Endokrine Auffälligkeiten beim Offenwinkelglaukom

Zusammenfassung

Das Auge ist, wie alle Organe, den Wirkungen des endokrinen Systems des Körpers ausgesetzt. Darüber hinaus steuern aber im Auge, wie in anderen Organen, lokale Ableger endokriner Systeme wichtige organspezifische Funktionen, z. B. die Produktion und den Abfluss des Kammerwassers. Gleichermaßen wirkt das Auge als sensorisches Organ auf endokrin gesteuerte Funktionen des Körpers zurück, bspw. auf den Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus. Dieser Artikel soll anhand von 3 Themengebieten die physiologischen und pathologischen Wechselwirkungen von Auge und endokrinen, teils auch auto- und parakrinen Funktionen des Körpers im Kontext des Glaukoms darstellen: 1. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System, das als lokales System an der Steuerung von Kammerwasserproduktion und -abfluss beteiligt ist. 2. Das Hormon Endothelin, welches als starker Vasokonstriktor eine Rolle bei der fehlregulierten Perfusion von Sehnerv und Retina spielt, und 3. die Störung des Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus bei fortgeschrittenem Glaukomstadium, der vermutlich eine Schädigung lichtsensitiver Ganglienzellen zugrunde liegt.

Schlüsselwörter

Glaukom - Endokrinologie - Melatonin

• References/Literatur

• 1 Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System – Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11: 122-142
• 2 Leung PS. Local RAS. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010; 690: 69-87
• 3 Aleksiejczuk M, Gromotowicz-Poplawska A, Marcinczyk N. et al. The expression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the skin and its effects on skin physiology and pathophysiology. J Physiol Pharmacol 2019;
• 4 Igić R. Four decades of ocular renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems (1977–2017). Exp Eye Res 2018; 166: 74-83
• 5 Wagner J, Jan Danser AH, Derkx FH. et al. Demonstration of renin mRNA, angiotensinogen mRNA, and angiotensin converting enzyme mRNA expression in the human eye: evidence for an intraocular renin-angiotensin system. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 159-163
• 6 Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Local ocular renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: any connection with intraocular pressure? A comprehensive review. Ann Med 2020; 52: 191-206
• 7 Constad WH, Fiore P, Samson C. et al. Use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 105: 674-677
• 8 Costagliola C, Di Benedetto R, De Caprio L. et al. Effect of oral captopril (SQ 14225) on intraocular pressure in man. Eur J Ophthalmol 1995; 5: 19-25
• 9 Costagliola C, Verolino M, De Rosa ML. et al. Effect of oral losartan potassium administration on intraocular pressure in normotensive and glaucomatous human subjects. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71: 167-171
• 10 Agarwal P, Agarwal R. Trabecular meshwork ECM remodeling in glaucoma: could RAS be a target?. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22: 629-638
• 11 Ayaki M, Shiba D, Negishi K. et al. Depressed visual field and mood are associated with sleep disorder in glaucoma patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 25699
• 12 Wang H, Zhang Y, Ding J. et al. Changes in the circadian rhythm in patients with primary glaucoma. PLoS One 2013; 8: e62841
• 13 Gracitelli CPB, Duque-Chica GL, Roizenblatt M. et al. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell activity is associated with decreased sleep quality in patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 1139-1148
• 14 Agorastos A, Skevas C, Matthaei M. et al. Depression, anxiety, and disturbed sleep in glaucoma. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 25: 205-213
• 15 Lanzani MF, de Zavalía N, Fontana H. et al. Alterations of locomotor activity rhythm and sleep parameters in patients with advanced glaucoma. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29: 911-919
• 16 Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002; 295: 1070-1073
• 17 Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M. et al. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 2002; 295: 1065-1070
• 18 Ciulla L, Moorthy M, Mathew S. et al. Circadian Rhythm and Glaucoma: What do We Know?. J Glaucoma 2020; 29: 127-132
• 19 Panda S, Provencio I, Tu DC. et al. Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice. Science 2003; 301: 525-527
• 20 Hatori M, Le H, Vollmers C. et al. Inducible ablation of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells reveals their central role in non-image forming visual responses. PLoS One 2008; 3: e2451
• 21 Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4502-4505
• 22 Cui Q, Ren C, Sollars PJ. et al. The injury resistant ability of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Neuroscience 2015; 284: 845-853
• 23 de Zavalía N, Plano SA, Fernandez DC. et al. Effect of experimental glaucoma on the non-image forming visual system. J Neurochem 2011; 117: 904-914
• 24 Obara EA, Hannibal J, Heegaard S. et al. Loss of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells in Severely Staged Glaucoma Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 4661-4667
• 25 Chang DS, Xu L, Boland MV. et al. Accuracy of pupil assessment for the detection of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 2217-2225
• 26 Münch M, Léon L, Collomb S. et al. Comparison of acute non-visual bright light responses in patients with optic nerve disease, glaucoma and healthy controls. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 15185
• 27 Ahmadi H, Lund-Andersen H, Kolko M. et al. Melanopsin-mediated pupillary light reflex and sleep quality in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98: 65-73
• 28 Bierings RAJM, Gordijn MCM, Jansonius NM. Chronotyping glaucoma patients with the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire: A case-control study. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0214046
• 29 Pasquale LR. Vascular and autonomic dysregulation in primary open-angle glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27: 94-101
• 30 Mastropasqua R, Fasanella V, Agnifili L. et al. Advance in the pathogenesis and treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Prog Brain Res 2015; 221: 213-232
• 31 Choi J, Kook MS. Systemic and Ocular Hemodynamic Risk Factors in Glaucoma. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 141905
• 32 Tezel G, Kass MA, Kolker AE. et al. Plasma and aqueous humor endothelin levels in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1997; 6: 83-89
• 33 Holló G, Lakatos P, Farkas K. Cold pressor test and plasma endothelin-1 concentration in primary open-angle and capsular glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1998; 7: 105-110
• 34 Henry E, Newby DE, Webb DJ. et al. Altered endothelin-1 vasoreactivity in patients with untreated normal-pressure glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 2528-2532
• 35 Kunimatsu S, Mayama C, Tomidokoro A. et al. Plasma endothelin-1 level in Japanese normal tension glaucoma patients. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31: 727-731
• 36 Emre M, Orgül S, Haufschild T. et al. Increased plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with progressive open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 60-63
• 37 Chauhan BC, LeVatte TL, Jollimore CA. et al. Model of endothelin-1-induced chronic optic neuropathy in rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 144-152
• 38 Chaphalkar RM, Stankowska DL, He S. et al. Endothelin-1 Mediated Decrease in Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Bioenergetics Contribute to Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 3571
• 39 Rosenthal R, Fromm M. Endothelin antagonism as an active principle for glaucoma therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162: 806-816
• 40 Thieme H, Schimmat C, Münzer G. et al. Endothelin antagonism: effects of FP receptor agonists prostaglandin F2alpha and fluprostenol on trabecular meshwork contractility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 938-945
• 41 Resch H, Karl K, Weigert G. et al. Effect of dual endothelin receptor blockade on ocular blood flow in patients with glaucoma and healthy subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 358-363
• 42 Benigni A, Perico N, Remuzzi G. The potential of endothelin antagonism as a therapeutic approach. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 13: 1419-1435