Effects of Walking Training with Restricted Blood Flow on HR and HRV Kinetics and HRV Recovery

Adalberto Ferreira Junior; Julio Cezar Schamne; Luiz Augusto Buoro Perandini; Patricia Chimin; Nilo Massaru Okuno

doi:10.1055/a-0942-7479

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Table of Contents

Int J Sports Med 2019; 40(09): 585-591
DOI: 10.1055/a-0942-7479

Training & Testing

Effects of Walking Training with Restricted Blood Flow on HR and HRV Kinetics and HRV Recovery

Adalberto Ferreira Junior

¹Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

²Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

,

Julio Cezar Schamne

²Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

,

Luiz Augusto Buoro Perandini

¹Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

,

Patricia Chimin

¹Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

,

Nilo Massaru Okuno

²Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of walking training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) kinetics and HRV recovery. Twenty-one men (53.5±3.2 years; 82.4±13.5 kg; 168.5±7.2 cm) were randomly assigned to two training groups: walk training group with (BFR-W; n=11) and without (NOR-W; n=10) BFR. Before and after training, all subjects underwent body composition evaluation, incremental test, and one constant load test. Walking training was performed 3 times/week, during 6 weeks. Each session was composed by 5 sets of 3-min walking and 1-min rest between the sets. All parameters of HR on- and off-kinetics and RMSSD15 ₀ parameter of HRV on-kinetics were improved for BFR-W group after training (p<0.05), with an interaction effect for HR on-kinetics parameters and RMSSD15 ₀ parameter (p<0.05). Also, parameters of time and frequency domain of HRV recovery were also improved in BFR-W after training (p<0.05), with no interaction effect (p>0.05). Additionally, in BFR-W group, RMSSD_60s values were improved in some moments after training (p<0.05). Therefore, this study demonstrates that a 6-week walking training with BFR improved cardiac autonomic responses on the onset and recovery of exercise.

Key words

vascular occlusion - heart rate - heart rate variability - aerobic exercise

Full Text

References

References
1 D’Agosto T, Peçanha T, Bartels R, Moreira DN, Silva LP, Nóbrega AC, Lima JR. Cardiac autonomic responses at onset of exercise: Effects of aerobic fitness. Int J Sports Med 2014; 35: 879-885
2 Imai K, Sato H, Hori M, Kusuoka H, Ozaki H, Yokoyama H, Takeda H, Inoue M, Kamada T. Vagally mediated heart rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1529-1535
3 Hautala AJ, Kiviniemi AM, Tulppo MP. Individual responses to aerobic exercise: the role of the autonomic nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33: 107-115
4 Lucini D, Milani RV, Costantino G, Lavie CJ, Porta A, Pagani M. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on autonomic regulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2002; 143: 977-983
5 Javorka M, Zila I, Balhárek T, Javorka K. On- and off-responses of heart rate to exercise – relations to heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2003; 23: 1-8
6 LRBE Silva, Zamunér AR, Gentil P, Alves FM, Leal AGF, Soares V, Silva MS, Vieira MF, Simões K, Pedrino GR, Rebelo AC. Cardiac autonomic modulation and the kinetics of heart rate responses in the on- and off-transient during exercise in women with metabolic syndrome. Front Physiol 2017; 8: 542
7 Peçanha T, Bartels R, Brito LC, Paula-Ribeiro M, Oliveira RS, Goldberger JJ. Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: A methodological review. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227: 795-802
8 Kokkinos P. Cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise, and blood pressure. Hypertension 2014; 64: 1160-1164
9 Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP. Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Med 2003; 33: 33-46
10 Fisher JP, Adlan AM, Shantsila A, Secher F, Sorensen H, Secher NH. Muscle metaboreflex and autonomic regulation of heart rate in humans. J Physiol 2013; 591: 3777-3788
11 Mueller PJ. Exercise training and sympathetic nervous system activity: Evidence for physical activity dependent neural plasticity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34: 377-384
12 Routledge FS, Campbell TS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Bacon SL. Improvements in heart rate variability with exercise therapy. Can J Cardiol 2011; 26: 303-312
13 Abe T, Kearns CF, Sato Y. Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100: 1460-1466
14 Ozaki H, Miyachi M, Nakajima T, Abe T. Effects of 10 weeks walk training with leg blood flow reduction on carotid arterial compliance and muscle size in the elderly adults. Angiology 2011; 62: 81-86
15 Park S, Kim JK, Choi HM, Kim HG, Beekley MD, Nho H. Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 591-600
16 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
17 Castello-Simões V, Polaquini Simões R, Beltrame T, Bassi D, Maria Catai A, Arena R, Azambuja Jr NC, do Nascimento Ortega J, Borghi-Silva A. Effects of aerobic exercise training on variability and heart rate kinetic during submaximal exercise after gastric bypass surgery—a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 35: 334-342
18 Haahr M. RANDON.ORG: True random number service. 1998; In internet: https://www.random.org (Date accessed 21 Feb 2017)
19 Laurentino G, Ugrinowitsch C, Aihara AY, Fernandes AR, Parcell AC, Ricard M, Tricolli V. Effects of strength training and blood flow restriction. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29: 664-667
20 Mattar MA, Gualano B, Peraldini LA, Shinjo SK, Lima FR, Sá-Pinto AL, Roschel H. Safety and possible effects of low-intensity resistance training associated with partial blood flow restriction in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16: 473
21 Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. Effect sizes for paired data should use the change score variability rather than the pre-test variability. J Strength Cond Res 2018; (in press)
22 Abe T, Fujita S, Nakajima T, Sakamaki M, Ozaki H, Ogasawara R, Sugaya M, Kudo M, Kurano M, Yasuda T, Sato Y, Ohshima H, Mukai C, Ishii N. Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and vo2max in young men. J Sports Sci Med 2010; 3: 452-458
23 Clarkson MJ, Conway L, Warmington SA. Blood flow restriction walking and physical function in older adults: A randomized control trial. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20: 1041-1046
24 Sundblad P, Kölegård R, Rullman E, Gustafsson T. Eﬀects of training with ﬂow restriction on the exercise pressor reﬂex. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118: 1903-1909
25 Lewis SF, Nylander E, Gad P, Areskog NH. Non-autonomic component in bradycardia of endurance trained men at rest and during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1980; 109: 297-305
26 Yamamoto K, Miyachi M, Saitoh T, Yoshioka A, Onodera S. Effects of endurance training on resting and post-exercise cardiac autonomic control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1496-1502
27 Figueroa A, Baynard T, Fernhall B, Carhart R, Kanaley JA. Endurance training improves post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation in obese women with and without type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100: 437-444
28 Kiyohara N, Kimura T, Tanaka T, Moritani T. Enhancement of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity by blood flow restriction in the human leg. Int J KAATSU Training Res 2006; 2: 35-43
29 Lixandrão ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Laurentino G, Libardi CA, Aihara AY, Cardoso FN, Tricoli V, Roschel H. Effects of exercise intensity and occlusion pressure after 12 weeks of resistance training with blood-flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 2471-2480
30 Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Mouser JG, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL, Bell ZW, Owens JG, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The application of blood flow restriction: Lessons from the laboratory. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17: 129-134
31 Lixandrão ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Berton R, Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Damas F, Libardi CA, Roschel H. magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48: 361-378
32 de Oliveira MFM, Caputo F, Corvino RB, Denadai BS. Short-term low-intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26: 1017-1025
33 Kim D, Singh H, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Young K, Seo DI, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Comparative effects of vigorous-intensity and low-intensity blood flow restricted cycle training and detraining on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 1453-1461
34 Bennett H, Slattery F. Effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic capacity and performance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33: 572-583