„Old Friends“, Immunregulation und Stressresilienz

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Es gibt zahlreiche Hinweise darauf, dass chronische negative Erfahrungen, insbesondere chronischer psychosozialer Stress, einen wesentlichen Risikofaktor für die Entstehung vieler somatischer und affektiver Störungen darstellen, einschließlich chronischer entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen (CED) und der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS). Die Mechanismen, die der Entstehung chronischer stressbedingter Erkrankungen zugrunde liegen, sind jedoch noch weitgehend unbekannt und die derzeitigen Behandlungs- und Präventionsstrategien sind unzureichend wirksam und zuverlässig. Ein besseres Verständnis der Mechanismen, die an der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung chronischer stressbedingter Erkrankungen beteiligt sind, kann zu neuen Ansätzen in der Prävention und Behandlung dieser Erkrankungen führen. In diesem 2-teiligen Review fassen wir die theoretischen Grundlagen (Teil 1) sowie die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen (Teil 2) zusammen, welche die Hypothese stützen, dass ein Anstieg der Immun(re)aktivität und des Entzündungsgeschehens in der heutigen modernen Gesellschaft, potenziell gefördert durch einen verminderten Kontakt mit immunregulatorischen Mikroorganismen („Old Friends“), ursächlich an der gesteigerten Anfälligkeit für stressbedingte Pathologien sein könnte. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir den künstlich herbeigeführten Kontakt mit Old Friends als vielversprechende Strategie zur Förderung der Stressresilienz und zur Vorbeugung/Behandlung chronischer stressbedingter Erkrankungen.

ABSTRACT

There is a considerable body of evidence indicating that chronic adverse experience, especially chronic psychosocial stress/trauma, represents a major risk factor for the development of many somatic and affective disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying the development of chronic stress-induced disorders are still in large part unknown, and current treatment and prevention strategies lack efficacy and reliability. A greater understanding of mechanisms involved in the development and persistence of chronic stress-induced disorders may lead to novel approaches to prevention and treatment of these disorders. In this two-part review, we summarize the theoretical background (Part 1) and underlying mechanisms (Part 2) that support the hypothesis that increases in immune (re-) activity and inflammation, potentially promoted by a reduced exposure to immunoregulatory microorganisms (“Old Friends”) in today’s modern society, may be causal factors in mediating the vulnerability to development and persistence of stress-related pathologies. Moreover, we discuss strategies to increase immunoregulatory processes and attenuate inflammation, as for instance contact with immunoregulatory “Old Friends“, which appears to be a promising strategy to promote stress resilience and to prevent/treat chronic stress-related disorder

Schlüsselwörter

Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) - Stadt versus Land - Entzündung - Interleukin (IL)-6 - Cortisol - Old Friends

Key words

Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) - urban versus rural - inflammation - interleukin (IL)-6 - cortisol - Old Friends

¹ Bei dem vorliegenden Artikel handelt es sich um die deutsche Übersetzung des im Journal Pflügers Archiv – European Journal of Physiology erschienen Artikels Langgartner und Kollegen, 2018 [1].

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