30 Jahre transjugulärer intrahepatischer portosystemischer Shunt (TIPS) – Rückblick und Perspektive

Michael Schultheiß; Dominik Bettinger; Robert Thimme; Martin Rössle

doi:10.1055/a-1217-7866

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, Table of Contents

Z Gastroenterol 2020; 58(09): 877-889
DOI: 10.1055/a-1217-7866

Übersicht

30 Jahre transjugulärer intrahepatischer portosystemischer Shunt (TIPS) – Rückblick und Perspektive

30 Years of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS): casting a retrospective glance and future perspectives

Michael Schultheiß

Department Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

,

Dominik Bettinger

Department Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

,

Robert Thimme

Department Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

,

Martin Rössle

Department Innere Medizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfassung

Der transjuguläre intrahepatische portosystemische Shunt (TIPS) wird seit 30 Jahren in der Therapie der portalen Hypertonie erfolgreich eingesetzt. In nationalen und internationalen Leitlinien ist die Indikation zur TIPS-Anlage bei Varizenblutung und refraktärem Aszites wissenschaftlich gut belegt und klar definiert. Bei seltenen Indikationen wie dem hepatorenalen Syndrom, der Pfortaderthrombose oder dem neoadjuvanten Einsatz fehlt derzeit noch eine eindeutige Studienlage. Eine wichtige Kontraindikation und klinisch bedeutendste Komplikation nach TIPS ist die hepatische Enzephalopathie (HE). Es wird versucht, die Post-TIPS HE mit technischen Weiterentwicklungen der Stents zu reduzieren.

Abstract

For 30 years the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is successfully used for the treatment of portal hypertension. Indication for TIPS in relation to variceal bleeding and refractory ascites is scientifically documented and defined by national and international guidelines. For rare indications such as hepatorenal syndrome, portal vein thrombosis or the neodjuvant TIPS larger evidence-based studies are missing. An important contraindication and the leading clinical complication after TIPS is the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Reduction of post-TIPS HE is therefore aimed through development of further technical enhancements of the TIPS-stents.

Schlüsselwörter

TIPS - Varizenblutung - Aszites - portale Hypertonie

Key words

TIPS - variceal bleeding - ascites - portal hypertension

Full Text

References

Literatur
1 Rösch J, Hanafee W, Snow H. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt. Am J Surg 1971; 121: 588-592
2 Rösch J, Hanafee WN, Snow H. Transjugular Portal Venography and Radiologic Portacaval Shunt: An Experimental Study. Radiology 1969; 92: 1112-1114
3 Gutierrez OH BF. Production of Nonsurgical Portosystemic Venous Shunts in Dogs by Transjugular Approach. Radiology 1979; 130: 507-509
4 Colapinto RF, Stronell RD, Birch SJ. et al. Creation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with a Grilntzig balloon catheter. Can Med Assoc J 1982; 126: 267-268
5 Gordon JD, Colapinto RF, Abecassis M. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a nonoperative approach to life-threatening variceal bleeding. Can J Surg 1987; 30: 45-49
6 Palmaz J, Garcia F, Sibbitt R. et al. Expandable Intrahepatic Portacaval Shunt Stents in Dogs with Chronic Portal Hypertension. Am J Radiol 1986; 147: 1251-1254
7 Palmaz J, Richter G, Nöldge G. et al. Intraluminal Palmaz stent implantation. The first clinical case report on a balloon-expanded vascular prosthesis. Radiologe 1987; 27: 560-563
8 Rössle M, Haag K, Ochs A. et al. The Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent-Shunt Procedure for Variceal Bleeding. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 165-171
9 Rössle M, Richter GM, Nöldge G. et al. NEW NON-OPERATIVE TREATMENT FOR VARICEAL HAEMORRHAGE. Lancet 1989; 334: 153
10 Richter GM, Noeldge G, Palmaz JC. et al. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic Stent-Shunt (TIPSS): Results of a pilot study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 200-207
11 Conn HO. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portal-systemic Shunts: The State of the Art. Hepatology 1993; 17: 148-158
12 Perarnau JM, Noeldge G, Rössle M. [Intrahepatic portacaval anastomosis by the transjugular approach. Use of the Palmaz endoprosthesis]. Presse Med 1991; 20: 1770-1772
13 Rössle M, Siegerstetter V, Huber M. et al. The first decade of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): State of the art. Liver 1998; 18: 73-89
14 Caca K, Klinger C, Rössle M. TIPS in der Behandlung der portalen Hypertonie. 1. Auflage. Bremen: UNI-MED Verlag; 2014
15 Casado M, Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan JC. et al. Clinical events after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Correlation with hemodynamic findings. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 1296-1303
16 LaBerge JM, Ring EJ, Lake JR. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Preliminary results in 25 patients. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16: 258-267
17 Nishimine K, Saxon RR, Kichikawa K. et al. Improved transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt patency with PTFE- covered stent-grafts: Experimental results in swine. Radiology 1995; 196: 341-347
18 Haskal ZJ, Davis A, McAllister A. et al. PTFE-encapsulated endovascular stent-graft for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Experimental evaluation. Radiology 1997; 205: 682-688
19 Charon JPM, Alaeddin FH, Pimpalwar SA. et al. Results of a retrospective multicenter trial of the Viatorr expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-graft for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: 1219-1230
20 Maleux G, Nevens F, Wilmer A. et al. Early and long-term clinical and radiological follow-up results of expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-grafts for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 1842-1850
21 Hausegger KA, Karnel F, Georgieva B. et al. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation with the Viatorr Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene-Covered Stent-Graft. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: 239-248
22 Steib CJ, Li H, Zhang J. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 1
23 Sauerbruch T, Mengel M, Dollinger M. et al. Prevention of Rebleeding from Esophageal Varices in Patients with Cirrhosis Receiving Small-Diameter Stents Versus Hemodynamically Controlled Medical Therapy. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 660e1-668.e1
24 Trebicka J, Bastgen D, Byrtus J. et al. Smaller-Diameter Covered Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Stents Are Associated With Increased Survival. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 2793-2799.e1
25 Rössle M, Maruschke L, Radecke K. et al. Usefulness of a balloon-expandable, covered stent for the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Radiol Imaging 2018; 3: 1-5
26 Spillane RM, Kaufman JA, Powelson J. et al. Case Report Successful Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystem ic Shunt Creation in a Patient with Polycystic Liver Disease. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169
27 Bahramipour PF, Festa S, Biswal R. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of intractable ascites in a patient with polycystic liver disease. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2000; 23: 232-234
28 Bernts LHP, Drenth JPH, Tjwa ETTL. Management of portal hypertension and ascites in polycystic liver disease. Liver Int 2019; 39: 2024-2033
29 Bettinger D, Knüppel E, Euringer W. et al. Efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) in 40 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 126-136
30 Wallace MJ, Madoff DC, Ahrar K. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Experience in the oncology setting. Cancer 2004; 101: 337-345
31 Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD. et al. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 31: 864-871
32 Praktiknjo M, Clees C, Pigliacelli A. et al. Sarcopenia is associated with development of acute-on-chronic liver failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10: e00025
33 Jansen C, Schröder A, Schueler R. et al. Left Ventricular Longitudinal Contractility Predicts Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Development and Mortality After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt. Br REPORTS | Hepatol Commun 2019; 3: 340-347
34 Ferral H, Vasan R, Speeg KV. et al. Evaluation of a model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing elective TIPS procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 1103-1108
35 Schepke M. Comparison of MELD, Child-Pugh, and Emory model for the prediction of survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1167-1174
36 Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M. et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464-470
37 Torner M, Mangal A, Scharnagl H. et al. Sex specificity of kidney markers to assess prognosis in cirrhotic patients with TIPS. Liver Int 2020; 40: 186-193
38 Billey C, Billet S, Robic MA. et al. A Prospective Study Identifying Predictive Factors of Cardiac Decompensation After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: The Toulouse Algorithm. Hepatology 2019; 70: 1928-1941
39 Bettinger D, Schultheiss M, Boettler T. et al. Procedural and shunt-related complications and mortality of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44: 1051-1061
40 Deibert P, Schwarz S, Olschewski M. et al. Risk factors and prevention of early infection after implantation or revision of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Results of a randomized study. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 1708-1713
41 Gulberg V, Deibert P, Ochs A. et al. Prevention of infectious complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients with a single dose of ceftriaxone. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 1126-1130
42 Sturm L, Rössle M, Schultheiss M. Complications of liver cirrhosis – Pharmaceutical versus interventional therapy. Dtsch Medizinische Wochenschrift 2019; 144: 1259-1266
43 Madoff DC, Perez-Young IV, Wallace MJ. et al. Management of TIPS-related refractory hepatic encephalopathy with reduced Wallgraft endoprostheses. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 369-374
44 Rossi P, Salvatori FM, Fanelli F. et al. Polytetrafluoroethylene-covered nitinol stent-graft for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation: 3-Year experience. Radiology 2004; 231: 820-830
45 Bai M, Qi X, Yang Z. et al. Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients: A systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26: 943-951
46 Casadaban LC, Parvinian A, Minocha J. et al. Clearing the Confusion over Hepatic Encephalopathy After TIPS Creation: Incidence, Prognostic Factors, and Clinical Outcomes. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60: 1059-1066
47 Schultheiss M, Bettinger D, Boettler T. et al. Severe Hepatic Encephalopathy after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS): Value of Shunt Reduction and Occlusion. JSM Hepat 2017; 2: 1009
48 García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C. et al. Early Use of TIPS in Patients with Cirrhosis and Variceal Bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2370-2379
49 Garcia-Pagán JC, Di Pascoli M, Caca K. et al. Use of early-TIPS for high-risk variceal bleeding: Results of a post-RCT surveillance study. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 45-50
50 Lv Y, Yang Z, Liu L. et al. Early TIPS with covered stents versus standard treatment for acute variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4: 587-598
51 De Franchis R, Abraldes JG, Bajaj J. et al. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015; 743-752
52 Hernández-Gea V, Procopet B, Giráldez Á. et al. Preemptive-TIPS Improves Outcome in High-Risk Variceal Bleeding: An Observational Study * for the International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group and Baveno Cooperation. Hepatology 2019; 69
53 Thabut D, Pauwels A, Carbonell N. et al. Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension-related bleeding and an indication for early-TIPS: A large multicentre audit with real-life results. J Hepatol 2018; 68: 73-81
54 Luca A, D’Amico G, La Galla R. et al. TIPS for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Radiology 1999; 212: 411-421
55 Burroughs AK, Vangeli M. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy: Randomized trials for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding: An updated meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 249-252
56 Zheng M, Chen Y, Bai J. et al. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Versus Endoscopic Therapy in the Secondary Prophylaxis of Variceal Rebleeding in Cirrhotic Patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 507-516
57 Holster IL, Tjwa ETTL, Moelker A. et al. Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy+β-blocker for prevention of variceal rebleeding. Hepatology 2016; 63: 581-589
58 Tai NinChau, Patch D, Yu WaiChan. et al. “Salvage” transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 981-987
59 Lo H, Liang L, Chen C. et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. 2007; 39: 679-685
60 Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC. et al. UK guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut 2015; 64: 1680-1704
61 Patwardhan VR, Cardenas A. Review article: The management of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 354-362
62 Kamath PS, Lacerda M, Ahlquist DA. et al. Gastric mucosal responses to intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 905-911
63 Ginès P, Angeli P, Lenz K. et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 397-417
64 Gerbes AL, Labenz J, Appenrodt B. et al. Updated S2k-Guideline Complications of liver cirrhosisGerman Society of Gastroenterology (DGVS). Z Gastroenterol 2019; 57: 611-680
65 Rössle M, Ochs A, Gülberg V. et al. A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1701-1707
66 Ginès P, Uriz J, Calahorra B. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1839-1847
67 Sanyal AJ, Genning C, Rajender Reddy K. et al. The North American study for the treatment of refractory ascites. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 634-641
68 Salerno F, Merli M, Riggio O. et al. Randomized controlled study of TIPS versus paracentesis plus albumin in cirrhosis with severe ascites. Hepatology 2004; 40: 629-635
69 D’Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A. et al. Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1282-1293
70 Saab S, Nieto JM, Lewis SK. et al. TIPS versus paracentesis for cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4: CD004889
71 Salerno F, Cammà C, Enea M. et al. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Refractory Ascites: A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 825-834
72 Qi XS, Bai M, Yang ZP. et al. Selection of a TIPS stent for management of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis: An evidence-based review. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 6470-6480
73 Piecha F, Radunski UK, Ozga A-K. et al. Ascites control by TIPS is more successful in patients with a lower paracentesis frequency and is associated with improved survival. JHEP Reports 2019; 1: 90-98
74 Wong F, Sniderman K, Liu P. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: Effects on hemodynamics and sodium homeostasis in cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 816-822
75 Lebrec D, Giuily N, Hadengue A. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. French Group of Clinicians and a Group of Biologists. J Hepatol 25: 135-144
76 Wong F, Sniderman K, Liu P. et al. The mechanism of the initial natriuresis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 899-907
77 Guevara M, Ginès P, Bandi JC. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatorenal syndrome: Effects on renal function and vasoactive systems. Hepatology 1998; 28: 416-422
78 Wong W, Liu P, Blendis L. et al. Long-term renal sodium handling in patients with cirrhosis treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for refractory ascites. Am J Med 1999; 106: 315-322
79 Rössle M, Gerbes AL. TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax: A critical update. Gut 2010; 59: 988-1000
80 Lv Y, Yang Z, Liu L. et al. Early TIPS with covered stents versus standard treatment for acute variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4: 587-598
81 Tsien C, Shah SN, Mccullough AJ. et al. Reversal of sarcopenia predicts survival after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 85-93
82 Plauth M, Schütz T, Buckendahl DP. et al. Weight gain after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with improvement in body composition in malnourished patients with cirrhosis and hypermetabolism. J Hepatol 2004; 40: 228-233
83 Albillos A, Bañares R, González M. et al. A meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis for refractory ascites. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 990-996
84 Bureau C, Thabut D, Oberti F. et al. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts With Covered Stents Increase Transplant-Free Survival of Patients With Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 157-163
85 Gordon FD, Anastopoulos HT, Crenshaw W. et al. The successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1366-1369
86 Jeffries MA, Kazanjian S, Wilson M. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and liver transplantation in patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Liver Transplant Surg 1998; 4: 416-423
87 Siegerstetter V, Deibert P, Ochs A. et al. Treatment of refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Long-term results in 40 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 529-534
88 Brooke Spencer E, Cohen DT, Darcy MD. Safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 385-390
89 Sersté T, Moreno C, Francoz C. et al. The impact of preoperative hepatic hydrothorax on the outcome of adult liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 207-212
90 Dhanasekaran R, West JK, Gonzales PC. et al. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Symptomatic Refractory Hepatic Hydrothorax in Patients With Cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 635-641
91 Jindal A, Mukund A, Kumar G. et al. Efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in difficult‐to‐manage hydrothorax in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2019; 39: 2164-2173
92 Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F. et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: Revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol 2015; 62: 968-974
93 Wong F, Angeli P. New diagnostic criteria and management of acute kidney injury. J Hepatol 2017; 66: 860-861
94 Brensing KA, Textor J, Perz J. et al Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. Gut 2000; 47: 288-295 . doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.288
95 Testino G, Ferro C, Sumberaz A. et al. Type-2 Hepatorenal Syndrome and Refractory Ascites: Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent-shunt in Eighteen Patients with Advanced Cirrhosis awaiting Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 1753-1755
96 Wong F, Pantea L, Sniderman K. Midodrine, octreotide, albumin, and TIPS in selected patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology 2004; 40: 55-64
97 Rössle M, Olschewski M, Siegerstetter V. et al. The Budd-Chiari syndrome: Outcome after treatment with the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Surgery 2004; 135: 394-403
98 Hernández-Guerra M, Turnes J, Rubinstein P. et al. PTFE-covered stents improve TIPS patency in Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1197-1202
99 Murad SD, Luong TK, Pattynama PMT. et al. Long-term outcome of a covered vs. uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in Budd-Chiari syndrome. Liver Int 2008; 28: 249-256
100 Valla DC. Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Gut 2008; 57: 1469-1478
101 Garcia-Pagán JC, Heydtmann M, Raffa S. et al. TIPS for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Long-Term Results and Prognostics Factors in 124 Patients. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 808-815
102 Rössle M, Bettinger D, Trebicka J. et al A prospective, multicentre study on acute non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: comparison of medical and interventional treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52: 329-339 . doi:10.1111/apt.15811
103 Maruyama H, Okugawa H, Takahashi M. et al. De novo portal vein thrombosis in virus-related cirrhosis: Predictive factors and long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 568-574
104 Intagliata NM, Caldwell SH, Tripodi A. Diagnosis, Development, and Treatment of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With and Without Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1582-1599.e1
105 Luca A, Caruso S, Milazzo M. et al. Natural course of extrahepatic nonmalignant partial portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology 2012; 265: 124-132
106 Nery F, Chevret S, Condat B. et al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: Results of a longitudinal study. Hepatology 2015; 61: 660-667
107 Berry K, Taylor J, Liou IW. et al. Portal vein thrombosis is not associated with increased mortality among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 585-593
108 Stine JG, Shah PM, Cornella SL. et al. Portal vein thrombosis, mortality and hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7: 2774-2780
109 Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M. et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143
110 Luca A, Miraglia R, Caruso S. et al. Short- and long-term effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2011; 60: 846-852
111 Condat B, Pessione F, Helene Denninger M. et al. Recent portal or mesenteric venous thrombosis: Increased recognition and frequent recanalization on anticoagulant therapy. Hepatology 2000; 32: 466-470
112 Turnes J, García-Pagán JC, González M. et al. Portal Hypertension-Related Complications After Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis: Impact of Early Anticoagulation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1412-1417
113 Plessier A, Darwish-Murad S, Hernandez-Guerra M. et al. Acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis: A prospective multicenter follow-up study. Hepatology 2010; 51: 210-218
114 Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA. et al. Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 651-661
115 Klinger C, Riecken B, Schmidt A. et al. Transjugular portal vein recanalization with creation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PVR-TIPS) in patients with chronic non-cirrhotic, non-malignant portal vein thrombosis. Z Gastroenterol 2018; 56: 221-237
116 Habib A, Desai K, Hickey R. et al. Portal vein recanalization-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt using the transsplenic approach to achieve transplant candidacy in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26: 499-506
117 Li ZP, Wang SS, Wang GC. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the prevention of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cavernous transformation of portal vein. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17: 517-523
118 Lahat E, Lim C, Bhangui P. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to non-hepatic surgery in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension: a systematic review. HPB 2018; 20: 101-109
119 Fares N, Robic MA, Péron JM. et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement before abdominal intervention in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension: Lessons from a pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30: 21-26
120 Tabchouri N, Barbier L, Menahem B. et al. Original Study: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt as a Bridge to Abdominal Surgery in Cirrhotic Patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23: 2383-2390
121 Schmitz A, Haste P, Johnson MS. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) Creation Prior to Abdominal Operation: a Retrospective Analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2019;
122 Schultheiss M, Giesler M, Maruschke L. et al. Adjuvant Transjugular Variceal Occlusion at Creation of a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS): Efficacy and Risks of Bucrylate Embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2019; 42: 729-736
123 Bureau C, Garcia-Pagan JC, Otal P. et al. Improved Clinical Outcome Using Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Stents for TIPS: Results of a Randomized Study. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 469-475
124 Barrio J, Ripoll C, Bañares R. et al. Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt dysfunction in PTFE-covered stent-grafts versus bare stents. Eur J Radiol 2005; 55: 120-124
125 Gandini R, Konda D, Simonetti G. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt patency and clinical outcome in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: Covered versus uncovered stents. Radiology 2006; 241: 298-305
126 Maleux G, Perez-Gutierrez NA, Evrard S. et al. Covered stents are better than uncovered stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites: a retrospective cohort study. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 73: 336-341
127 Sommer CM, Gockner TL, Stampfl U. et al. Technical and clinical outcome of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: Bare metal stents (BMS) versus viatorr stent-grafts (VSG). Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 2273-2280
128 DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology 2009; 49: 1729-1764