Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Sports Med Int Open 2018; 02(04): E91-E97
DOI: 10.1055/a-0639-5035
Training & Testing
Eigentümer und Copyright ©Georg Thieme Verlag KG 2018

Lack of a Dose Response from 7 Days of Ischemic Preconditioning in Moderately trained Cyclists

Angus Lindsay
1   Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
,
Carl Petersen
2   School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
,
Hamish Ferguson
3   Sport Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
,
Gavin Blackwell
4   School of Sciences and Physical Education, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
,
Stephen Rickerby
5   UC Sport, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 06 February 2018
revised 23 May 2018

accepted 25 May 2018

Publication Date:
07 September 2018 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has a small benefit on exercise performance, but differences in the IP method, performance tasks and exercise modality have made providing practical coach guidelines difficult. We investigated the performance-enhancing effects of IP on cyclists by comparing the frequency of IP application over a 7-day period. Using a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blinded experiment, 24 competitive age-group track cyclists (38±12 years) were assigned to one of three twice-daily (sham: 20 and 20 mmHg; once-a-day: 20 and 220 mmHg; twice-a-day: 220 and 220 mmHg) IP leg protocols (4 × 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion alternating between legs) over seven consecutive days. A 4000-m cycling-ergometer time trial was completed before, immediately following and one week after the protocols. Neither mean power, nor 4000-m performance time nor VO2 were significantly affected by either of the IP protocols compared to the sham at any time point following treatment. Repeated application of IP over seven days did not enhance the performance of trained cyclists in a 4000-m laboratory time trial. More research is required to understand how changes to methodological variables can improve the chances of IP successfully enhancing athlete performance.

Key word

time trial - hypoxia - occlusion - reperfusion - sport
 

  • References

  • 1 Bailey TG, Jones H, Gregson W, Atkinson G, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 2084-2089
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Banks L, Wells GD, Clarizia NA, Jean-St-Michel E, McKillop AL, Redington AN, McCrindle BW. Short-term remote ischemic preconditioning is not associated with improved blood pressure and exercise capacity in young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41: 903-906
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker MS.Package ‘mlmRev’.Examples from multilevel modelling software review 2014; https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mlmRev/mlmRev.pdf
    PubMed
  • 4 Berger MM, Macholz F, Mairbäurl H, Bärtsch P. Remote ischemic preconditioning for prevention of high-altitude diseases: fact or fiction?. J Appl Physiol 2015; 119: 1143-1151
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Cocking S, Wilson MG, Nichols D, Cable NT, Green DJ, Thijssen DHJ, Jones H. Is there an optimal ischemic-preconditioning dose to improve cycling performance?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13: 274-282
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Cohen MV, Yang X-M, Downey JM. Conscious rabbits become tolerant to multiple episodes of ischemic preconditioning. Circ Res 1994; 74: 998-1004
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Crisafulli A, Tangianu F, Tocco F, Concu A, Mameli O, Mulliri G, Caria MA. Ischemic preconditioning of the muscle improves maximal exercise performance but not maximal oxygen uptake in humans. J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 530-536
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 De Groot PCE, Thijssen DHJ, Sanchez M, Ellenkamp R, Hopman MTE. Ischemic preconditioning improves maximal performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Foster GP, Giri PC, Rogers DM, Larson SR, Anholm JD. Ischemic preconditioning improves oxygen saturation and attenuates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 15: 155-161
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Gibson N, White J, Neish M, Murray A. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on land-based sprinting in team-sport athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8: 671-676
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Hittinger EA, Maher JL, Nash MS, Perry AC, Signorile JF, Kressler J, Jacobs KA. Ischemic preconditioning does not improve peak exercise capacity at sea level or simulated high altitude in trained male cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40: 65-71
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Incognito AV, Burr JF, Millar PJ. The effects of ischemic preconditioning on human exercise performance. Sports Med 2016; 46: 531-544
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Jean-St-Michel E, Manlhiot C, Li J, Tropak M, Michelsen MM, Schmidt MR, McCrindle BW, Wells GD, Redington AN. Remote preconditioning improves maximal performance in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 1280-1286
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Jones H, Hopkins N, Bailey TG, Green DJ, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ. Seven-day remote ischemic preconditioning improves local and systemic endothelial function and microcirculation in healthy humans. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27: 918-925
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Kraus AS, Pasha EP, Machin DR, Alkatan M, Kloner RA, Tanaka H. Bilateral upper limb remote ischemic preconditioning improves anaerobic power. Open Sports Med J 2015; 9: 1-6
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. lmerTest: Tests for random and fixed effects for linear mixed effect models (lmer objects of lme4 package). R package version 2: 0-0 2013;
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Lindsay A, Petersen C, Blackwell G, Ferguson H, Parker G, Steyn N, Gieseg SP. The effect of 1 week of repeated ischaemic leg preconditioning on simulated Keirin cycling performance: a randomised trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3: e000229
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Marocolo M, da Mota GR, Pelegrini V, Appell Coriolano HJ. Are the beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance partly a placebo effect?. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 822-825
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Marocolo M, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simao R, Maior AS, Coriolano HJ. Beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning in resistance exercise fade over time. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 819-824
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Marocolo M, Willardson JM, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simão R, Maior AS. Ischemic preconditioning and placebo intervention improves resistance exercise performance. Journal Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 1462-1469
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Meyer T, Davison RCR, Kindermann W. Ambulatory gas exchange measurements–current status and future options. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26: S19-S27
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Paixao RC, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Acute effect of ischemic preconditioning is detrimental to anaerobic performance in cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2014; 35: 912-915
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Paradis-Deschenes P, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Ischemic preconditioning improves time trial performance at moderate altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50: 533-541
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Patterson SD, Bezodis NE, Glaister M, Pattison JR. The effect of ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47: 1652-1658
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Sabino-Carvalho JL, Lopes TR, Obeid-Freitas T, Ferreira TN, Succi JE, Silva AC, Silva BM. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on endurance performance does not surpass placebo. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49: 124-132
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Salvador AF, De Aguiar RA, Lisbôa FD, Pereira KL, Cruz RSdO, Caputo F. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 4-14
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Schmit C, Duffield R, Hausswirth C, Coutts AJ, Le Meur Y. Pacing adjustments associated with familiarization: heat versus temperate environments. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016; 11: 855-860
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Sporer BC, McKenzie DC. Reproducibility of a laboratory-based 20-km time trial evaluation in competitive cyclists using the Velotron Pro ergometer. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 940-944
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Stone MR, Thomas K, Wilkinson M, Gibson ASC, Thompson KG. Consistency of perceptual and metabolic responses to a laboratory-based simulated 4,000-m cycling time trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1807-1813
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Tocco F, Marongiu E, Ghiani G, Sanna I, Palazzolo G, Olla S, Pusceddu M, Sanna P, Corona F, Concu A. Muscle ischemic preconditioning does not improve performance during self-paced exercise. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 9-15
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar