Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Part I: Pathogenesis and Diagnostics

Thilo Hotfiel; Jürgen Freiwald; Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe; Christoph Lutter; Raimund Forst; Casper Grim; Wilhelm Bloch; Moritz Hüttel; Rafael Heiss

doi:10.1055/a-0753-1884

Sportverletzung · Sportschaden, Table of Contents

Sportverletz Sportschaden 2018; 32(04): 243-250
DOI: 10.1055/a-0753-1884

Übersicht

Advances in Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Part I: Pathogenesis and Diagnostics

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness – Teil I: Pathogenese und Diagnostik

Thilo Hotfiel

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

²Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Interdisciplinary Center for Muscle Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

³High Performance Sports Commission, German-Austrian-Swiss Society for Orthopaedic Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS)

,

Jürgen Freiwald

³High Performance Sports Commission, German-Austrian-Swiss Society for Orthopaedic Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS)

⁴Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Germany

,

Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe

⁴Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Germany

⁵Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabrück, Germany

,

Christoph Lutter

⁶Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Sportsorthopedics and Sportsmedicine, Klinikum Bamberg, Germany

,

Raimund Forst

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

,

Casper Grim

³High Performance Sports Commission, German-Austrian-Swiss Society for Orthopaedic Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS)

⁵Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabrück, Germany

,

Wilhelm Bloch

⁷Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

,

Moritz Hüttel

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

,

Rafael Heiss

²Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Interdisciplinary Center for Muscle Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

⁸Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a type of ultrastructural muscle injury. The manifestation of DOMS is caused by eccentric or unfamiliar forms of exercise. Clinical signs include reduced force capacities, increased painful restriction of movement, stiffness, swelling, and dysfunction of adjacent joints. Although DOMS is considered a mild type of injury, it is one of the most common reasons for compromised sportive performance. In the past few decades, many hypotheses have been developed to explain the aetiology of DOMS. Although the exact pathophysiological pathway remains unknown, the primary mechanism is currently considered to be the ultrastructural damage of muscle cells due to unfamiliar sporting activities or eccentric exercise, which leads to further protein degradation, apoptosis and local inflammatory response. The development of clinical symptoms is typically delayed (peak soreness at 48 – 72 h post-exercise) as a result of complex sequences of local and systemic physiological responses. The following narrative review was conducted to present an overview of the current findings regarding the damaging mechanisms as well as the pathophysiology of DOMS and its diagnostic evaluation.

Zusammenfassung

Die Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) oder auch „verzögert einsetzender Muskelkater" wird zu den ultrastrukturellen Muskelschädigungen gezählt. Ursächlich werden vorausgegangene exzentrische Kontraktionsformen oder ungewohnte Muskelbelastungen angesehen. Klinische Symptome imponieren in Form einer reduzierten Kraftentfaltung, schmerzhafter Bewegungseinschränkungen, einer Erhöhung des Muskeltonus, Schwellungen sowie Funktionseinschränkungen angrenzender Gelenke. Obwohl die DOMS den milden Schädigungsformen zugeordnet wird, hat sie aufgrund der leistungseinschränkenden Auswirkungen eine große Bedeutung – insbesondere für den Leistungssport. In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind viele Hypothesen zur Ursache und Pathophysiologie beschrieben worden. Auch, wenn der genaue pathophysiologische Signalweg bis heute nicht vollständig geklärt ist, gilt als primärer Schädigungsmechanismus eine mechanische, ultrastrukturelle Schädigung des Muskelparenchyms, die zu einer weiteren Proteindegradation, Autophagie und einer lokalen Entzündungsantwort führt. Klinische Symptome manifestieren sich typischerweise verzögert (Hauptmanifestation zwischen 24 und 72 h nach der Belastung), als Folge einer komplexen lokalen und systemischen Inflammationsphase. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat das Ziel, eine Übersicht über diese Schädigungsentität zu liefern und dabei Grundlagen der schädigenden Mechanismen, der Pathophysiologie und der Diagnostik aufzuzeigen.

Key word

muscle damage - muscle injury - muscle strain - exercise-induced muscle damage - EIMD - eccentric training - MRI

Schlüsselwörter

Muskelschädigung - Muskelverletzung - Muskelzerrung - Muskelkater - Krafttraining - exzentrisches Training - MRT

Full Text

References

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