Die Steppenraute, Peganum harmala L. – eine alte Unbekannte

Zusammenfassung

Die Steppenraute Peganum harmala L. ist eine Pflanze der Trockengebiete Zentralasiens bis in den Mittelmeerraum aus der Familie der Nitrariaceae. Besonders die Samen (Semen Harmalae) werden seit der Antike zu rituellen Zwecken als Halluzinogen und in der traditionellen Heilkunde verwendet. Inhaltsstoffe sind v. a. Indolalkaloide, wie β-Carboline und Chinazolinalkaloide mit ausgeprägten Wirkungen auf das ZNS und das Herz-Kreislauf-System. Trotz einer großen Anzahl von Berichten zu vielfältigen pharmakologischen Effekten besitzt die Droge gegenwärtig keine therapeutische Bedeutung.

Abstract

Peganum harmala L. (wild rue): The obscure oldie

Peganum harmala L. is commonly called wild rue or Syrian rue and belongs to the Nitrariaceae family. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant growing in dry areas distributed from Central Asia to the Mediterranean region. The seeds (Semen Harmalae) have especially been used since ancient times as hallucinogen and in traditional medicine. The main pharmacologically active constituents are indole alkaloids like β-carbolines and quinazoline alkaloids, with distinct activity in the central nervous system as well as in circulation. Despite a long list of investigations regarding the pharmacological effects of the drug, there is no real therapeutic use reported currently.

Schlüsselwörter

Peganum harmala L. - Steppenraute - Alkaloide - Pharmakologie - traditionelle Heilkunde

Key words

Peganum harmala L. - wild rue - alkaloids - pharmacology - traditional medicine

• Literatur

• 1 Urania Pflanzenreich. Bd. 1.. Leipzig, Jena, Berlin: Urania; 1993: 390
• 2 Blaschek W, Ebel S, Hackenthal E. et al., Hrsg. Hagers Enzyklopädie der Arzneistoffe und Drogen. Bd. 12, 6.. Aufl. Stuttgart: WVG; 2007: 113-115
• 3 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2548698
• 4 http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/sapindalesweb.htm#Nitrariaceae
• 5 Rätsch C. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. 2.. Aufl. Aarau / Schweiz: AT Verlag; 1998: 425-428
• 6 Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Heilmittel. [Nachdruck]. Hildesheim, New York: Georg Olms; 1979: 279-283
• 7 List PH, Hörhammer L. Hrsg. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1977: 490-492
• 8 Li S, Cheng X, Wang C. A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the genus Peganum . J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 203: 127-162
• 9 Moloudizargari M, Mikaili P, Aghajanshakeri S. et al. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7: 199-212
• 10 Farouk L, Laroubi A, Aboufatima R. et al. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of alkaloid extract of Peganum harmala L.: Possible mechanisms involved. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 115: 449-454
• 11 Splettstoesser F, Bonnet U, Wiemann M. et al. Modulation of voltage-gated channel currents by harmaline and harmane. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144: 52-58
• 12 Fortunato JJ, Réus GZ, Kirsch TR. et al. Acute harmine administration induces antidepressive-like effects and increases BDNF levels in the rat hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33: 1425-1430
• 13 Rommelspacher H, Schmidt LG, May T. Plasma norharman (beta-carboline) levels are elevated in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 553-559
• 14 Sari Y, Khalil A. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors extracted from tobacco smoke as neuroprotective factors for potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2015; 14: 777-785
• 15 Shi CC, Liao JF, Chen CF. Comparative study on the vasorelaxant effects of three harmala alkaloids in vitro. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001; 85: 299-305
• 16 Berrougui H, Martín-Cordero C, Khalil A. et al. Vasorelaxant effects of harmine and harmaline extracted from Peganum harmala L. seeds in isolated rat aorta. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54: 150-157
• 17 Aarons DH, Rossi GV, Orzechowski RF. Cardiovascular actions of three harmala alkaloids: harmine, harmaline, and harmalol. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66: 1244-1248
• 18 Hamsa TP, Kuttan G. Harmine inhibits tumour specific neo-vessel formation by regulating VEGF, MMP, TIMP and pro-inflammatory mediators both in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649: 64-73
• 19 Cao R, Peng W, Chen H. et al. DNA binding properties of 9-substituted harmine derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338: 1557-1563
• 20 Li Y, Liang F, Jiang W. et al. DH334, a beta-carboline anti-cancer drug, inhibits the CDK activity of budding yeast. Cancer Biol Ther 2007; 6: 1193-1199
• 21 Khadhr M, Bousta D, Hanane EH. et al. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of Tunisian Peganum harmala seeds oil and evaluation of some biological activities. Am J Ther 2017; 24: e706-e712
• 22 Waki H, Park KW, Mitro N. et al. The small molecule harmine is an antidiabetic cell-type-specific regulator of PPAR gamma expression. Cell Metab 2007; 5: 357-370
• 23 Prashanth D, John S. Antibacterial activity of Peganum harmala . Fitoterapia 1999; 70: 438-439
• 24 Saadabi AM. Antifungal activity of some Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Asian J Plant Sci 2006; 5: 907-909
• 25 Astulla A, Zaima K, Matsuno Y. et al. Alkaloids from the seeds of Peganum harmala showing antiplasmodial and vasorelaxant activities. J Nat Med 2008; 62: 470-472
• 26 Bremner P, Rivera D, Calzado MA. et al. Assessing medicinal plants from South-Eastern Spain for potential anti-inflammatory effects targeting nuclear factor-Kappa B and other pro-inflammatory mediators. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 295-305
• 27 Mahmoudian M, Jalilpour H, Salehian P. Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a case report. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2002; 1: 1-4
• 28 Moshiri M, Etemad L, Javidi S. et al. Peganum harmala intoxication, a case report. Avicenna J Phytomed 2013; 3: 288-292
• 29 El Bahri L, Chemli R. Peganum harmala L: A poisonous plant of North Africa. Vet Hum Toxicol 1991; 33: 276-277