PDF herunterladen
Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2019; 47(03): 175-187
DOI: 10.1055/a-0917-6245
Übersichtsartikel
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Felines Asthma und chronische Bronchitis – Übersicht zu Diagnostik und Therapie

Feline asthma and chronic bronchitis – an overview of diagnostics and therapy
Maike Grotheer
Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
Bianka Schulz
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

28. März 2019

09. Mai 2019

Publikationsdatum:
18. Juni 2019 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Felines Asthma und feline chronische Bronchitis gelten als die häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen der unteren Atemwege bei Katzen und werden oft als chronische Bronchialerkrankungen zusammengefasst. Beim felinen Asthma wird ursächlich eine Hypersensitivitätsreaktion Typ I vermutet, bei der chronischen Bronchitis ist die Ätiologie noch weitgehend unbekannt. Betroffene Katzen können Husten, Dyspnoe und Atemgeräusche zeigen. Beide Krankheitsbilder werden zurzeit anhand des zytologischen Zellbildes einer durch Bronchoalveolarlavage gewonnenen Probe definiert und können sich in Ursache, Behandlung und klinischem Verlauf unterscheiden. Die Diagnosestellung beinhaltet den Ausschluss anderer Grunderkrankungen in Kombination mit dem Nachweis einer nicht infektiösen, eosinophilen oder neutrophilen Entzündung der Atemwege. Neben der etablierten Therapie mit oral oder inhalativ applizierten Glukokortikoiden und Bronchodilatatoren werden in dem Artikel auch neuere therapeutische und diagnostische Ansätze vorgestellt.

Abstract

Feline asthma and feline chronic bronchitis are considered the most common chronic lower respiratory diseases in cats and are frequently referred to by the term chronic bronchial diseases. In feline asthma, a hypersensitivity reaction type I is suspected. For chronic bronchitis, the aetiology remains largely unknown. Affected cats may suffer from coughing, dyspnoea, and increased respiratory sounds. Both conditions are currently defined by the cytological cell pattern in the bronchoalveolar lavage and may differ in ethology, treatment, and clinical course. For diagnosis, other underlying conditions must be ruled out, in combination with the evidence for non-bacterial, eosinophilic or neutrophilic airway inflammation. In addition to the established therapy with oral or inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, the article also presents newer therapeutic and diagnostic options.

Schlüsselwörter

Respirationstrakt - chronische Bronchialerkrankung - Husten - Dyspnoe

Key words

Respiratory tract - chronic bronchial disease - cough - dyspnoea
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Hirt AR. Felines Asthma bronchiale – Überblick und neue Erkenntnisse. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 2003; 90: 110-123
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Reinero C, DeClue A. Feline tracheobronchial disease. In: Fuentes VL, Johnson L, Dennis S. ed. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiorespiratory Medicine. 2nd ed.. BSAVA: Wiley; 2010: 280-284
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Padrid P. Chronic bronchitis and asthma in cats. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt D. ed. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. St Louis, MO, USA: Saunders; 2009: 650-658
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Moses BL, Spaulding GL. Chronic bronchial disease of the cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1985; 15: 929-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Moriello KA, Stepien RL, Henik RA. et al. Pilot study: Prevalence of positive aeroallergen reactions in 10 cats with small-airway disease without concurrent skin disease. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18: 94-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Reinero CR, DeClue AE, Rabinowitz P. Asthma in humans and cats: is there a common sensitivity to aeroallegens in shared environments?. Environ Res 2009; 109: 634-640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Norris Reinero CR, Decile KC, Berghaus RD. et al. An experimental model of allergic asthma in cats sensitized to house dust mite or bermuda grass allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135: 117-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Tizard IR. Veterinary Immunology, 9th ed. –E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017: 339-341
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Byers CG, Nishi Dhupa B. Feline bronchial asthma: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2005; 27: 418-425
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Reinero CR. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, and diagnostics and therapeutics for feline allergic asthma. Vet J 2011; 190: 28-33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Adinoff AD, Irvin CG. Upper respiratory tract disease and asthma. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 1987; 8 (04) 308-314
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dye JA. Feline bronchopulmonary disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992; 22: 1187-1201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Ettinger S. Diseases of the trachea and upper airways. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. ed. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and the Cat. 7th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2010: 1067-1072
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hirt RA, Dederichs D, Boehler A. et al. Relationship of age, sex, body weight, and hematologic and respiratory variables with airway reactivity in adult cats. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64: 26-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Dye JA, McKiernan BC, Rozanski EA. et al. Bronchopulmonary disease in the cat: historical, physical, radiographic, clinicopathologic, and pulmonary functional evaluation of 24 affected and 15 healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10: 385-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Moise N, Wiedenkeller D, Yeager A. et al. Clinical, radiographic, and bronchial cytologic features of cats with bronchial disease: 65 cases (1980–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194: 1467-1473
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Adamama-Moraitou KK, Patsikas MN, Koutinas AF. Feline lower airway disease: a retrospective study of 22 naturally occurring cases from Greece. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6: 227-233
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Fuller-Thomson E, Howden KEN, Fuller-Thomson LR. et al. A strong graded relationship between level of obesity and COPD: findings from a national population-based study of lifelong nonsmokers. J Obes 2018; 50: 1-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Gibson PG. Obesity and asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10 Suppl: 138-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Nadif R. Genetic insights into moderate-to-severe asthma. Lancet Respir Med 2019; 7: 2-3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Chung-Hui L, Pei-Ying L, Huey-Dong W. et al. Association between indoor air pollution and respiratory disease in companion dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32: 1259-1267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Corcoran B, Foster D, Fuentes VL. Feline asthma syndrome: a retrospective study of the clinical presentation in 29 cats. J Small Anim Pract 1995; 36: 481-488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Venema CM, Williams KJ, Gershwin LJ. et al. Histopathologic and morphometric evaluation of the nasal and pulmonary airways of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 160: 365-376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Venema C, Patterson C, Venema CM. Feline asthma: what’s new and where might clinical practice be heading?. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: 681-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Bay J, Johnson L. Feline bronchial disease/asthma. In: King LG. ed. Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats. Philadelphia: Saunders; St. Louis, Mosby: Saunders; 2004: 388-396
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Foster S, Allan G, Martin P. et al. Twenty-five cases of feline bronchial disease (1995–2000). J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6: 181-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Norris CR, Decile KC, Berghaus LJ. et al. Concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64: 1449-1453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Sharp CR, Lee-Fowler TM, Reinero CR. Endothelin-1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cats with experimentally induced asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27: 982-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Norris C, Byerly J, Decile K. et al. Allergen-specific IgG and IgA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a model of experimental feline asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 96: 119-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Kirschvink N, Marlin D, Delvaux F. et al. Collection of exhaled breath condensate and analysis of hydrogen peroxide as a potential marker of lower airway inflammation in cats. Vet J 2005; 169: 385-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Nafe LA, DeClue AE, Lee-Fowler TM. et al. Evaluation of biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for discrimination between asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71: 583-591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Traversa D, Guglielmini C. Feline aelurostrongylosis and canine angiostrongylosis: A challenging diagnosis for two emerging verminous pneumonia infections. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157: 163-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Pennisi MG, Hartmann K, Addie DD. et al. Lungworm disease in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 626-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Gadbois J, d‘Anjou M-A, Dunn M. et al. Radiographic abnormalities in cats with feline bronchial disease and intra-and interobserver variability in radiographic interpretation: 40 cases (1999–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 367-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Ballauf B. Tracheobronchialsekret-Zytologie bei Hund und Katze. In: Kraft W, Dürr UM. ed. Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2005: 322-324
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Kirschvink N, Kersnak E, Leemans J. et al. Effects of age and allergen-induced airway inflammation in cats: radiographic and cytologic correlation. Vet J 2007; 174: 644-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Hartmann A. Bronchiale Lungenzeichnungen. In: von Pückler K. Hrsg. Röntgen Hund und Katze: Thorax und Abdomen: Röntgenbilder sicher befunden. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018: 80-83
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Reinero CR, Masseau I, Grobman M. et al. Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 0
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Oliveira CR, Mitchell MA, O’Brien RT. Thoracic computed tomography in feline patients without use of chemical restraint. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52: 368-376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Masseau I, Banuelos A, Dodam J. et al. Comparison of lung attenuation and heterogeneity between cats with experimentally induced allergic asthma, naturally occurring asthma and normal cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56: 595-601
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Won S, Yun S, Lee J. et al. High resolution computed tomographic evaluation of bronchial wall thickness in healthy and clinically asthmatic cats. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79: 567-571
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Bernhard CL. The use of ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics and computed tomography in the assessment of interventions for experimental feline asthma [Dissertation]. University of Missouri; Columbia, USA: 2016
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Dear JD, Johnson LR. Lower respiratory tract endoscopy in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 1019-1027
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Johnson LR, Drazenovich TL. Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in 68 cats (2001–2006). J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 219-225
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Kirschvink N, Leemans J, Delvaux F. et al. Bronchodilators in bronchoscopy-induced airflow limitation in allergen-sensitized cats. J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19: 161-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Finke MD. Transtracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage. Top Companion Anim Med 2013; 28: 97-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Robertson SA, Gogolski SM, Pascoe P. et al. AAFP Feline Anesthesia Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20: 602-634
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Johnson LR, Vernau W. Bronchoscopic findings in 48 cats with spontaneous lower respiratory tract disease (2002–2009). J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 236-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Bednarski R, Grimm K, Harvey R. et al. AAHA anesthesia guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47: 377-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Reinero CR. Feline asthma. In: Noli C, Foster A, Rosenkrantz W. ed. Veterinary Allergy. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2014: 237-245
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Hooi KS, Defarges AM, Sanchez AL. et al. Comparison of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79: 1209-1216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Hawkins E, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Levy J. et al. Cytologic characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected through an endotracheal tube in cats. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55: 795-802
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Ybarra WL, Johnson LR, Drazenovich TL. et al. Interpretation of multisegment bronchoalveolar lavage in cats (1/2001–1/2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26: 1281-1287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Nafe LA, DeClue AE, Reinero CR. Storage alters feline bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological analysis. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 94-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Padrid P, Feldman B, Funk K. et al. Cytologic, microbiologic, and biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 24 healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 1300-1307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Norris CR, Griffey SM, Samii VF. et al. Thoracic radiography, bronchoalveolar lavage cytopathology, and pulmonary parenchymal histopathology: a comparison of diagnostic results in 11 cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38: 337-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Hawkins E, DeNicola D. Collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in cats, using an endotracheal tube. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 855-859
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Lecuyer M, Dube P-G, DiFruscia R. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in normal cats. Can Vet J 1995; 36: 771
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 McCarthy GM, Quinn PJ. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the cat: cytological findings. Can J Vet Res 1989; 53: 259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Schulz BS, Richter P, Weber K. et al. Detection of feline Mycoplasma species in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 943-949
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Shibly S, Klang A, Galler A. et al. Architecture and inflammatory cell composition of the feline lung with special consideration of eosinophil counts. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150: 408-415
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Padrid P, Snook S, Finucane T. et al. Persistent airway hyperresponsiveness and histologic alterations after chronic antigen challenge in cats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 184-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Lee-Fowler TM, Cohn LA, DeClue AE. et al. Comparison of intradermal skin testing (IDST) and serum allergen-specific IgE determination in an experimental model of feline asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132: 46-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Diesel A, DeBoer DJ. Serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in atopic and healthy cats: comparison of a rapid screening immunoassay and complete-panel analysis. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22: 39-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Chang CH, Lee-Fowler TM, Declue AE. et al. The impact of oral versus inhaled glucocorticoids on allergen specific IgE testing in experimentally asthmatic cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144: 437-441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Hoffman A, Dhupa N, Cimetti L. Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 1487-1492
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Kirschvink N, Leemans J, Delvaux F. et al. Non-invasive assessment of airway responsiveness in healthy and allergen-sensitised cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography. Vet J 2007; 173: 343-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kirschvink N, Leemans J, Delvaux F. et al. Non-invasive assessment of growth, gender and time of day related changes of respiratory pattern in healthy cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography. Vet J 2006; 172: 446-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Martinez FJ, Standiford C, Gay SE. Is it asthma or COPD? The answer determines proper therapy for chronic airflow obstruction. Postgrad Med 2005; 117: 19-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Johnson LR, Bay JD. Feline bronchial disease/asthma. In: King LG. ed. Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats. St. Louis, Mosby: Saunders; 2004: 388-398
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Taubert A, Pantchev N, Vrhovec MG. et al. Lungworm infections (Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) in dogs and cats in Germany and Denmark in 2003–2007. Vet Parasitol 2009; 159: 175-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Hartmann K, Hein J. Infektionskrankheiten der Katze. 1. Aufl.. Hannover: Schlütersche; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Rishniw M. Feline asthma or feline heartworm disease: Does the diagnosis matter?. Vet J 2017; 223: 71-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Foster SF, Martin P. Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: Reaching beyond empirical therapy. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 313-332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Sykes JE, Greene CE. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat – E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Reinero CR, Decile KC, Byerly JR. et al. Effects of drug treatment on inflammation and hyperreactivity of airways and on immune variables in cats with experimentally induced asthma. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 1121-1127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Lilliehöök I, Tvedten H. Investigation of hypereosinophilia and potential treatments. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 1359-1378
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Cocayne CG, Reinero CR, DeClue AE. Subclinical airway inflammation despite high-dose oral corticosteroid therapy in cats with lower airway disease. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 558-563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Lowe AD, Campbell KL, Graves T. Glucocorticoids in the cat. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19: 340-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Little S. The Cat-E-Book: Clinical Medicine and Management. 2nd ed.. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Plumb DC. Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 5th ed.. Stockholm, Wisconsin: PharmaVet Inc.; 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 82 Brainard BM, King LG. Lower airway disease. In: Drobatz KJ, Costello MF. ed. Feline Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Ames, IA: Blackwell; 2010: 137-150
    Google Scholar
  • 83 Papich MG. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. Small and Large Animal. 4th ed.. E-Book. Raleigh, North Carolina: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Cohn LA, DeClue AE, Cohen RL. et al. Effects of fluticasone propionate dosage in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: 91-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Galler A, Shibly S, Bilek A. et al. Inhaled budesonide therapy in cats with naturally occurring chronic bronchial disease (feline asthma and chronic bronchitis). J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54: 531-536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Reinero CR, Brownlee L, Decile KC. et al. Inhaled flunisolide suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, but has minimal systemic immune effects in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 57-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Kirschvink N, Leemans J, Delvaux F. et al. Inhaled fluticasone reduces bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation in cats with mild chronic bronchitis. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8: 45-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Baral R. Lower respiratory tract diseases. In: Little S. ed. The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management. St Louis: Elsevier; 2010: 861-891
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Trzil JE, Reinero CR. Update on feline asthma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44: 91-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Stursberg U, Zenker I, Hecht S. et al. Use of propentofylline in feline bronchial disease: prospective, randomized, positive-controlled study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 318-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Leemans J, Kirschvink N, Bernaerts F. et al. A pilot study comparing the antispasmodic effects of inhaled salmeterol, salbutamol and ipratropium bromide using different aerosol devices on muscarinic bronchoconstriction in healthy cats. Vet J 2009; 180: 236-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Reinero CR, Delgado C, Spinka C. et al. Enantiomer-specific effects of albuterol on airway inflammation in healthy and asthmatic cats. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 150: 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Byers CG, Nishi Dhupa B. Feline bronchial asthma: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 2005; 418-425
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Leemans J, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. et al. Effect of short-term oral and inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation and responsiveness in a feline acute asthma model. Vet J 2012; 192: 41-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Rozanski EA, Bach JF, Shaw Scott P. Advances in respiratory therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37: 963-974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Tilley SL. Methylxanthines in asthma. In: Fredholm BB. ed. Methylxanthines. Springer; 2011: 439-456
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Boothe DM, McKiernan BC. Respiratory therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992; 22: 1231-1258
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Reinero CR, Byerly JR, Berghaus RD. et al. Rush immunotherapy in an experimental model of feline allergic asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110: 141-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Lee-Fowler TM, Cohn LA, DeClue AE. et al. Evaluation of subcutaneous versus mucosal (intranasal) allergen-specific rush immunotherapy in experimental feline asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 129: 49-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Prost C. P-45 Treatment of allergic feline asthma with allergen avoidance and specific immunotherapy: 20 cats. Vet Dermatol 2004; 15: 55-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Hufnagl K, Hirt R, Robibaro B. Out of breath: asthma in humans and their animals. In: Jensen-Jarolim E. ed. Comparative Medicine. Anatomy and Physiology. Vienna, Austria: Springer; 2017: 71-85
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Reinero C, Lee-Fowler T, Chang C-H. et al. Beneficial cross-protection of allergen-specific immunotherapy on airway eosinophilia using unrelated or a partial repertoire of allergen(s) implicated in experimental feline asthma. Vet J 2012; 192: 412-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Chang C-h, Cohn LA, DeClue AE. et al. Oral glucocorticoids diminish the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy in experimental feline asthma. Vet J 2013; 197: 268-272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Mueller RS, Jensen-Jarolim E, Roth-Walter F. et al. Allergen immunotherapy in people, dogs, cats and horses – differences, similarities and research needs. Allergy 2018; 73: 1989-1999
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 DeClue AE, Schooley E, Nafe LA. et al. feG-COOH blunts eosinophilic airway inflammation in a feline model of allergic asthma. Inflamm Res 2009; 58: 457-462
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Eberhardt JM, DeClue AE, Reinero CR. Chronic use of the immunomodulating tripeptide feG-COOH in experimental feline asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132: 175-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Mitchell RW, Cozzi P, Maurice Ndukwu I. et al. Differential effects of cyclosporine A after acute antigen challenge in sensitized cats in vivo and ex vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 1198-1204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Padrid PA, Cozzi P, Leff AR. Cyclosporine A inhibits airway reactivity and remodeling after chronic antigen challenge in cats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1812-1818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Nafe LA, Leach SB. Treatment of feline asthma with ciclosporin in a cat with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 1073-1076
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Dowling P. Options for treating feline asthma. Vet Med 2001; 96: 353-356
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Nafe LA, Guntur VP, Dodam JR. et al. Nebulized lidocaine blunts airway hyper-responsiveness in experimental feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 712-716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Schooley EK, McGee Turner JB, JiJi RD. et al. Effects of cyproheptadine and cetirizine on eosinophilic airway inflammation in cats with experimentally induced asthma. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68: 1265-1271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Trzil JE, Masseau I, Webb TL. et al. Long-term evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44: 1546-1557
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Guntur VP, Reinero CR. The potential use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in severe asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12: 68-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Lee-Fowler TM, Guntur V, Dodam J. et al. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib blunts airway inflammation and improves associated lung mechanics in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158: 369-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Daly M, Sheppard S, Cohen N. et al. Safety of masitinib mesylate in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 297-302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Grobman M, Krumme S, Outi H. et al. Acute neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to dampen airflow limitation or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18: 176-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Grobman M, Graham A, Outi H. et al. Chronic neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to ameliorate clinical signs, airway hyper-responsiveness or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18: 273-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar