Whole-Body MRI in Children and Adolescents – S1 Guideline

Jürgen F. Schaefer; Lars Daniel Berthold; Gabriele Hahn; Thekla von Kalle; Jörg Detlev Moritz; Cornelia Schröder; Joachim Stegmann; Marc Steinborn; Jürgen Weidemann; Rainer Wunsch; Hans-Joachim Mentzel

doi:10.1055/a-0832-2498

RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren, Table of Contents

Rofo 2019; 191(07): 618-625
DOI: 10.1055/a-0832-2498

Guideline

Whole-Body MRI in Children and Adolescents – S1 Guideline

Article in several languages: English | deutsch

Jürgen F. Schaefer

¹Division of Paediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

,

Lars Daniel Berthold

²Radiology, Asklepios Clinic Lich, Lich, Germany

,

Gabriele Hahn

³Division of Paediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Dresden University Hospital, Germany

,

Thekla von Kalle

⁴Department of Paediatric Radiology, Olga Hospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

,

Jörg Detlev Moritz

⁵Paediatric Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany

,

Cornelia Schröder

⁶Pediatric Radiology, Förderadiologicum, Standort Lubinus, Kiel, Germany

,

Joachim Stegmann

⁷Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Wilhelmstift gGmbH, Hamburg, Germany

,

Marc Steinborn

⁸Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Pediatric Radiology, Städtisches Klinikum München Schwabing, München, Germany

,

Jürgen Weidemann

⁹Paediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany

,

Rainer Wunsch

¹⁰Pediatric Radiology, Ranova Marienhospital Witten, Witten, Germany

,

Hans-Joachim Mentzel

¹¹Section of Paediatric Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Whole-body MRI is an imaging method that uses advanced modern MRI equipment to provide high-resolution images of the entire body. The goal of these guidelines is to specify the indications for which whole-body MRI can be recommended in children and adolescents and to describe the necessary technical requirements.

Citation Format

Schaefer JF, Berthold LD, Hahn G et al. Whole-Body MRI in Children and Adolescents – S1 Guidelines. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 618 – 625

Key words

children - adolescents - whole-body MRI

Full Text

References

References
1 Darge K, Jaramillo D, Siegel MJ. Whole-body MRI in children: current status and future applications. European journal of radiology 2008; 68: 289-298
2 Greer MC. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: techniques and non-oncologic indications. Pediatric radiology 2018; 48: 1348-1363
3 Ley S, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Schenk JP. Whole-body MRI in the pediatric patient. European journal of radiology 2009; 70: 442-451
4 Schaefer JF, Schlemmer HP. Total-body MR-imaging in oncology. European radiology 2006; 16: 2000-2015
5 Nievelstein RA, Littooij AS. Whole-body MRI in paediatric oncology. La Radiologia medica 2016; 121: 442-453
6 Schaefer JF, Kramer U. Whole-body MRI in children and juveniles. RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2011; 183: 24-36
7 Goo HW. Regional and whole-body imaging in pediatric oncology. Pediatric radiology 2011; 41 (Suppl. 01) S186-S194
8 Hong TS, Greer ML, Grosse-Wortmann L. et al. Whole-body MR angiography: initial experience in imaging pediatric vasculopathy. Pediatric radiology 2011; 41: 769-778
9 Mohan S, Moineddin R, Chavhan GB. Pediatric whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: Intra-individual comparison of technical quality, artifacts, and fixed structure visibility at 1.5 and 3 T. The Indian journal of radiology & imaging 2015; 25: 353-358
10 Miras Azcon F, Culianez Casas M, Pastor Pons E. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with an occult abdominal neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Radiologia 2014; 56: e54-e57
11 Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Barber I. et al. Whole-body MRI for initial staging of paediatric lymphoma: prospective comparison to an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. European radiology 2014; 24: 1153-1165
12 Klenk C, Gawande R, Uslu L. et al. Ionising radiation-free whole-body MRI versus (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans for children and young adults with cancer: a prospective, non-randomised, single-centre study. The Lancet Oncology 2014; 15: 275-285
13 Adams HJ, Kwee TC, Vermoolen MA. et al. Whole-body MRI vs. CT for staging lymphoma: patient experience. European journal of radiology 2014; 83: 163-166
14 Adams HJ, Kwee TC, Lokhorst HM. et al. Potential prognostic implications of whole-body bone marrow MRI in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with a negative blind bone marrow biopsy. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI 2014; 39: 1394-1400
15 Siegel MJ, Acharyya S, Hoffer FA. et al. Whole-body MR imaging for staging of malignant tumors in pediatric patients: results of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network 6660 Trial. Radiology 2013; 266: 599-609
16 Punwani S, Taylor SA, Saad ZZ. et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI of lymphoma: prognostic utility and implications for PET/MRI?. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2013; 40: 373-385
17 Punwani S, Cheung KK, Skipper N. et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI improves accuracy for detecting focal splenic involvement in children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease. Pediatric radiology 2013; 43: 941-949
18 Punwani S, Taylor SA, Bainbridge A. et al. Pediatric and adolescent lymphoma: comparison of whole-body STIR half-Fourier RARE MR imaging with an enhanced PET/CT reference for initial staging. Radiology 2010; 255: 182-190
19 Kwee TC, Takahara T, Vermoolen MA. et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging for staging malignant lymphoma in children. Pediatric radiology 2010; 40: 1592-1602 ; quiz 720–721
20 Krohmer S, Sorge I, Krausse A. et al. Whole-body MRI for primary evaluation of malignant disease in children. European journal of radiology 2010; 74: 256-261
21 Goo HW. Whole-body MRI of neuroblastoma. European journal of radiology 2010; 75: 306-314
22 Burdach S, Thiel U, Schoniger M. et al. Total body MRI-governed involved compartment irradiation combined with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue improves long-term survival in Ewing tumor patients with multiple primary bone metastases. Bone marrow transplantation 2010; 45: 483-489
23 Mentzel HJ, Kentouche K, Sauner D. et al. Comparison of whole-body STIR-MRI and 99mTc-methylene-diphosphonate scintigraphy in children with suspected multifocal bone lesions. European radiology 2004; 14: 2297-2302
24 Laffan EE, O'Connor R, Ryan SP. et al. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: a useful additional sequence in paediatric imaging. Pediatric radiology 2004; n34: n472-n480
25 Kellenberger CJ, Epelman M, Miller SF. et al. Fast STIR whole-body MR imaging in children. Radiographics: a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2004; 24: 1317-1330
26 Daldrup-Link HE, Franzius C, Link TM. et al. Whole-body MR imaging for detection of bone metastases in children and young adults: comparison with skeletal scintigraphy and FDG PET. American journal of roentgenology 2001; 177: 229-236
27 Regacini R, Puchnick A, Luisi FAV. et al. Can diffusion-weighted whole-body MRI replace contrast-enhanced CT for initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents?. Pediatric radiology 2018; 48: 638-647
28 Albano D, Patti C, Matranga D. et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted MR and FDG-PET/CT in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Predictive role before treatment and early assessment after two courses of ABVD. European journal of radiology 2018; 103: 90-98
29 Yoon HM, Kim JR, Jung AY. et al. Whole Body MR Imaging: A Useful Imaging Modality in the Management of Children With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia 2017; 17: 231-237
30 Raissaki M, Demetriou S, Spanakis K. et al. Multifocal bone and bone marrow lesions in children – MRI findings. Pediatric radiology 2017; 47: 342-360
31 Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Barber I. et al. Accuracy of whole-body MRI in the assessment of splenic involvement in lymphoma. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden: 1987) 2016; 57: 142-151
32 Pai Panandiker AS, Coleman J, Shulkin B. Whole-Body Pediatric Neuroblastoma Imaging: 123I-mIBG and Beyond. Clinical nuclear medicine 2015; 40: 737-739
33 Littooij AS, Kwee TC, de Keizer B. et al. Whole-body MRI-DWI for assessment of residual disease after completion of therapy in lymphoma: A prospective multicenter study. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI 2015; 42: 1646-1655
34 Smets AM, Deurloo EE, Slager THE. et al. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for detection of skeletal metastases in children and young people with primary solid tumors – systematic review. Pediatric radiology 2018; 48: 241-252
35 Kembhavi SA, Rangarajan V, Shah S. et al. Prospective observational study on diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI in solid small round cell tumours. Clinical radiology 2014; 69: 900-908
36 Kumar J, Seith A, Kumar A. et al. Whole-body MR imaging with the use of parallel imaging for detection of skeletal metastases in pediatric patients with small-cell neoplasms: comparison with skeletal scintigraphy and FDG PET/CT. Pediatric radiology 2008; 38: 953-962
37 Goo HW, Choi SH, Ghim T. et al. Whole-body MRI of paediatric malignant tumours: comparison with conventional oncological imaging methods. Pediatric radiology 2005; 35: 766-773
38 O'Neill AF, Voss SD, Jagannathan JP. et al. Screening with whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric subjects with Li-Fraumeni syndrome: A single institution pilot study. Pediatric blood & cancer 2018; 65: 1-9 . doi:10.1002/pbc.26822
39 Rednam SP, Erez A, Druker H. et al. Von Hippel-Lindau and Hereditary Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Syndromes: Clinical Features, Genetics, and Surveillance Recommendations in Childhood. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2017; 23: e68-e75
40 Ballinger ML, Best A, Mai PL. et al. Baseline Surveillance in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Using Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Meta-analysis. JAMA oncology 2017; 3: 1634-1639
41 Anupindi SA, Bedoya MA, Lindell RB. et al. Diagnostic Performance of Whole-Body MRI as a Tool for Cancer Screening in Children With Genetic Cancer-Predisposing Conditions. American journal of roentgenology 2015; 205: 400-408
42 Nguyen R, Jett K, Harris GJ. et al. Benign whole body tumor volume is a risk factor for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1. Journal of neuro-oncology 2014; 116: 307-313
43 Friedman DN, Lis E, Sklar CA. et al. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) as surveillance for subsequent malignancies in survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma: a pilot study. Pediatric blood & cancer 2014; 61: 1440-1444
44 Derlin T, Tornquist K, Munster S. et al. Comparative effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET/CT versus whole-body MRI for detection of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1. Clinical nuclear medicine 2013; 38: e19-e25
45 Karmazyn B, Cohen MD, Jennings SG. et al. Marrow signal changes observed in follow-up whole-body MRI studies in children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 treated with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) for plexiform neurofibromas. Pediatric radiology 2012; 42: 1218-1222
46 Mautner VF, Asuagbor FA, Dombi E. et al. Assessment of benign tumor burden by whole-body MRI in patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Neuro-oncology 2008; 10: 593-598
47 Arnoldi AP, Schlett CL, Douis H. et al. Whole-body MRI in patients with Non-bacterial Osteitis: Radiological findings and correlation with clinical data. European radiology 2017; 27: 2391-2399
48 Herruela-Suffee C, Warin M, Castier-Amouyel M. et al. Whole-body MRI in generalized cystic lymphangiomatosis in the pediatric population: diagnosis, differential diagnoses, and follow-up. Skeletal radiology 2016; 45: 177-185
49 Roderick M, Shah R, Finn A. et al. Efficacy of pamidronate therapy in children with chronic non-bacterial osteitis: disease activity assessment by whole body magnetic resonance imaging. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2014; 53: 1973-1976
50 Hofmann C, Wurm M, Schwarz T. et al. A standardized clinical and radiological follow-up of patients with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis treated with pamidronate. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2014; 32: 604-609
51 Castro TC, Lederman H, Terreri MT. et al. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of muscular involvement in juvenile dermatomyositis/polymyositis patients. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 2014; 43: 329-333
52 Mueller WP, Melzer HI, Schmid I. et al. The diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET and MRI in paediatric histiocytosis. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2013; 40: 356-363
53 Falip C, Alison M, Boutry N. et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): a longitudinal case series review. Pediatric radiology 2013; 43: 355-375
54 Fritz J, Tzaribatchev N, Claussen CD. et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: comparison of whole-body MR imaging with radiography and correlation with clinical and laboratory data. Radiology 2009; 252: 842-851
55 Steinborn M, Wortler K, Nathrath M. et al. Whole-body MRI in children with langerhans cell histiocytosis for the evaluation of the skeletal system. RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2008; 180: 646-653
56 Goo HW, Yang DH, Ra YS. et al. Whole-body MRI of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: comparison with radiography and bone scintigraphy. Pediatric radiology 2006; 36: 1019-1031
57 Rossi E, Perrone A, Narese D. et al. Role of Whole-Body MR with DWIBS in child's Bartonellosis. La Clinica terapeutica 2016; 167: 101-104
58 Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Enriquez G. et al. Whole-body MRI reveals high incidence of osteonecrosis in children treated for Hodgkin lymphoma. British journal of haematology 2017; 176: 637-642
59 Leclair N, Thormer G, Sorge I. et al. Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children. PloS one 2016; 11: e0147523
60 Aquino MR, Tse SM, Gupta S. et al. Whole-body MRI of juvenile spondyloarthritis: protocols and pictorial review of characteristic patterns. Pediatric radiology 2015; 45: 754-762
61 Malattia C, Damasio MB, Madeo A. et al. Whole-body MRI in the assessment of disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2014; 73: 1083-1090
62 von Kalle T, Heim N, Hospach T. et al. Typical patterns of bone involvement in whole-body MRI of patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2013; 185: 655-661
63 Pratesi A, Medici A, Bresci R. et al. Sickle cell-related bone marrow complications: the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2013; 35: 329-330
64 Morbach H, Schneider P, Schwarz T. et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and 99mTechnetium-labelled methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy in the initial assessment of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis of childhood and adolescents. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2012; 30: 578-582
65 Miettunen PM, Lafay-Cousin L, Guilcher GM. et al. Widespread osteonecrosis in children with leukemia revealed by whole-body MRI. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2012; 470: 3587-3595
66 Kennedy MT, Murphy T, Murphy M. et al. Whole body MRI in the diagnosis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research: OTSR 2012; 98: 461-464
67 Guerin-Pfyffer S, Guillaume-Czitrom S, Tammam S. et al. Evaluation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis in children by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Joint, bone, spine: revue du rhumatisme 2012; 79: 616-620
68 Ferreira EC, Brito CC, Domingues RC. et al. Whole-body MR imaging for the evaluation of McCune-albright syndrome. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging: JMRI 2010; 31: 706-710
69 Lim GY, Hahn ST, Chung NG. et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in a child: whole-body MRI in the initial and follow-up evaluations. Pediatric radiology 2009; 39: 57-61
70 Sun M, Cheng J, Zhang Y. et al. Application of DWIBS in malignant lymphoma: correlation between ADC values and Ki-67 index. European radiology 2018; 28: 1701-1708
71 Kellenberger CJ, Miller SF, Khan M. et al. Initial experience with FSE STIR whole-body MR imaging for staging lymphoma in children. European radiology 2004; 14: 1829-1841
72 Neubauer H, Li M, Muller VR. et al. Diagnostic Value of Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Tumor Characterization, Differentiation and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastic Tumors. RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2017; 189: 640-650
73 Geoerger B, Hero B, Harms D. et al. Metabolic activity and clinical features of primary ganglioneuromas. Cancer 2001; 91: 1905-1913
74 Zhen-Guo H, Min-Xing Y, Xiao-Liang C. et al. Value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for screening multifocal osteonecrosis in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. The British journal of radiology 2017; 90: 20160780
75 Beer M, Stenzel M, Girschick H. et al. Whole-body MR imaging in children with suspected osteonecrosis after intensive chemotherapy: preliminary results. RöFo: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2008; 180: 238-245
76 Østergaard M, Eshed I, Althoff CE. et al. Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Inflammatory Arthritis: Systematic Literature Review and First Steps Toward Standardization and an OMERACT Scoring System. J Rheumatol 2017; 44: 1699-1705
77 Althoff CE, Sieper J, Song IH. et al. Active inflammation and structural change in early active axial spondyloarthritis as detected by whole-body MRI. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2013; 72: 967-973
78 Babyn PS, Edrise J, Benseler SM. et al. Whole body magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile spondyloarthritis: will it provide vital information compared to clinical exam alone?. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: S292
79 Evans DGR, Salvador H, Chang VY. et al. Cancer and Central Nervous System Tumor Surveillance in Pediatric Neurofibromatosis 1. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2017; 23: e46-e53
80 Anupindi SA, Chauvin NA, Nichols KE. Reply to "Whole-Body MRI Screening in Children With Li-Fraumeni and Other Cancer-Predisposition Syndromes". American journal of roentgenology 2016; 206: W53
81 Nemes K, Bens S, Bourdeaut F. et al. Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA. et al. eds GeneReviews((R)). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; GeneReviews is a registered trademark of the University of Washington, Seattle. All rights reserved 2017
82 Merlini L, Carpentier M, Ferrey S. et al. Whole-body MRI in children: Would a 3D STIR sequence alone be sufficient for investigating common paediatric conditions? A comparative study. European journal of radiology 2017; 88: 155-162
83 Perez-Rossello JM, Connolly SA, Newton AW. et al. Whole-body MRI in suspected infant abuse. American journal of roentgenology 2010; 195: 744-750
84 Eutsler EP, Khanna G. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications. Pediatric radiology 2016; 46: 858-872
85 Olsen OE. Practical body MRI-A paediatric perspective. European journal of radiology 2008; 68: 299-308