC, Zhu M. et al. Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Keio J Med 2005; 54: 132-41
- 73 Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P. et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13: 4279-95
- 74 Seo MJ, Suh SY, Bae YC. et al. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328: 258-64
- 75 Fraser JK, Schreiber RE, Zuk PA. et al. Adult stem cell therapy for the heart. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 658-66
- 76 Jack GS, Almeida FG, Zhang R. et al. Processed lipoaspirate cells for tissue engineering of the lower urinary tract: implications for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstruction. J Urol 2005; 174: 2041-5
- 77 Case J, Horvath TL, Howell JC. et al. Clonal multilineage differentiation of murine common pluripotent stem cells isolated from skeletal muscle and adipose stromal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1044: 183-200
- 78 Casteilla L, Planat-Benard V, Cousin B. et al. Plasticity of adipose tissue: a promising therapeutic avenue in the treatment of cardiovascular and blood diseases?. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005; 98: 922-6
- 79 Fortier LA. Stem cells: classifications, controversies, and clinical applications. Vet Surg 2005; 34: 415-23
- 80 Vacanti V, Kong E, Suzuki G. et al. Phenotypic changes of adult porcine mesenchymal stem cells induced by prolonged passaging in culture. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205: 194-201
- 81 Aust L, Devlin B, Foster SJ. et al. Yield of human adipose-derived adult stem cells from liposuction aspirates. Cytotherapy 2004; 6: 7-14
- 82 Guilak F. Functional tissue engineering: the role of biomechanics in reparative medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 961: 193-5
- 83 Sundelacruz S, Kaplan DL. Stem cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to osteochondral regenerative medicine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20: 646-55
- 84 Waked K, Colle J, Doornaert M. et al. Systematic review: the oncological safety of adipose fat transfer after breast cancer surgery. Breast 2017; 31: 128-36
- 85 Petit JY, Botteri E, Lohsiriwat V. et al. Locoregional recurrence risk after lipofilling in breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 582-8
- 86 Delay E, Garson S, Tousson G. et al. Fat injection to the breast: technique, results, and indications based on 880 procedures over 10 years. Aesthet Surg J 2009; 29: 360-76
- 87 Illouz YG, Sterodimas A. Autologous fat transplantation to the breast: a personal technique with 25 years of experience. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 33: 706-15
- 88 Claro Jr F, Figueiredo JC, Zampar AG. et al. Applicability and safety of autologous fat for reconstruction of the breast. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 768-80
- 89 Seth AK, Hirsch EM, Kim JY. et al. Long-term outcomes following fat grafting in prosthetic breast reconstruction: a comparative analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 130: 984-90
- 90 Petit JY, Lohsiriwat V, Clough KB. et al. The oncologic outcome and immediate surgical complications of lipofilling in breast cancer patients: a multicenter study: Milan-Paris-Lyon experience of 646 lipofilling procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 128: 341-6
- 91 Petit JY, Rietjens M, Botteri E. et al. Evaluation of fat grafting safety in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia: a matched-cohort study. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 1479-84
- 92 Regolo L, Galli L, Petrolo G. et al. Short commentaries on data published by Petit et al. on locoregional risk after lipofilling in breast cancer patients. Breast 2013; 22: 96-7
- 93 Gale KL, Rakha EA, Ball G. et al. A case-controlled study of the oncologic safety of fat grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135: 1263-75
- 94 Petit JY, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N. et al. Fat grafting after invasive breast cancer: a matched case-control study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139: 1292-6
- 95 Myckatyn TM, Wagner IJ, Mehrara BJ. et al. Cancer risk after fat transfer: a multicenter case-cohort study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139: 11-8
- 96 Silva-Vergara C, Fontdevila J, Weshahy O. et al. Breast cancer recurrence is not increased with lipofilling reconstruction: a case-controlled study. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 79: 243-8
- 97 Kronowitz SJ, Mandujano CC, Liu J. et al. Lipofilling of the breast does not increase the risk of recurrence of breast cancer: a matched controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137: 385-93
- 98 Rigotti G, Marchi A, Stringhini P. et al. Determining the oncological risk of autologous lipoaspirate grafting for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 34: 475-80
- 99 Rietjens M, De Lorenzi F, Rossetto F. et al. Safety of fat grafting in secondary breast reconstruction after cancer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64: 477-83
- 100 Wang X, Simpson ER, Brown KA. Aromatase overexpression in dysfunctional adipose tissue links obesity to postmenopausal breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153: 35-44
- 101 Sasaki Y, Miki Y, Hirakawa H. et al. Immunolocalization of estrogen-producing and metabolizing enzymes in benign breast disease: comparison with normal breast and breast carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2286-92
- 102 Ghosh S, Dean A, Walter M. et al. Cell density-dependent transcriptional activation of endocrine-related genes in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316: 2087-98
- 103 Caplan AI, Correa D. The MSC: an injury drugstore. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 9: 11-5
- 104 Smalley M, Ashworth A. Stem cells and breast cancer: a field in transit. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 832-44
- 105 Sun B, Roh KH, Park JR. et al. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Cytotherapy 2009; 11: 289-98
- 106 Senst C, Nazari-Shafti T, Kruger S. et al. Prospective dual role of mesenchymal stem cells in breast tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 137: 69-79
- 107 Brown FE, Sargent SK, Cohen SR. et al. Mammographic changes following reduction mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987; 80: 691-8
- 108 Isaacs G, Rozner L, Tudball C. Breast lumps after reduction mammaplasty. Ann Plast Surg 1985; 15: 394-9
- 109 Miller CL, Feig SA, Fox JW. Mammographic changes after reduction mammoplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149: 35-8
- 110 Sickles EA, Herzog KA. Mammography of the postsurgical breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981; 136: 585-8
- 111 Redfern AB, Ryan JJ, Su TC. Calcification of the fibrous capsule about mammary implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977; 59: 249-51
- 112 Benjamin JL, Guy CL. Calcification of implant capsules following augmentation mammaplasty: case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977; 59: 432-3
- 113 Koide T, Katayama H. Calcification in augmentation mammoplasty. Radiology 1979; 130: 337-40
- 114 Costantini M, Cipriani A, Belli P. et al. Radiological findings in mammary autologous fat injections: a multi-technique evaluation. Clin Radiol 2013; 68: 27-33
- 115 Parikh RP, Doren EL, Mooney B. et al. Differentiating fat necrosis from recurrent malignancy in fat-grafted breasts: an imaging classification system to guide management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 130: 761-72
- 116 Veber M, Tourasse C, Toussoun G. et al. Radiographic findings after breast augmentation by autologous fat transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127: 1289-99
- 117 Pinell-White XA, Etra J, Newell M. et al. Radiographic implications of fat grafting to the reconstructed breast. Breast J 2015; 21: 520-5
- 118 Juhl AA, Redsted S, Engberg Damsgaard T. Autologous fat grafting after breast conserving surgery: breast imaging changes and patient-reported outcome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71: 1570-6
- 119 Chen SC, Cheung YC, Su CH. et al. Analysis of sonographic features for the differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors of different sizes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 188-93
- 120 Pulagam SR, Poulton T, Mamounas EP. Long-term clinical and radiologic results with autologous fat transplantation for breast augmentation: case reports and review of the literature. Breast J 2006; 12: 63-5