Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-0958-9584
Das retrobulbäre Hämatom – eine potenziell visusbedrohende Komplikation
Retrobulbar Haematoma – a Complication that May Impair VisionZusammenfassung
Das retrobulbäre Hämatom (RBH) ist eine seltene, aber potenziell visusbedrohende Komplikation nach einem Trauma oder auch nach einem chirurgischen Eingriff. Die Diagnose muss dabei zeitnah gestellt werden, da nur eine rasche chirurgische Intervention irreversible Visusminderungen adäquat verhindern kann. Da es aufgrund der knöchernen orbitalen Begrenzung kaum Raum für das zunehmende, intraorbitale Volumen durch die retrobulbäre Blutung gibt, kommt es zu einer Erhöhung des intraorbitalen Drucks und konsekutiv zu einer Kompression des N. opticus. Mögliche Symptome umfassen insbesondere Motilitätsstörungen bis zur Ophthalmoplegie, eine Diplopie, eine Bindehautchemose, subkonjunktivale Blutungen, einen Exophthalmus, einen erhöhten intraokulären Druck, eine Verschlechterung der Sehschärfe sowie eine reduzierte direkte Lichtreaktion und ein relatives afferentes Pupillendefizit. Wenn die Ursache traumatisch oder iatrogen bedingt ist, ist eine zeitnahe, laterale Kanthotomie mit Kantholyse das Mittel der Wahl und sorgt in den meisten Fällen für eine erfolgreiche Druckentlastung. Die Kanthotomie mit Kantholyse kann auch sehr gut in der Notaufnahme durch den Augenarzt durchgeführt werden und ist ggf. sogar ohne eine vorherige Bildgebung indiziert. Da die Rekonstruktion der Kantholyse meist unkompliziert möglich ist, empfehlen wir die Durchführung dieser Entlastung bereits, wenn klinisch der hochgradige Verdacht auf eine RBH gestellt wird. Sollte die Kanthotomie mit Kantholyse nicht für eine ausreichende Entlastung sorgen, muss eine chirurgische Orbitadekompression durchgeführt werden. Therapiebegleitend sollte immer eine pharmakologische Therapie mit Steroiden stattfinden.
Abstract
Retrobulbar haematoma (RBH) is a rare complication that may affect vision after a trauma or a surgical procedure. The diagnosis must be made promptly, as only early surgical intervention can adequately prevent irreversible visual impairment. Because of the bony orbital walls, there is hardly any room for the increasing intraorbital volume due to the retrobulbar haemorrhage. This leads to an increase in intraorbital pressure and subsequently to compression of the optic nerve. Symptoms include disorders in ocular motility, ophthalmoplegia, diplopia, conjunctival chemosis, subconjunctival haemorrhage, proptosis, increased intraocular pressure, deterioration in visual acuity, decreased direct pupillary reflex, and a relative afferent pupillary defect. If the cause is traumatic or iatrogenic, prompt lateral canthotomy with cantholysis is the treatment of choice, and successfully lowers pressure in most cases. It can be performed in the emergency room by an ophthalmologist and may even be indicated without previous imaging. As the reconstruction of cantholysis is generally uncomplicated, we recommend performing the procedure when RBH is suspected. If canthotomy with cantholysis does not lead to adequate improvement, surgical orbital decompression must be performed. Supportive treatment should always include systemic steroids.
Schlüsselwörter
retrobulbäres Hämatom - ophthalmoplastische Chirurgie - Trauma - laterale Kanthotomie - chirurgische KomplikationKey words
retrobulbar haematoma - ophthalmic plastic surgery - trauma - lateral canthotomy - surgery complicationPublication History
Received: 28 January 2019
Accepted: 13 May 2019
Article published online:
15 August 2019
© 2019. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Wolfort FG, Vaughan TE, Wolfort SF. et al. Retrobulbar hematoma and blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104: 2154-2162
- 2 Colletti G, Fogagnolo P, Allevi F. et al. Retrobulbar hemorrhage during or after endonasal or periorbital surgery: what to do, when and how to do it. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26: 897-901 doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000001508
- 3 Paches AI, Propp RM, Shentel VV. et al. [Organization of oncology services for patients with tumors of the upper respiratory tract]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1989; (02) 34-37
- 4 Ord RA. Post-operative retrobulbar haemorrhage and blindness complicating trauma surgery. Br J Oral Surg 1981; 19: 202-207
- 5 Edge KR, Nicoll JM. Retrobulbar hemorrhage after 12,500 retrobulbar blocks. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 1019-1022
- 6 Ruben S. The incidence of complications associated with retrobulbar injection of anaesthetic for ophthalmic surgery. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1992; 70: 836-838
- 7 Cionni RJ, Osher RH. Retrobulbar hemorrhage. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 1153-1155
- 8 Puustjärvi T, Purhonen S. Permanent blindness following retrobulbar hemorrhage after peribulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. Ophthalmic Surg 1992; 23: 450-452
- 9 Subbiah S, McGimpsey S, Best RM. Retrobulbar hemorrhage after sub-Tenonʼs anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1651-1652
- 10 White WL, Mundis RJ. Delayed orbital hemorrhage after cataract surgery in a patient with an acquired factor VIII inhibitor. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132: 785-786
- 11 Mejia JD, Egro FM, Nahai F. Visual loss after blepharoplasty: incidence, management, and preventive measures. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31: 21-29 doi:10.1177/1090820X10391212
- 12 Stankiewicz JA, Lal D, Connor M. et al. Complications in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: a 25-year experience. Laryngoscope 2011; 121: 2684-2701 doi:10.1002/lary.21446
- 13 Pai VH, Rao DK, Bhandary SV. Visual loss following dacryocystectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2006; 37: 494-496
- 14 Faccenda KA, Finucane BT. Complications of regional anaesthesia Incidence and prevention. Drug Saf 2001; 24: 413-442 doi:10.2165/00002018-200124060-00002
- 15 Goshtasby P, Miremadi R, Warwar R. Retrobulbar hematoma after third molar extraction: case report and review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 68: 461-464 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2009.07.027
- 16 Subiras X, Koch KR, Schrittenlocher S. et al. Spontaneous unilateral subperiosteal hematoma in the orbit due to self-induced asphyxia: unusual cause of unilateral exophthalmos. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2017; 8: 232-236 doi:10.1159/000469701
- 17 Chan CH, Lai JS, Shen SY. Delayed retrobulbar haemorrhage after Ahmed glaucoma implant: a case report. Eye (Lond) 2006; 20: 494-495 doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701891
- 18 Riemann CD, Foster JA, Kosmorsky GS. Direct orbital manometry in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1296-1302 doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00712-5
- 19 Carrim ZI, Anderson IW, Kyle PM. Traumatic orbital compartment syndrome: importance of prompt recognition and management. Eur J Emerg Med 2007; 14: 174-176 doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3280b17e49
- 20 Winterton JV, Patel K, Mizen KD. Review of management options for a retrobulbar hemorrhage. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 65: 296-299 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.11.089
- 21 Akar Y, Apaydin KC, Ozel A. Acute orbital effects of retrobulbar injection on optic nerve head topography. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1573-1576 doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.044677
- 22 Popat H, Doyle PT, Davies SJ. Blindness following retrobulbar haemorrhage – it can be prevented. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 45: 163-164 doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.06.028
- 23 Hass AN, Penne RB, Stefanyszyn MA. et al. Incidence of postblepharoplasty orbital hemorrhage and associated visual loss. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 20: 426-432
- 24 Leaming DV. Practice styles and preferences of ASCRS members – 2003 survey. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 892-900
- 25 Rubin AP. Complications of local anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 93-96
- 26 Rosdeutscher JD, Stadelmann WK. Diagnosis and treatment of retrobulbar hematoma resulting from blunt periorbital trauma. Ann Plast Surg 1998; 41: 618-622
- 27 Lee HJ, Jilani M, Frohman L. et al. CT of orbital trauma. Emerg Radiol 2004; 10: 168-172 doi:10.1007/s10140-003-0282-7
- 28 Chen YA, Singhal D, Chen YR. et al. Management of acute traumatic retrobulbar haematomas: a 10-year retrospective review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65: 1325-1330 doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2012.04.037
- 29 Han JK, Caughey RJ, Gross CW. et al. Management of retrobulbar hematoma. Am J Rhinol 2008; 22: 522-524 doi:10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3217
- 30 Yung CW, Moorthy RS, Lindley D. et al. Efficacy of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis in orbital hemorrhage. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 10: 137-141
- 31 Welkoborsky HJ, Grass SK, Kustermeyer J. et al. Orbital decompression: indications, technique, results. HNO 2017; 65: 1023-1038 doi:10.1007/s00106-017-0429-6
- 32 Levine MR. Manual of oculoplastic Surgery: Fourth Edition. Thorofare: Slack Incorporated; 2010
- 33 Panje WR, Gross CE, Anderson RL. Sudden blindness following facial trauma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981; 89: 941-948 doi:10.1177/019459988108900612