RSS-Feed abonnieren
Bitte kopieren Sie die angezeigte URL und fügen sie dann in Ihren RSS-Reader ein.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/de/10.1055-s-00000094.xml
Z Gastroenterol 2019; 57(09): 1077-1118
DOI: 10.1055/a-0981-6906
DOI: 10.1055/a-0981-6906
Leitlinie
S2k-Leitlinie „Akute infektiöse Gastroenteritis im Säuglings-, Kindes- und Jugendalter“ – AWMF Registernummer 068-003
Leitlinie der Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung (GPGE) gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ), dem Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte (BVKJ), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI), der österreichischen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselstörungen (DGVS), dem Arbeitskreis „Krankenhaus & Praxishygiene“ der AWMF und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pflegewissenschaft e. V. (DGPW)Weitere Informationen
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
16. September 2019 (online)
Abkürzungsverzeichnis
AAD:
antibiotikaassoziierte Diarrhoe
AGE:
akute Gastroenteritis
AWMF:
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V.
BfR:
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
BSG:
Blutkörperchensenkungsgeschwindigkeit
BVKJ:
Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte e. V.
CDAD:
Clostridoides-difficile-assoziierte Diarrhoe
CDC:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDI:
Clostridoides-difficile-Infektion
CED:
chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung
CRP:
C-reaktives Protein
DGHM:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie
DGKH:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene e. V.
DGKJ:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e. V.
DGPI:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie e. V.
DGPW:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pflegewissenschaften e. V.
DGVS:
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen e. V.
EAEC:
enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
EHEC:
enterohämorrhagische Escherichia coli
EIA:
enzymgekoppelter Immunadsorptionstest
(ELISA):
(engl. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay)
EIEC:
enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
EPEC:
enteropathogene Escherichia coli
ETEC:
enterotoxinbildende Escherichia coli
GPGE:
Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung e. V.
HUS:
hämolytisch-urämisches Syndrom
IDSA:
Infectious Diseases Society of America
IfSG:
Infektionsschutzgesetz
KISS:
Krankenhaus-Infektions-Surveillance-System des Nationalen Referenzzentrums für Surveillance von noskomialen Infektionen am RKI
KRINKO:
Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention
LGG:
Lactobacillus GG
NICE:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK)
MTS:
Manchester-Triage-System
ÖGKJ:
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde
ORL:
orale Rehydrationslösung
ORT:
orale Rehydrationstherapie
RCT:
Randomized Controlled Trial
RKI:
Robert-Koch-Institut
SBS:
Säure-Basen-Status
SIRS:
systemisches inflammatorisches Response-Syndrom
STEC:
Shigatoxin-produzierende Escherichia coli
STIKO:
Ständige Impfkommission am RKI
STX:
Shigatoxin
VRE:
Vancomycin-resistente Enterokokken
VTEC:
Verotoxin-produzierende E. coli
ZNS:
Zentralnervensystem
-
Literatur
- 1 Lo Vecchio A. et al. Comparison of Recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63: 226-235
- 2 Robert-Koch-Institut. Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Erkrankungen 2016. R.K. Institut, Editor; 2017
- 3 Wiegering V. et al. Gastroenteritis in childhood: a retrospective study of 650 hospitalized pediatric patients. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15: e401-e407
- 4 Kowalzik F. et al. Disease Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children Residing in Germany: A Retrospective, Hospital-based Surveillance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35: 97-103
- 5 Guarino A. et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases Evidence-based Guidelines for the Managem ent of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children in Europe. JPGN 2008; 46: S81-S122
- 6 Guarino A. et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 132-152
- 7 NICE-guideline Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in under 5s diagnosis and management 2009.
- 8 S1-Handlungsempfehlung Akuter Durchfall (DEGAM). AWMF 2013.
- 9 Weaver LT. Bowel habit from birth to old age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988; 7: 637-640
- 10 Nationales_Referenzzentrum_fr_Surveillance_von_nosokomialen_Infektionen, Definitionen nosokomialer Infektionen für die Surveillance im Krankenhaus-Infektions- Surveillance-System (KISS-Definitionen), Editor. Berlin: RKI; 2017
- 11 Guarino A, De Marco G. Peristent diarrhea. In: Walker WA, Kleinman RE, Sherman PM. et al. Editor Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. 2004: 180-193
- 12 Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB. et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th . edition. Part XVII: The Digestive System: 338 Chronic Diarrhea. Saunders; 2007. ISBN: 1416024506/978-1416024507
- 13 Mor SM. et al. Microsporidiosis and malnutrition in children with persistent diarrhea, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 49-52
- 14 Iannotti LL. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of severely malnourished children with diarrhoea. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51: 387-395
- 15 Giannattasio A, Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A. Management of children with prolonged diarrhea. F1000Res 2016; 5: 1-11
- 16 Strand TA. et al. Risk factors for extended duration of acute diarrhea in young children. PLoS One 2012; 7: e36436
- 17 Moore SR. et al. Prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea reduce growth and increase risk of persistent diarrhea in children. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1156-1164
- 18 Fleck J. Diarrhea. Practical Strategies in pediatric Diagnosis and Therapy. ed. N.M. Kliegman RM, Super DM Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 1996: 279-300
- 19 Ogilvie I. et al. Burden of community-acquired and nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis in the pediatric population of Western Europe: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12: 62
- 20 Payne DC. et al. Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1121-1130
- 21 Hemming M. et al. Major reduction of rotavirus, but not norovirus, gastroenteritis in children seen in hospital after the introduction of RotaTeq vaccine into the National Immunization Programme in Finland. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172: 739-746
- 22 Belliot G. et al. Evidence of emergence of new GGII.4 norovirus variants from gastroenteritis outbreak survey in France during the 2007-to-2008 and 2008-to-2009 winter seasons. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 994-998
- 23 Hall AJ. et al. Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004–2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 1381-1388
- 24 Ajami N. et al. Characterization of norovirus-associated traveler’s diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 123-130
- 25 Wasserman D. et al. Molecular analysis of the fructose transporter gene (GLUT5) in isolated fructose malabsorption. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2398-2402
- 26 Zimmer KP. Laktose- und Fruktosemalabsorption. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2007; 155: 565-576
- 27 Ciccarelli S, Stolfi I, Caramia G. Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infect Drug Resist 2013; 6: 133-161
- 28 THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA. W.H. Organisation, Editor; 2005
- 29 Operario DJ. et al. Etiology of Severe Acute Watery Diarrhea in Children in the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Infect Dis 2017; 216: 220-227
- 30 Walker CL. et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013; 381: 1405-1416
- 31 Enserink R. et al. Gastroenteritis attributable to 16 enteropathogens in children attending day care: significant effects of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34: 5-10
- 32 Fletcher SM, McLaws ML, Ellis JT. Prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens in developed and developing countries: systematic review andmeta-analysis. J Public Health Res 2013; 2: 42-53
- 33 Karsten C. et al. Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west Germany in 2004. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: 935-943
- 34 Garcia Vera C. et al. Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: 729 cases recruited by a Primary Care national network. An Pediatr (Barc) 2017; 87: 128-134
- 35 Tam CC. et al. Changes in causes of acute gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom over 15 years: microbiologic findings from 2 prospective, population-based studies of infectious intestinal disease. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 1275-1286
- 36 Wadl M. et al. Easy-to-use rapid test for direct detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken feces. J Food Prot 2009; 72: 2483-2488
- 37 Febriani Y. et al. Association between indicators of livestock farming intensity and hospitalization rate for acute gastroenteritis. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137: 1073-1085
- 38 Bruijning-Verhagen P, Quach C, Bonten M. Nosocomial rotavirus infections: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e1011-e1019
- 39 Valentini D. et al. Hospital-acquired rotavirus and norovirus acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric unit, in 2014–2015. J Med Virol 2017; 89: 1768-1774
- 40 Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Berni Canani R. Chronic diarrhoea in children. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 649-661
- 41 Lee KS. et al. How to do in persistent diarrhea of children?: concepts and treatments of chronic diarrhea. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2012; 15: 229-236
- 42 Widdowson MA. et al. Global rotavirus surveillance: determining the need and measuring the impact of rotavirus vaccines. J Infect Dis 2009; 200 (Suppl. 01) S1-S8
- 43 Shai S. et al. Rotavirus disease in Germany--a prospective survey of very severe cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32: e62-e67
- 44 Mathai J. et al. Chronic and persistent diarrhea in infants and young children: status statement. Indian Pediatr 2011; 48: 37-42
- 45 Rahman AE. et al. Childhood diarrhoeal deaths in seven low- and middle- income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 664-671
- 46 Abba K. et al. Pathogens associated with persistent diarrhoea in children in low and middle income countries: systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 88
- 47 Whyte LA, Al-Araji RA, McLoughlin LM. Guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2015; 100: 308-312
- 48 Lo Vecchio A. et al. An international consensus report on a new algorithm for the management of infant diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105: e384-e389
- 49 Lorrot M. et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30: 361-368
- 50 Kobrynski LJ, Mayer L. Diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency disease in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Clin Immunol 2011; 139: 238-248
- 51 Krones E, Hogenauer C. Diarrhea in the immunocompromised patient. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012; 41: 677-701
- 52 Munir N. et al. Norovirus infection in immunocompromised children and children with hospital-acquired acute gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1203-1209
- 53 Hagel S. et al. S2k-guideline gastrointestinal infectious diseases and Whipple's disease. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 418-459
- 54 Rosenfeld L. et al. Life-threatening systemic rotavirus infection after vaccination in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28: 841-843
- 55 Patel NC. et al. Vaccine-acquired rotavirus in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 314-319
- 56 Agarwal S, Mayer L. Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with primary immunodeficiency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1050-1063
- 57 Agarwal S, Mayer L. Pathogenesis and treatment of gastrointestinal disease in antibody deficiency syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 658-664
- 58 Lawson PA. et al. Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prevot 1938. Anaerobe 2016; 40: 95-99
- 59 Nicholson MR. et al. Novel Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 60: 18-22
- 60 Samady W, Pong A, Fisher E. Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014; 26: 568-572
- 61 Nylund CM. et al. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165: 451-457
- 62 Zilberberg MD, Tillotson GS, McDonald C. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16: 604-609
- 63 Trifan A. et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 11736-11742
- 64 Turner D. et al. Management of Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis, Part 2. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2018; 67: 292-310
- 65 Barker HC. et al. Clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7: 444-447
- 66 Egressy K, Jansen M, Meyer KC. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis in cystic fibrosis: an emerging problem. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 12: 92-96
- 67 Mc Laughlin D, Friedmacher F, Puri P. The impact of Clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review. Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30: 853-859
- 68 McFarland LV. et al. Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 3078-3104
- 69 Tschudin-Sutter S. et al. Distinguishing community-associated from hospital- associated Clostridium difficile infections in children: implications for public health surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: 1665-1672
- 70 Valentini D. et al. Coinfection in acute gastroenteritis predicts a more severe clinical course in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32: 909-915
- 71 Zhang SX. et al. Impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest China. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5: 64
- 72 Shrivastava AK. et al. Multiple etiologies of infectious diarrhea and concurrent infections in a pediatric outpatient-based screening study in Odisha, India. Gut Pathog 2017; 9: 16
- 73 Enserink R. et al. High detection rates of enteropathogens inasymptomatic children attending day care. PLoS One 2014; 9: e89496
- 74 Heusinkveld M. et al. Potential causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in households with preschool children: prevalence, risk factors, clinical relevance and household transmission. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35: 1691-1700
- 75 Guarino A. et al. The management of acute diarrhea in children in developed and developing areas: from evidence base to clinical practice. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13: 17-26
- 76 (DGPI), D.G.f.P.I. DGPI-Handbuch – Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. 6. Auflage. ed. Stuttgart – New York: Georg-Thieme-Verlag; 2013
- 77 Bailey B. et al. External validation of the clinical dehydration scale for children with acute gastroenteritis. Acad Emerg Med 2010; 17: 583-588
- 78 Goldman RD, Friedman JN, Parkin PC. Validation of the clinical dehydration scale for children with acute gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 545-549
- 79 Kinlin LM, Freedman SB. Evaluation of a clinical dehydration scale in children requiring intravenous rehydration. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e1211-e1219
- 80 Pruvost I. et al. The value of body weight measurement to assess dehydration in children. PLoS One 2013; 8: e55063
- 81 Schnadower D. et al. Validation of the modified Vesikari score in children with gastroenteritis in 5 US emergency departments. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 514-519
- 82 Fleming S. et al. The Diagnostic Value of Capillary Refill Time for Detecting Serious Illness in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0138155
- 83 Shavit I. et al. A novel imaging technique to measure capillary-refill time: improving diagnostic accuracy for dehydration in young children with gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 2402-2408
- 84 Forman S. et al. The epidemiology of hypernatraemia in hospitalised children in Lothian: a 10-year study showing differences between dehydration, osmoregulatory dysfunction and salt poisoning. Arch Dis Child 2012; 97: 502-507
- 85 Kaiser P. et al. Complications in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 337-345
- 86 Shahrin L. et al. Clinical Manifestations of Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia in Under-Five Diarrheal Children in a Diarrhea Hospital. J Trop Pediatr 2016; 62: 206-212
- 87 van den Berg J, Berger MY. Guidelines on acute gastroenteritis in children: a critical appraisal of their quality and applicability in primary care. BMC Fam Pract 2011; 12: 134
- 88 Friedman JN. et al. Development of a clinical dehydration scale for use in children between 1 and 36 months of age. The Journal of Pediatrics 2004; 145: 201-207
- 89 Falszewska A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H. The diagnostic accuracy of Clinical Dehydration Scale in identifying dehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis: a systematic review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53: 1181-1188
- 90 Parkin PC. et al. Clinical and laboratory assessment of dehydration severity in children with acute gastroenteritis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010; 49: 235-239
- 91 Geurts D. et al. How to Predict Oral Rehydration Failure in Children With Gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 5: 503-508
- 92 Dennehy PH. Viral gastroenteritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30: 63-64
- 93 Lee RM. et al. Incubation periods of viral gastroenteritis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 446
- 94 Kochen M, Scherer M. DEGAM S1-Leitlinie EHEC / HUS. AWMF 2011.
- 95 Turck D. et al. Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an outpatient pediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 22-26
- 96 Bryant K, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 145-146
- 97 Ferraris L. et al. Clostridia in premature neonates' gut: incidence, antibiotic susceptibility, and perinatal determinants influencing colonization. PLoS One 2012; 7: e30594
- 98 Pascarella F. et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 854-858
- 99 Sandberg KC. et al. Disproportionate rise in Clostridium difficile-associated hospitalizations among US youth with inflammatory bowel disease, 1997–2011. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60: 486-492
- 100 Martinelli M. et al. Clostridium difficile and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative, multicenter, ESPGHAN study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20: 2219-2225
- 101 Schutze GE. et al. Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children. Pediatrics 2013; 131: 196-200
- 102 Baron EJ. et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57: e22-e121
- 103 Miller JM. et al. A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67: 813-816
- 104 Hayajneh WA. et al. Comparison of clinical associations and laboratory abnormalities in children with moderate and severe dehydration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 290-294
- 105 Kuge R, Morikawa Y, Hasegawa Y. Uric acid and dehydration in children with gastroenteritis. Pediatrics International 2017; 59: 1151-1156
- 106 Hoxha TF. et al. The usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting severity of dehydration in children with acute gastroenteritis. Med Arch 2014; 68: 304-307
- 107 Yilmaz K. et al. Evaluation of laboratory tests in dehydrated children with acute gastroenteritis. J Paediatr Child Health 2002; 38: 226-228
- 108 Mansour AM. et al. Enteric viral infections as potential risk factors for intussusception. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7: 28-35
- 109 Arbizu RA. et al. Intussusception associated with adenovirus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: e41
- 110 Nylund CM, Denson LA, Noel JM. Bacterial enteritis as a risk factor for childhood intussusception: a retrospective cohort study. J Pediatr 2010; 156: 761-765
- 111 Gluckman S. et al. Management for intussusception in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 6: CD006476
- 112 Carroll AG. et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Imaging Modalities for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Intussusception: A Critically Appraised Topic. Acad Radiol 2017; 24: 521-529
- 113 Xie X. et al. A randomized trial of pneumatic reduction versus hydrostatic reduction for intussusception in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53: 1464-1468
- 114 Fonseca BK, Holdgate A, Craig JC. Enteral vs intravenous rehydration therapy for children with gastroenteritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 483-490
- 115 Gerste R. Verdünnter Apfelsaft statt Elektrolytlösung reicht aus. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2016; 113: 1317
- 116 Hoekstra JH. et al. Oral rehydration solution containing a mixture of non- digestible carbohydrates in the treatment of acute diarrhea: a multicenter randomized placebo controlled study on behalf of the ESPGHAN working group on intestinal infections. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39: 239-245
- 117 Freedman SB. et al. Treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions commonly used in developed countries. Evid Based Child Health 2013; 8: 1123-1137
- 118 Bellemare S. et al. Oral rehydration versus intravenous therapy for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Med 2004; 2: 11
- 119 Gregorio GV. et al. Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12: CD006519
- 120 Farthing MJ. Oral rehydration: an evolving solution. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34 (Suppl. 01) S64-S67
- 121 Guarino A. et al. Oral rehydration: toward a real solution. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33 (Suppl. 02) S2-S12
- 122 Sentongo TA. The use of oral rehydration solutions in children and adults. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2004; 6: 307-313
- 123 Passariello A. et al. Acceptability and efficacy of a gel hypotonic oral rehydration solution in children with acute gastroenteritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 523-526
- 124 King CK. et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52: 1-16
- 125 Nager AL, Wang VJ. Comparison of nasogastric and intravenous methods of rehydration in pediatric patients with acute dehydration. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 566-572
- 126 Hartling L. et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(3); CD004390
- 127 Spandorfer PR. et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration of moderately dehydrated children: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 295-301
- 128 Kartha GB, Rameshkumar R, Mahadevan S. Randomized Double-blind Trial of Ringer Lactate Versus Normal Saline in Pediatric Acute Severe Diarrheal Dehydration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65: 621-626
- 129 Toaimah FH, Mohammad HM. Rapid Intravenous Rehydration Therapy in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Emerg Care 2016; 32: 131-135
- 130 Freedman SB. et al. Rapid versus standard intravenous rehydration in paediatric gastroenteritis: pragmatic blinded randomised clinical trial. BMJ 2011; 343: d6976
- 131 El-Bayoumi MA. et al. Normal saline is a safe initial rehydration fluid in children with diarrhea-related hypernatremia. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 383-388
- 132 Robertson G. et al. Relationship between fluid management, changes in serum sodium and outcome in hypernatraemia associated with gastroenteritis. J Paediatr Child Health 2007; 43: 291-296
- 133 Zieg J. Pathophysiology of Hyponatremia in Children. Front Pediatr 2017; 5: 213
- 134 Hanna M, Saberi MS. Incidence of hyponatremia in children with gastroenteritis treated with hypotonic intravenous fluids. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 1471-1475
- 135 Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Improving intravenous fluid therapy in children with gastroenteritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25: 1383-1384
- 136 Moritz ML, Ayus JC. 100 cc 3% sodium chloride bolus: a novel treatment for hyponatremic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2010; 25: 91-96
- 137 Neville KA. et al. Isotonic is better than hypotonic saline for intravenous rehydration of children with gastroenteritis: a prospective randomised study. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 226-232
- 138 Wang J, Xu E, Xiao Y. Isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance IV fluids in hospitalized children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2014; 133: 105-113
- 139 Holliday MA, Ray PE, Friedman AL. Fluid therapy for children: facts, fashions and questions. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92: 546-550
- 140 Szajewska H. et al. Use of probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis: a position paper by the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58: 531-539
- 141 Urbanska M, Gieruszczak-Bialek D, Szajewska H. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for diarrhoeal diseases in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 1025-1034
- 142 Schnadower D. et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus Placebo for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 2002-2014
- 143 Freedman SB. et al. Multicenter Trial of a Combination Probiotic for Children with Gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 2015-2026
- 144 Das JK. et al. The effect of antiemetics in childhood gastroenteritis. BMC Public Health 2013; 13 (Suppl. 03) S9
- 145 Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ. Gastroenteritis in children. Clinical Evidence 2011; 7: 1-64
- 146 Marchetti F. et al. Oral Ondansetron versus Domperidone for Acute Gastroenteritis in Pediatric Emergency Departments: Multicenter Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0165441
- 147 Hoffman RJ, Alansari K. Effect of intravenous ondansetron on QTc interval in children with gastroenteritis. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 5: 754-757
- 148 Uhlig U. et al. Dimenhydrinate in children with infectious gastroenteritis: a prospective, RCT. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e622-e632
- 149 Gordon M, Akobeng A. Racecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children: systematic review and meta-analyses. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101: 234-240
- 150 Li ST, Grossman DC, Cummings P. Loperamide therapy for acute diarrhea in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e98
- 151 Bruzzese E, Giannattasio A, Guarino A. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000Res 2018; 7: 193
- 152 Riddle MS. et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers’ diarrhea: a graded expert panel report. Journal of Travel Medicine 2017; 24 (Suppl. 01) S63-S80
- 153 WHO. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Geneva: W.H. Organisation, Editor; 2005
- 154 Christopher PR. et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(8); CD006784
- 155 Bennish ML. et al. Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 356-362
- 156 Basualdo W, Arbo A. Randomized comparison of azithromycin versus cefixime for treatment of shigellosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 374-377
- 157 Williams PCM, Berkley JA. Guidelines for the management of paediatric cholera infection: a systematic review of the evidence. Paediatrics and International Child Health 2018; 38 (Suppl. 01) S16-S31
- 158 Kaushik JS. et al. Single dose azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for cholera in children: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr 2010; 47: 309-315
- 159 Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11: CD001167
- 160 Shkalim V. et al. Characteristics of non-typhi Salmonella gastroenteritis associated with bacteremia in infants and young children. Infection 2012; 40: 285-289
- 161 Granados CE. et al. Drugs for treating giardiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD007787
- 162 Spina A. et al. Spectrum of enteropathogens detected by the FilmArray GI Panel in a multicentre study of community-acquired gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21: 719-728
- 163 Croxen MA. et al. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26: 822-880
- 164 Wong CS. et al. Risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7: a multivariable analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 33-41
- 165 Ternhag A. et al. A meta-analysis on the effects of antibiotic treatment on duration of symptoms caused by infection with Campylobacter species. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 696-700
- 166 Hess SY. et al. Recent advances in knowledge of zinc nutrition andhuman health. Food Nutr Bull 2009; 30: S5-S11
- 167 Berni Canani R, Buccigrossi V, Passariello A. Mechanisms of action ofzinc in acute diarrhea. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 8-12
- 168 Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12: CD005436
- 169 Brown KH. et al. Preventive zinc supplementation among infants, preschoolers, and older prepubertal children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2009; 30: S12-S40
- 170 Liberato SC, Singh G, Mulholland K. Zinc supplementation in young children: A review of the literature focusing on diarrhoea prevention and treatment. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 181-188
- 171 Wessells KR, Brown KH. Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 2012; 7: e50568
- 172 Creasy W, Stebbings C. Question 1: Does zinc enhance recovery time from gastroenteritis in high-income countries?. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103: 297-300
- 173 Goldman RD. Zinc supplementation for acute gastroenteritis. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59: 363-364
- 174 Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P, Mrukowicz J. Meta-analysis: Smectite in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 217-227
- 175 Das RR, Sankar J, Naik SS. Efficacy and safety of diosmectite in acute childhood diarrhoea: a meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100: 704-712
- 176 Piescik-Lech M, Urbanska M, Szajewska H. Lactobacillus GG (LGG) and smectite versus LGG alone for acute gastroenteritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172: 247-253
- 177 Gregorio GV, Dans LF, Silvestre MA. Early versus Delayed Refeeding for Children with Acute Diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(7); CD00729
- 178 MacGillivray S, Fahey T, McGuire W. Lactose avoidance for young children with acute diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(10); CD005433
- 179 NICE-pathways: Fluid and nutritional management in children with diarrhoea and vomiting. NICE; 2017
- 180 Lamberti LM. et al. Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health 2011; 11 (Suppl. 03) S15
- 181 Quigley MA, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e837-e842
- 182 Morales E. et al. Effects of prolonged breastfeeding and colostrum fatty acids on allergic manifestations and infections in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42: 918-928
- 183 Morrow AL. et al. Human-milk glycans that inhibit pathogen binding protect breast-feeding infants against infectious diarrhea. J Nutr 2005; 135: 1304-1307
- 184 Ruiz-Palacios GM. et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 11-22
- 185 Vesikari T. et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 23-33
- 186 Soares-Weiser K, Maclehose H. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11: CD008521 . doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub3
- 187 Neuerungen in den aktuellen Empfehlungen der Stä ndigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am RKI vom August 2013. Epidemiologisches Bulletin; 2013 35.
- 188 Rha B. et al. Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in the United States – 2006–2012. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13: 365-376
- 189 Shah MP. et al. Decline in Emergency Department Visits for Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children in 10 US States After Implementation of Rotavirus Vaccination, 2003 to 2013. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35: 782-786
- 190 Adlhoch C. et al. Rotavirus vaccine effectiveness and case-control study on risk factors for breakthrough infections in Germany, 2010–2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32: e82-e89
- 191 Weiss S. et al. Incidence of intussusception in early infancy: a capture- recapture estimate for Germany. Klin Padiatr 2011; 223: 419-423
- 192 Monk HM, Motsney AJ, Wade KC. Safety of rotavirus vaccine in the NICU. Pediatrics 2014; 133: e1555-e1560
- 193 Civardi E. et al. Viral outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units: what we do not know. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41: 854-856
- 194 Pammi M, Haque KN. Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(11); CD003740
- 195 Barnes GL. et al. A randomised trial of oral gammaglobulin in low-birth-weight infants infected with rotavirus. Lancet 1982; 1: 1371-1373
- 196 Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention Personelle und organisatorische Voraussetzungen zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2009; 52: 951-962
- 197 S3-Leitlinie Strategien zur Sicherung rationaler Antibiotika-Anwendung im Krankenhaus. AWMF 2013; 092-001.
- 198 Oh DY, Gaedicke G, Schreier E. Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: prevalence and molecular diversity. J Med Virol 2003; 71: 82-93
- 199 Roberts L. et al. Effect of infection control measures on the frequency of diarrheal episodes in child care: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 743-746
- 200 Kotch JB. et al. Hand-washing and diapering equipment reduces disease among children in out-of-home child care centers. Pediatrics 2007; 120: e29-e36
- 201 Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI. et al. Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(9); CD004265
- 202 Hygienemaßnahmen bei Gastroenteritis Ausbrüchen durch Noroviren Leitlinie zur Hygiene in Klinik und Praxis AWMF 2013. AWMF-Leitlinien Register Nr. 029/037.
- 203 Sammons JS, Toltzis P, Zaoutis TE. Clostridium difficile Infection in children. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 567-573
- 204 Goldenberg JZ. et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12: CD006095
- 205 Arvola T. et al. Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics 1999; 104: e64
- 206 Ruszczynski M, Radzikowski A, Szajewska H. Clinical trial: effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains E/N, Oxy and Pen) in the prevention of antibiotic- associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 154-161
- 207 Kotowska M, Albrecht P, Szajewska H. Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 583-590
- 208 Richardson S. et al. Extended excretion of rotavirus after severe diarrhoea in young children. Lancet 1998; 351: 1844-1848
- 209 Guidance on Infection Control in Schools and other Childcare Settings. Public Health England; 2016
- 210 Castor ML, Beach MJ. Reducing illness transmission from disinfected recreational water venues: swimming, diarrhea and the emergence of a new public health concern. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 866-870
- 211 Dufour AP. et al. Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers. J Water Health 2017; 15: 429-437
- 212 Centers for Disease, C. and Prevention. Microbes in pool filter backwash as evidence of the need for improved swimmer hygiene – metro-Atlanta, Georgia, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 2013 62. 385-388
- 213 TRBA 250 Biologische Arbeitsstoffe im Gesundheitswesen und in der Wohlfahrtspflege. GMBl, 2014. Ausgabe März 2014, 3. Änderung vom Oktober 2016 (Nr. 10/11).
- 214 Martin M. et al. National European guidelines for the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. J Hosp Infect 2014; 87: 212-219
- 215 Robert-Koch-Institut. Ausbruchmanagement und strukturiertes Vorgehen bei gehäuftem Auftreten nosokomialer Infektionen. Bundesgesundheitsbl 2002; 45: 180-186