Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2019; 40(01): 52-56
DOI: 10.1055/a-0759-2063
Clinical Sciences
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Role of Cross-training in Orthopaedic Injuries and Healthcare Burden in Masters Swimmers

Brett D. Baker
1   Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX United States
,
Stephanie S. Lapierre
1   Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX United States
,
Hirofumi Tanaka
1   Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted 06 October 2018

Publication Date:
27 November 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

We determined whether the incidence of injuries would increase with advancing age and whether the participation in cross-training would be related to a decreased rate of injuries and healthcare costs in Masters swimmers. A total of 499 swimmers (55±14 years of age) belonging to US Masters Swimming completed a comprehensive questionnaire that included questions regarding their medical history as well as their training history. In average, swimmers had been training for 13±12 years, and 35, 40, and 47% participated in running, cycling, and dryland resistance training, respectively. According to the logistic regression, prevalence of injuries increased significantly but modestly with advancing age (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that for every 1 month increase in the length of injury, healthcare costs increased by 7.4% (p<0.05). Linear regression and logistic regression analyses determined that overall volume of swimming training was not related to age or incidence of injuries, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses using age and sex as predictors demonstrated that the odds of reporting a swim-related injury were significantly lower for individuals who participated in any number of cross-training activities compared with those who do not cross-train (p<0.05). Regular participation in any cross-training modality was inversely related to age (p<0.05). We concluded that the diversification of the overall training program by incorporating cross-training may be an important strategy to reduce sport-specific injuries among Masters athletes.

Key words

non-specific training activities - aging - specificity of training - swimming - healthcare cost
 

  • References

  • 1 Asahara H, Inui M, Lotz MK. Tendons and ligaments: Connecting developmental biology to musculoskeletal disease pathogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32: 1773-1782
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Bak K. Nontraumatic glenohumeral instability and coracoacromial impingement in swimmers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996; 6: 132-144
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 de Loes M. Medical treatment and costs of sports-related injuries in a total population. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 66-72
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Ding D, Kolbe-Alexander T, Nguyen B, Katzmarzyk PT, Pratt M, Lawson KD. The economic burden of physical inactivity: A systematic review and critical appraisal. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 1392–1409
    PubMed
  • 5 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Hespanhol Junior LC, van Mechelen W, Postuma E, Verhagen E. Health and economic burden of running-related injuries in runners training for an event: A prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26: 1091-1099
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Hickson RC, Bomze HA, Holloszy JO. Linear increase in aerobic power induced by a strenuous program of endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1977; 42: 372-376
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Hreljac A, Marshall RN, Hume PA. Evaluation of lower extremity overuse injury potential in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1635-1641
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Kannus P, Niittymaki S, Jarvinen M, Lehto M. Sports injuries in elderly athletes: A three-year prospective, controlled study. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 263-270
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Keogh J, Hume PA, Pearson S. Retrospective injury epidemiology of one hundred one competitive Oceania power lifters: The effects of age, body mass, competitive standard, and gender. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 672-681
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Kettunen JA, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S. Health of master track and field athletes: A 16-year follow-up study. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16: 142-148
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Levy CM, Kolin E, Berson BL. Cross training: risk or benefit? An evaluation of injuries in four athlete populations. Sports Med Clin Forum 1986; 3: 1-8
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Magnan B, Bondi M, Pierantoni S, Samaila E. The pathogenesis of Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review. Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 20: 154-159
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 McFarland EG, Wasik M. Injuries in female collegiate swimmers due to swimming and cross training. Clin J Sport Med 1996; 6: 178-182
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 McKean KA, Manson NA, Stanish WD. Musculoskeletal injury in the masters runners. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16: 149-154
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Pollock ML, Gettman LR, Milesis CA, Bah MD, Durstine L, Johnson RB. Effects of frequency and duration of training on attrition and incidence of injury. Med Sci Sports 1977; 9: 31-36
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Tanaka H. Effects of cross-training. Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running and swimming. Sports Med 1994; 18: 330-339
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Tanaka H, Costill DL, Thomas R, Fink WJ, Widrick JJ. Dry-land resistance training for competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 952-959
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Tanaka H, Seals DR. Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 2152-2162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Tanaka H, Seals DR. Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. J Physiol 2008; 586: 55-63
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Tanaka H, Swensen T. Impact of resistance training on endurance performance: a new form of cross-training?. Sports Med 1998; 25: 191-200
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Tate A, Harrington S, Buness M, Murray S, Trout C, Meisel C. Investigation of In-Water and Dry-Land Training Programs for Competitive Swimmers in the United States. J Sport Rehabil 2015; 24: 353-362
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Wanivenhaus F, Fox AJ, Chaudhury S, Rodeo SA. Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers. Sports Health 2012; 4: 246-251
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 West DW, Lee-Barthel A, McIntyre T, Shamim B, Lee CA, Baar K. The exercise-induced biochemical milieu enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments. J Physiol 2015; 593: 4665-4675
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Williams PT. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1298-1304
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Williams PT. Relationship of distance run per week to coronary heart disease risk factors in 8283 male runners The National Runners’ Health Study. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 191-198
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar