Pharmakologische Behandlung von Tics

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Das Gilles-de-la-Tourette-Syndrom (GTS) ist eine facettenreiche neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung. Die pharmakologische Therapie des Tourette-Syndroms ist sehr vielschichtig. Im vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel werden wesentliche Formen der pharmakologischen Therapie in praxisrelevanter Form dargestellt und Indikationen für eine pharmakologische Behandlung beim Tourette-Syndrom diskutiert. Nur bei ausreichend lange vorhandenen, beeinträchtigenden Tics sollte der Einsatz von Medikamenten überlegt werden, da nach heutigem Wissensstand eine pharmakologische Behandlung von Tics diese zwar lindert, aber keinen Einfluss auf die Ursachen und den Verlauf nimmt.

ABSTRACT

The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is a multifaceted neuropsychiatric disease. The pharmacological Therapy for Tourette's syndrome is very complex. In the present review, we describe essential forms of pharmacological therapy presented in a practical form and indications for pharmacological treatment in Tourette's syndrome. Only with sufficiently long existing, impairing tics, the use of drugs should be considered, since according to current knowledge a pharmacological treatment of tics does not affect the causes of tics and the course of the disease.

Schlüsselwörter

Tics - pharmakologische - Behandlung

Key words

Tics - pharmacology - treatment

• Literatur

• 1 Baptista T, Molina MG, Martinez JL. et al Effects of the antipsychotic drug sulpiride on reproductive hormones in healthy premenopausal women: relationship with body weight regulation. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997; 30: 256-262 doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979503
• 2 Bloch MH, Leckman JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2009; 67: 497-501 doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002
• 3 Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L. et al Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 65-69 doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.1.65
• 4 Buse J, Schoenefeld K, Münchau A. et al Neuromodulation in Tourette syndrome: dopamine and beyond. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37: 1069-1084 doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004
• 5 Cheng J, Ko Chen R. et al Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents-meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Psychopharmacology 2007; 194: 197-209 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0840-x
• 6 Debes N, Hjalgrim H, Skov L. The presence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder worsen psychosocial and educational problems in Tourette syndrome. J. Child Neurol 2010; 25: 171-181 doi.org/10.1177/0883073809336215
• 7 Du Y, Vance Li H. et al Randomized double-blind multicentre placebo-controlled clinical trial of the clonidine adhesive patch for the treatment of tic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008; 42: 807-813 doi.org/10.1080/00048670802277222
• 8 Eggers C, Rothenberger A, Berghaus U. Clinical and neurobiological findings in children suffering from tic disease following treatment with tiapride. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1988; 237: 223-229
• 9 Gaffney GR, Perry PJ, Lund BC. et al Risperidone versus clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 330-336 doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200203000-00013
• 10 Gilbert D. Treatment of children and adolescents with tics and Tourette syndrome. J. Child Neurol 2006; 21: 690-700 doi.org/10.1177/08830738060210080401
• 11 Harris K, Singer HS. Tic disorders: neural circuits, neurochemistry, and neuroimmunology. J. Child Neurol 2006; 21: 678-689 doi.org/10.1177/08830738060210080901
• 12 Hirschtritt ME, Pauls Lee PC. et al Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72: 325-333 doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650
• 13 Krauss JK, Jankovic J. Severe motor tics causing cervical myelopathy in Tourette’s syndrome. Mov. Disord 1996; 11: 563-566 doi.org/10.1002/mds.870110512
• 14 Ludolph AG, Roessner V, Münchau A. et al Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109: 821-288 doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0821
• 15 Masi G, Siracusano Gagliano A. et al Aripiprazole in children with Tourette’s disorder and co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 12-week, open-label, preliminary study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2012; 22: 120-125 doi.org/10.1089/cap.2011.0081
• 16 Mauri MC, Moliterno D, Rossattini M. et al Depression in schizophrenia: comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 2008; 99: 7-12 doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.020
• 17 Mogwitz S, Buse J, Ehrlich S. et al Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette’s syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol 2013; 112: 281-349 doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411546-0.00010-X
• 18 Müller-Vahl K, Dodel I, Müller N. et al Health-related quality of life in patients with Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 309-314 doi.org/10.1002/mds.22900
• 19 Müller-Vahl KR, Krueger D. Does Tourette syndrome prevent tardive dyskinesia?. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 2442-2443 doi.org/10.1002/mds.23894
• 20 Paszek J, Pollok B, Biermann-Ruben K. et al Is it a tic? – Twenty seconds to make a diagnosis. Mov Disord 2010; 25: 1106-1108 doi.org/10.1002/mds.23053
• 21 Riley DE, Lang AE. Pain in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and related tic disorders. Can J Neurol Sci 1989; 16: 439-441
• 22 Robertson MM. The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 2: tentative explanations for differing prevalence figures in GTS, including the possible effects of psychopathology, aetiology, cultural differences, and differing phenotypes. J Psychosom Res 2008; 65: 473-486 doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.007
• 23 Robertson MM, Schnieden V, Lees AJ. Management of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using sulpiride. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990; 13: 229-235
• 24 Robertson MM, Stern JS. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: symptomatic treatment based on evidence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 9 (Suppl. 01) I60-75
• 25 Roessner V, Becker A, Banaschewski T. et al Developmental psychopathology of children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome – impact of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 16 (Suppl. 01) 24-35 doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-1004-6
• 26 Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A. et al European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 20: 173-196 doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0163-7
• 27 Roessner V, Schoenefeld K, Buse J. et al Pharmacological treatment of tic disorders and Tourette Syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68: 143-149 doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.043
• 28 Sallee F, Kohegyi E, Zhao J. et al Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Demonstrates the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Tourette’s Disorder in Children and Adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27: 771-781 doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0026
• 29 Sallee FR, Nesbitt L, Jackson C. et al Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1057-1062 doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.8.1057
• 30 Sandor P. Pharmacological management of tics in patients with TS. J Psychosom Res 2003; 55: 41-48
• 31 Scahill L, Erenberg G, Berlin CM. et al Contmporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome. NeuroRx 2006; 3: 192-206 doi.org/10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.009
• 32 Sevincok L, Uslu A, Kaynak H. et al Sulpiride addition in a case of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder without comorbid psychopathology. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000; 25: 185
• 33 Singer HS. Treatment of tics and tourette syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2010; 12: 539-561 doi.org/10.1007/s11940-010-0095-4
• 34 Snijders AH, Robertson MM, Orth M. Beck Depression Inventory is a useful screening tool for major depressive disorder in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 787-789 doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.084657
• 35 Spencer TJ, Sallee FR, Gilbert DL. et al Atomoxetine treatment of ADHD in children with comorbid Tourette syndrome. J Atten Disord 2008; 11: 470-481 doi.org/10.1177/1087054707306109
• 36 Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ. et al Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46: 947-968 doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318068fbcc
• 37 Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF. et al Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders – efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37: 1162-1171 doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008
• 38 Yoo HK, Joung YS, Lee JS. et al A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74: e772-780 doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08189
• 39 Zinner SH, Conelea CA, Glew GM. et al Peer victimization in youth with Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43: 124-136 doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0249-y