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DOI: 10.1055/a-1128-5499
Neurologische Bildgebung bei neu oder wieder vermehrt auftretenden Infektionen
Neuroimaging of emergent and reemergent infections
Es gehört zum Wesen von Infektionskrankheiten, dass sie im Laufe der Jahre neu oder wieder vermehrt auftreten können. Die Autoren geben einen Überblick über verschiedene virale, bakterielle und parasitäre Erkrankungen, konzentrieren sich dabei aber primär auf deren neurologische Komplikationen. Die Radiologie spielt bei der Diagnose und Verlaufsbeobachtung dieser Krankheiten eine zentrale Rolle.
Abstract
Infectious diseases emerge and reemerge over the years, and many of them can cause neurologic disease. Several factors contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these conditions, including human population growth, an increase in international travel, the geographic expansion of recognized pathogens to areas where they were previously nonendemic, and greater contact with wild animal reservoirs. The antivaccination social movement has played an important role in the reemergence of infectious diseases, especially some viral conditions. The authors review different viral (arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus; enterovirus 71; measles; and influenza), bacterial (syphilis, Lyme disease, and listeriosis), and parasitic (Chagas disease) diseases, focusing primarily on their neurologic complications. Although there are several additional infectious diseases with central nervous system manifestations that could be classified as emergent or reemergent, those listed here are the most relevant from an epidemiologic standpoint and are representative of important public health issues on all continents. The infections caused by these pathogens often show a variety of neuroimaging patterns that can be identified at CT and MRI, and radiology is central to the diagnosis and follow-up of such conditions. Given the increasing relevance of emerging and reemerging infections in clinical practice and public health scenarios, radiologists should be familiar with these infections.
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Neu auftretende (emergente) Erkrankungen sind definiert als Infektionen, die erstmals bei einem menschlichen Wirt nachgewiesen werden. Bei wieder vermehrt auftretenden (reemergenten) Erkrankungen hingegen handelt es sich um Infektionen, die zwar früher bereits beim Menschen aufgetreten sind, nun aber an neuen Orten auftreten, bei denen sich arzneimittelresistente Varianten entwickelt haben oder die erneut auftreten, nachdem sie zuvor unter Kontrolle gebracht oder eliminiert wurden.
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In der MRT zeigt sich in den frühen Stadien einer subakuten sklerosierenden Panenzephalitis ein leicht vermindertes Volumen der grauen Substanz. Beschrieben wurden außerdem multifokale, T2w hyperintense Läsionen. Mit fortschreitender Erkrankung kommt es zu diffuser kortikaler Atrophie.
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Das radiologische Erscheinungsbild einer akuten nekrotisierenden Enzephalopathie auf dem Boden einer pandemischen Influenza kann variieren. Zu den Leitbefunden zählen jedoch bilaterale, symmetrisch angeordnete, T2w hyperintense Läsionen mit Diffusionsrestriktion, die die Thalami, den Hirnstamm und/oder das Zerebellum betreffen.
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Die MRT ist für die Visualisierung des klassischen Musters einer Dengue-Virus-Enzephalitis besser geeignet als die CT. Das Muster umfasst T2w hyperintense Läsionen im Bereich der kortikalen grauen Substanz, der subkortikalen und tiefen weißen Substanz, der Basalganglien und der Thalami.
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Die vaskuläre Neurosyphilis ist derzeit die häufigste Form der neurologischen Affektion einer Syphilis und bezeichnet eine Arteriitis der Arterien. Sie verursacht eine Lumenverengung und vaskuläre Okklusion. Sie manifestiert sich in der Regel als ischämisches Syndrom im Versorgungsgebiet der A. cerebri media bei relativ jungen Erwachsenen, die keine Risikofaktoren für eine Atherosklerose aufweisen.
Schlüsselwörter
Infektionskrankheiten - neue und erneut auftretende Infektionen - neurologische Komplikationen - NeuroradiologiePublication History
Article published online:
16 November 2020
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