15.3.6 Quinoline 1-Oxides and Quinolinium Salts (Update 2025)

Abstract

Quinoline 1-oxides and quinolinium salts are used extensively as synthetic intermediates for various organic transformations. They are also found as privileged cores in various bioactive molecules. Therefore, there has been a continuous effort focused on the synthesis of such compounds. In this review, recent synthetic protocols to afford such compounds are compiled, with literature reports from 2005 to 2023 included. In addition to the most common oxidation routes from the parent quinoline moiety, including biocatalytic methods, this contribution also features synthetic routes using different starting materials, often based on nitroarene precursors. Synthetic protocols for the preparation of quinolinium salts based on addition or annulation strategies are also covered.

Key words

quinoline 1-oxides - quinolinium salts - quinolines - N-oxidation - cyclocondensation - annulation - N-alkylation - biocatalysis

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