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Cazin, C.  et al.: 2018 Science of Synthesis, 2016/5b: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Catalytic Organic Synthesis 2 DOI: 10.1055/sos-SD-224-00180
N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Catalytic Organic Synthesis 2

2.7.1 Biphasic Systems

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Editors: Cazin, C. ; Nolan, S.

Authors: Basle, O.; Broggi, J.; Claver, C.; Clavier, H.; Collins, S. K.; Costabile, C.; Crevisy, C.; Crozet, D.; Davies, A.; Diesendruck, C. E.; Felten, S.; Godard, C.; Grela, K.; Holtz-Mulholland, M.; Jana, A.; Johnson, J.; Lapkin, A.; Liu, J.; Lombardía, A.; Louie, J.; Malecki, P.; Mauduit, M.; Munz, D.; Nelson, D.; Peñafiel, I.; Schmid, T.; Slugovc, C.; Smith, A. D.; Thieuleux, C.; Zhong, Y.

Title: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Catalytic Organic Synthesis 2

Print ISBN: 9783132414006; Online ISBN: 9783132414044; Book DOI: 10.1055/b-004-140260

1st edition © 2018 Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart

Subjects: Organic Chemistry;Chemical Reactions, Catalysis;Organometallic Chemistry;Laboratory Techniques, Stoichiometry

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Parent publication

Title: Science of Synthesis

DOI: 10.1055/b-00000101

Series Editors: Carreira, E. M.; Decicco, C. P.; Fürstner, A.; Koch, G.; Molander, G.; Schaumann, E.; Shibasaki, M.; Thomas, E. J.; Trost, B. M.

Type: Multivolume Edition

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Abstract

To overcome the inherent issue of catalyst recycling in homogeneous catalysis, much effort has been devoted to the heterogenization of catalysts onto solid supports and to the separation of the reactants (and/or products) and the catalyst using immiscible liquid phases (liquid multiphase catalysis). For these latter systems, solvents such as water, alcohols, ionic liquids, fluorous media, supercritical fluids, and gas-expanded liquids have been employed successfully as the catalyst phase. In this chapter, the most relevant biphasic catalytic systems involving NHC complexes are discussed. Particular attention is devoted to alkene metathesis, which is considered to be one of the most important processes that uses complexes with carbene ligands. Sulfonated or related water-soluble carbene ligands are also described for biphasic reactions, such as cyclization, C–C bond formation, and hydroformylation.

Key words

biphasic - N-heterocyclic carbene complexes - catalyst recycling - catalysts - hydroformylation - metathesis - solvents - supported catalysis
 
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