Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2020; 41(03): 168-174
DOI: 10.1055/a-1062-6551
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Retrospective Study of Risk Factors and the Prevalence of Injuries in HIFT

Rômulo Vasconcelos Teixeira 
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
,
Matheus Dantas
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
,
Dihogo Gama de Motas 
4   Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
,
Petrus Gantois
3   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
,
Felipe José Aidar
2   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
,
Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
,
Victor Sabino de Queiros 
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
,
Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
,
Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
1   Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted 02 November 2019

Publication Date:
17 January 2020 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors and the incidence of injuries in high-intensity functional training (HIFT) practitioners. A survey was administered to 213 HIFT practitioners. Participants reported the number of injuries, the location of the injuries, and training exposure during the preceding six months and answered questions regarding potential risk factors for injury. We found there were 7.1 injuries for every 1000 hours of training. In addition, we found that individuals with experience in the modality (>2 years) were 3.77 times more likely to be affected by injury when compared with beginner individuals (<6 months) (CI95%=1.59–8.92; p=0.003). When the analysis was performed only for the competitive level, we found that practitioners competing at the national level were 5.69 times more likely to experience an injury than competitors who do not compete (CI95%=1.10–29.54; p=0.038). We also found that the injuries mainly affect the shoulder and lumbar regions. It was possible to conclude that subjects with a higher level of experience in the modality are more likely to be affected by injuries and that the shoulder and lumbar areas are most likely to be injured during HIFT.

Key words

epidemiology - physical training - weightlifting - exercise
 

  • References

  • 1 Claudino JG, Gabbett T, Bourgeois F. et al. CrossFit overview: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2018; 4: 11 doi:10.1186/s40798-018-0124-5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Fisker FY, Kildegaard S, Thygesen M. et al. Acute tendon changes in intense CrossFit workout: An observational cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2017; 27: 1258-1262 doi:10.1111/sms.12781
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Sprey JWC, Ferreira T, de Lima MV. et al. An epidemiological profile of CrossFit athletes in Brazil. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016; 4 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116663706.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Meyer J, Morrison J, Zuniga J. The benefits and risks of CrossFit: A systematic review. Workplace Health Saf. 2017; 65: 612-618 doi: 10.1177/2165079916685568
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Feito Y, Burrows EK, Tabb LP. A 4-Year analysis of the incidence of injuries among CrossFit-trained participants. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018; 6 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118803100.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Gross ML, Brenner SL, Esformes I. et al. Anterior shoulder instability in weight lifters. Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21: 599-603 doi:10.1177/036354659302100419
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Weisenthal BM, Beck CA, Maloney MD. et al. Injury rate and patterns among crossfit athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014; 2 DOI: 10.1177/2325967114531177.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Feito Y, Hoffstetter W, Serafini P. et al. Changes in body composition, bone metabolism, strength, and skill-specific performance resulting from 16-weeks of HIFT. PLoS One. 2018; 13: e0198324 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198324
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wojna J, Zuwala-Jagiello J. Crossfit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest, after wingate and progressive tests, and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 66: 811-821
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Smith MM, Sommer AJ, Starkoff BE. et al. Crossfit-based high-intensity power training improves maximal aerobic fitness and body composition. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27: 3159-3172 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318289e59f
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Gianzina E, Kassotaki O. The benefits and risks of the high intensity CrossFit training. Sport Sci Health. 2019; 15: 21-33 doi: 10.1007/s11332-018-0521-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bergeron MF, Nindl BC, Deuster PA. et al. Consortium for health and military performance and American College of Sports Medicine consensus paper on extreme conditioning programs in military personnel. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011; 10: 383-389 doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e318237bf8a
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Montalvo AM, Shaefer H, Rodriguez B. et al. Retrospective injury epidemiology and risk factors for injury in CrossFit. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16: 53-59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Lichtenstein MB, Jensen TT. Exercise addiction in CrossFit: Prevalence and psychometric properties of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Addict Behav Rep. 2016; 3: 33-37 doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2016.02.002
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Summitt RJ, Cotton RA, Kays AC. et al. Shoulder injuries in individuals who participate in CrossFit training. Sports Health. 2016; 8: 541-546 doi: 10.1177/1941738116666073
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Gray SE, Finch CF. Epidemiology of hospital-treated injuries sustained by fitness participants. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015; 86: 81-87 doi: 10.1080/02701367.2014.975177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E. et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 364-380 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update. Int J Sports Med. 2019; 40: 813-817
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Bennell KL. et al. How valid is a self reported 12 month sports injury history?. Br J Sports Med. 2003; 37: 545-547 doi: 10.1136/bjsm.37.6.545
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Winwood PW, Hume PA, Cronin JB. et al. Retrospective injury epidemiology of strongman athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28: 28-42 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182986c0c
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Winwood PW, Keogh JWL, Harri NK. The strength and conditioning practices of strongman competitors. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25: 3118-3128 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212daea
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Hak PT, Hodzovic E, Hickey B. The nature and prevalence of injury during CrossFit training. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000318
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Mehrab M, de Vos RJ, Kraan GA. et al. Injury incidence and patterns among Dutch CrossFit athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017; 5 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117745263.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Ekstrand J, Hagglund M, Walden M. Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2011; 45: 553-558 doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.060582
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Klimek C, Ashbeck C, Brook AJ. et al. Are injuries more common with CrossFit training than other forms of exercise?. J Sport Rehabil. 2017; 27: 295-299 doi: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0040
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Zatsiorsky VM. Ed Biomechanics in Sport: Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention. 2008
    PubMed
  • 27 Akenhead R, Nassis GP. Training load and player monitoring in high-level football: Current practice and perceptions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2016; 11: 587-593 doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0331
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Borresen J, Ian Lambert M. The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance. Sport Med. 2009; 39: 779-795 doi: 10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Verkhoshansky YV, Siff MC. 6th ed. Supertraining Rome: Verkhoshansky SSTM; 2009