Cerebral and Muscle Oxygenation during Repeated Shuttle Run Sprints with Hypoventilation

Abstract

Ten highly-trained Jiu-Jitsu fighters performed 2 repeated-sprint sessions, each including 2 sets of 8 x ~6 s back-and-forth running sprints on a tatami. One session was carried out with normal breathing (RSN) and the other with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL). Prefrontal and vastus lateralis muscle oxyhemoglobin ([O₂Hb]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂), heart rate (HR), gas exchange and maximal blood lactate concentration ([La]_max) were also assessed. SpO₂ was significantly lower in RSH-VHL than in RSN whereas there was no difference in HR. Muscle oxygenation was not different between conditions during the entire exercise. On the other hand, in RSH-VHL, cerebral oxygenation was significantly lower than in RSN (−6.1±5.4 vs−1.5±6.6 µm). Oxygen uptake was also higher during the recovery periods whereas [La]_max tended to be lower in RSH-VHL. The time of the sprints was not different between conditions. This study shows that repeated shuttle-run sprints with VHL has a limited impact on muscle deoxygenation but induces a greater fall in cerebral oxygenation compared with normal breathing conditions. Despite this phenomenon, performance is not impaired, probably because of a higher oxygen uptake during the recovery periods following sprints.

Key words

hypoxia - NIRS - hypoxemia - combat sports - VHL

• References

• 1 Amann M, Kayser B. Nervous system function during exercise in hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2009; 10: 149-164
• 2 Attene G, Laffaye G, Chaouachi A, Pizzolato F, Migliaccio GM, Padulo J. Repeated sprint ability in young basketball players: One vs. two changes of direction (Part 2). J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 1553-1563
• 3 Bezemer R, Lima A, Myers D, Klijn E, Heger M, Goedhart PT, Bakker J, Ince C. Assessment of tissue oxygen saturation during a vascular occlusion test using near-infrared spectroscopy: The role of probe spacing and measurement site studied in healthy volunteers. Crit Care 2009; 13 (Suppl. 05) S4
• 4 Billaut F, Kerris JP, Rodriguez RF, Martin DT, Gore CJ, Bishop DJ. Interaction of central and peripheral factors during repeated sprints at different levels of arterial O₂ saturation. PLoS One 2013; 8: e77297
• 5 Boushel R, Piantadosi CA. Near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring muscle oxygenation. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 168: 615-622
• 6 Brocherie F, Girard O, Faiss R, Millet GP. Effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on sea-level performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Med 2017; 47: 1651-1660
• 7 Brocherie F, Millet GP, Morin JB, Girard O. Mechanical alterations to repeated treadmill sprints in normobaric hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 1570-1579
• 8 Buchheit M, Bishop D, Haydar B, Nakamura FY, Ahmaidi S. Physiological responses to shuttle repeated sprint running. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 402-409
• 9 Davis JM, Bailey SP. Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 45-57
• 10 Duncan A, Meek JH, Clemence M, Elwell CE, Fallon P, Tyszczuk L, Cope M, Delpy DT. Measurement of cranial optical path length as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 889-894
• 11 Faiss R, Girard O, Millet GP. Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: From intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 (Suppl. 01) i45-i50
• 12 Faiss R, Léger B, Vesin JM, Fournier PE, Eggel Y, Dériaz O, Millet GP. Significant molecular and systemic adaptations after repeated sprint training in hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8: e56522
• 13 Fan JL, Kayser B. Fatigue and exhaustion in hypoxia: The role of cerebral oxygenation. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17: 72-84
• 14 Faraci FM, Breese KR, Heistad DD. Cerebral vasodilation during hypercapnia. Role of glibenclamide-sensitive potassium channels and nitric oxide. Stroke 1994; 25: 1679-1683
• 15 Fernandez M, Burns K, Calhoun B, George S, Martin B, Weaver C. Evaluation of a new pulse oximeter sensor. Am J Crit Care 2007; 16: 146-152
• 16 Fornasier-Santos C, Millet GP, Woorons X. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation improves running repeated-sprint ability in rugby players. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18: 504-512
• 17 Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of altitude/hypoxia on single- and multiple-sprint performance: A comprehensive review. Sports Med 2017; 47: 1931-1949
• 18 Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bishop D. Repeated-sprint ability - Part I: Factors contributing to fatigue. Sports Med 2011; 41: 673-694
• 19 Glaister M, Howatson G, Pattison JR, McInnes G. The reliability and validity of fatigue measures during multiple-sprint work: An issue revisited. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 1597-1601
• 20 Goods PSR, Dawson BT, Landers GJ, Gore CJ, Peeling P. Effect of different simulated altitudes on repeat-sprint performance in team-sport athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9: 857-862
• 21 Grassi B, Pogliaghi S, Rampichini S, Quaresima V, Ferrari M, Marconi C, Cerretelli P. Muscle oxygenation and pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during cycling exercise on transitions in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 95: 149-158
• 22 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
• 23 Jones B, Hamilton DK, Cooper CE. Muscle oxygen changes following sprint interval cycling training in elite field hockey players. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0120338
• 24 MacDonald MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Green HE, Hughson RL. Comparison of femoral blood gases and muscle near-infrared spectroscopy at exercise onset in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 86: 687-693
• 25 Millet GP, Faiss R, Brocherie F, Girard O. Hypoxic training and team sports: A challenge to traditional methods?. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 (Suppl. 01) i6-i7
• 26 Morrison J, McLellan C, Minahan C. A clustered repeated-sprint running protocol for team-sport athletes performed in normobaric hypoxia. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14: 857-863
• 27 Rodriguez RF, Townsend NE, Aughey RJ, Billaut F. Influence of averaging method on muscle deoxygenation interpretation during repeated-sprint exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28: 2263-2271
• 28 Smith KJ, Billaut F. Influence of cerebral and muscle oxygenation on repeated-sprint ability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 989-999
• 29 Subudhi AW, Dimmen AC, Roach RC. Effects of acute hypoxia on cerebral and muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103: 177-183
• 30 Torre-Bueno JR, Wagner PD, Saltzman HA, Gale GE, Moon RE. Diffusion limitation in normal humans during exercise at sea level and simulated altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985; 58: 989-995
• 31 Trincat L, Woorons X, Millet GP. Repeated sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation in swimming. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12: 329-335
• 32 van Beekvelt MC, van Engelen BG, Wevers RA, Colier WN. In vivo quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy in skeletal muscle during incremental isometric handgrip exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2002; 22: 210-217
• 33 Verges S, Rupp T, Jubeau M, Wuyam B, Esteve F, Levy P, Perrey S, Millet GY. Cerebral perturbations during exercise in hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302: R903-R916
• 34 Willis SJ, Alvarez L, Millet GP, Borrani F. Changes in muscle and cerebral deoxygenation and perfusion during repeated sprints in hypoxia to exhaustion. Front Physiol 2017; 8: 846
• 35 Woorons X, Bourdillon N, Lamberto C, Vandewalle H, Richalet JP, Mollard P, Pichon A. Cardiovascular responses during hypoventilation at exercise. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 438-445
• 36 Woorons X, Bourdillon N, Vandewalle H, Lamberto C, Mollard P, Richalet JP, Pichon A. Exercise with hypoventilation induces lower muscle oxygenation and higher blood lactate concentration: Role of hypoxia and hypercapnia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110: 367-377
• 37 Woorons X, Gamelin FX, Lamberto C, Pichon A, Richalet JP. Swimmers can train in hypoxia at sea level through voluntary hypoventilation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 190: 33-39
• 38 Woorons X, Mollard P, Pichon A, Duvallet A, Richalet J-P, Lamberto C. Effects of a 4-week training with voluntary hypoventilation carried out at low pulmonary volumes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 160: 123-130
• 39 Woorons X, Mollard P, Pichon A, Duvallet A, Richalet JP, Lamberto C. Prolonged expiration down to residual volume leads to severe arterial hypoxemia in athletes during submaximal exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 15: 75-82
• 40 Woorons X, Mucci P, Aucouturier J, Anthierens A, Millet GP. Acute effects of repeated cycling sprints in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117: 2433-2443
• 41 Woorons X, Mucci P, Richalet JP, Pichon A. Hypoventilation training at supramaximal intensity improves swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48: 119-128