Rare Diseases of the Nose, the Paranasal Sinuses, and the Anterior Skull Base

Abstract

Due to their low incidence and thus resulting limited diagnostic criteria as well as therapeutic options, rare diseases of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the anterior skull base are a significant challenge. The value as of which a disease has to be considered as rare amounts to a maximum of 5 patients per 10 000 people. Within these diseases, however, there are extreme differences. Some rare or orphan diseases like for example the inverted papilloma belong to regularly diagnosed and treated diseases of larger departments of oto-rhino-laryngology whereas other rare diseases and malformations have only been described in less than 100 case reports worldwide. This fact emphasizes the necessity of bundling the available experience of diagnostics and therapy. The present article gives an overview about rare diseases of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the anterior skull base from the field of diseases/syndromes of the olfactory system, malformations of the nose and paranasal sinuses, ventilation and functional disorders as well as benign and malignant tumors. The classification and data on diagnostic and therapeutic options were established based on the current literature.

Key words

rare diseases - nose - paranasal sinuses - anterior skull base - malformation

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
30. April 2021

• Literaturverzeichnis

• 1 Bundesministerium für Gesundheit Seltene Erkrankungen - Bundesgesundheitsministerium. 2019 Im Internet: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/themen/praevention/gesundheitsgefahren/seltene-erkrankungen.html
• 2 Anzahl I. Prävalenzen en und Inzidenzen seltener Krankheiten: Bibliografische Angaben. 2015; 1-52 . Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/orphacom/cahiers/docs/DE/Pravalenzen_seltener_Krankheiten_Alphabetische_Liste.pdf
• 3 Pedan H, Janosova V, Hajtman A, Calkovsky V. Non-Reflex Defense Mechanisms of Upper Airway Mucosa: Possible Clinical Application. Physiol Res 2020; 69 (Suppl. 01) S55-S67 PMID: 32228012
• 4 Sommer F, Scheithauer M, Kröger R. et al. Niesen als mechanische Abwehr – Numerische Simulation mit Analyse der durchströmten Nasenbereiche. Laryngorhinootologie 2014; 93: 746-750
• 5 Sommer F, Hoffmann TK, Mlynski G. et al. Dreidimensionale Analyse nasaler PhysiologieThree-dimensional analysis of nasal physiology. HNO 2017; 66: 280-289
• 6 Lindemann J, Reichert M, Kröger R. et al. Numerical simulation of humidification and heating during inspiration in nose models with three different located septal perforations. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2016; 273: 1795-1800
• 7 Sommer F, Kröger R, Lindemann J. Numerical simulation of humidification and heating during inspiration within an adult nose. Rhinology 2012; 50: 157-164
• 8 Lindemann J, Rettinger G, Kröger R. et al. Numerical simulation of airflow patterns in nose models with differently localized septal perforations. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2085-2089
• 9 Götte K, Hörmann K. Sinonasal malignancy: What’s new?. Orl 2004; 66: 85-97
• 10 Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P. et al. World health organization classification of tumours: Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2005
• 11 Slinger CA, McGarry GW. Nose and sinus tumours: Red flags and referral. Br J Gen Pract 2018; 68: 247-248
• 12 Le QT, Fu KK, Kaplan M. et al. Treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma: A comparison of the 1997 and 1977 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems. Cancer 1999; 86: 1700-1711
• 13 Tiwari R, Hardillo JA, Mehta D. et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus. Head Neck 2000; 22: 164-169
• 14 Tiwari R, Hardillo JA, Tobi H. et al. Carcinoma of the ethmoid: Results of treatment with conventional surgery and post-operative radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 1999; 25: 401-405
• 15 Laudien M. Ausgewählte seltene rhinologische Krankheitsbilder Pathogenese – Klinik – Therapie. Laryngorhinootologie 2015; 94: S272-S287
• 16 Hauser LJ, Jensen EL, Mirsky DM. et al. Pediatric anosmia: A case series. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 110: 135-139
• 17 Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P. et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol J 2017; 0: 1-30
• 18 Orphanet: Anosmie, isolierte kongenitale. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=DE&data_id=11807&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=anosmie&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Krankheite(n)/Krankheitsgruppe=Anosmie--isolierte-kongenitale&title=Anosmie isolierte kongenit
• 19 Mahmood AN, Abulaban O, Janjua A. Bilateral olfactory aplasia: Uncommon cause of congenital anosmia. Clin Case Reports 2019; 7: 1456-1457
• 20 Orphanet: Kallmann Syndrom. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=DE&Expert=478
• 21 Johnson VP, McMillin JM, Aceto T. et al. A newly recognized neuroectodermal syndrome of familial alopecia, anosmia, deafness, and hypogonadism. Am J Med Genet 1983; 15: 497-506
• 22 Gebril O, Abdelraouf E, Shafie M. et al. Johnson-McMillin microtia syndrome: New additional family. J Fam Med Prim Care 2014; 3: 275
• 23 Orphanet: Arrhinie, isolierte. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=DE&Expert=1134
• 24 Thiele H, Musil A, Nagel F. et al. Familial arhinia, choanal atresia, and microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet 1996; 63: 310-313
• 25 Abukhalaf SA, Zalloum JS, Al Hammouri A. et al. Congenital arrhinia: A case report and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 135: 110083
• 26 Jung JW, Ha DH, Kim BY. et al. Nasal Reconstruction Using a Customized Three-Dimensional–Printed Stent for Congenital Arhinia: Three-Year Follow-up. Laryngoscope 2019; 129: 582-585
• 27 Núñez-Villaveiran T, Frohner BB, Urcelay PR. et al. Bifid nose – A mild degree of frontonasal dysplasia. A case report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77: 1374-1377
• 28 Orphanet: Bifid nose. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&data_id=2457&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=bifid-nose&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Disease(s)/groupofdiseases=Bifid-nose&title=Bifid nose&search=Disease_Search_Simple
• 29 Sedano HO, Michael Cohen M, Jirasek J. et al. Frontonasal dysplasia. J Pediatr 1970; 76: 906-913
• 30 Genç E, Derbent M, Ergin NT. A mild case of frontonasal dysplasia: The rhinologic perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 65: 75-83
• 31 Cohen MM. Perspectives on craniosynostosis: Sutural biology, some well-known syndromes, and some unusual syndromes. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20: 646-651
• 32 Orphanet: Kraniorhinie. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=de&Expert=157832
• 33 Rüegg EM, Bartoli A, Rilliet B. et al. Management of median and paramedian craniofacial clefts. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg 2019; 72: 676-684
• 34 Orphanet: Paramedian nasal cleft. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&data_id=17067&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=paramediannasal-cleft&Disease_Disease_Search_diseasType=Pat&Disease(s)/groupofdiseases=Paramedian-nasal-cleft&title=Paramedian%20nasal%20cleft
• 35 Williams A, Pizzuto M, Brodsky L. et al. Supernumerary nostril: A rare congenital deformity. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 44: 161-167
• 36 Orphanet: Polyrhinie. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=DE&data_id=17033&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Polyrhinie&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Krankheite(n)/Krankheitsgruppe=Polyrhinie&title=Polyrhinie&search=Disease_Search_Simple
• 37 Orphanet: Nasenlöcher, überzählige. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=DE&data_id=17034&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Nasenloch-&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&Krankheite(n)/Krankheitsgruppe=Nasenlocher--uberzahlige&title=Nasenl%F6cher,%FCberz%E4hlige
• 38 Gulasi S, Turhan AH, Celik Y. et al. Accessory nostril: A rare congenital nasal anomaly. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26: e602-e603
• 39 Galiè M, Clauser LC, Tieghi R. et al. The arrhinias: Proboscis lateralis literature review and surgical update. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg 2019; 47: 1410-1413
• 40 Harada T, Muraoka M. Proboscis lateralis: A rare bilateral case [7]. Ann Plast Surg 2001; 47: 350-351
• 41 Wolfe SA, Tessier P, Ciminello FS. The Arrhinias. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2009; 43: 177-196
• 42 Rosen Z, Gitlin G. Bilateral Nasal Proboscis: Associated with Unilateral Anophthalmia, Unilateral Diffuse Pigmentation of the Conjunctiva, and Anomalies of the Skull and Brain. AMA Arch Otolaryngol 1959; 70: 545-550
• 43 El-fattah AMA, Naguib A, El-Sisi H. et al. Midline nasofrontal dermoids in children: A review of 29 cases managed at Mansoura University Hospitals. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83: 88-92
• 44 Orphanet: Nasal dorsum fistula. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=141219
• 45 Jurkov M, Olze H, Klauschen F. et al. IgG4-related orbitopathy as an important differential diagnosis of advanced silent sinus syndrome. HNO 2020; 68: 65-68
• 46 MONTGOMERY WW. Mucocele of the Maxillary Sinus Causing Enophthalmos. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1964; 43: 41-44
• 47 Soparkar CNS, Patrinely JR, Cuaycong MJ. et al. The Silent Sinus Syndrome: A Cause of Spontaneous Enophthalmos. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 772-778
• 48 Naik RM, Khemani S, Saleh HA. Frontal silent sinus syndrome. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States) 2013; 148: 354-355
• 49 McArdle B, Perry C. Ethmoid silent sinus syndrome causing inward displacement of the orbit: Case report. J Laryngol Otol 2010; 124: 206-208
• 50 Wise SK, Wojno TH, DelGaudio JM. Silent sinus syndrome: Lack of orbital findings in early presentation. Am J Rhinol 2007; 21: 489-494
• 51 Brandt MG, Wright ED. The silent sinus syndrome is a form of chronic maxillary atelectasis: A systematic review of all reported cases. Am J Rhinol 2008; 22: 68-73
• 52 Rose GE, Lund VJ. Clinical features and treatment of late enophthalmos after orbital decompression: A condition suggesting cause for idiopathic „imploding antrum“ (silent sinus) syndrome. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 819-826
• 53 Numa WA, Desai U, Gold DR. et al. Silent sinus syndrome: A case presentation and comprehensive review of all 84 reported cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005; 114: 688-694
• 54 Davidson JK, Soparkar CNS, Williams JB. et al. Negative sinus pressure and normal predisease imaging in silent sinus syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117: 1653-1654
• 55 Annino DJ, Goguen LA. Silent sinus syndrome. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 16: 22-25
• 56 Hildenbrand T, Klein SB, Schramek N. et al. Rare diseases of the maxillary sinus. HNO 2020; 68: 581-589
• 57 Facon F, Eloy P, Brasseur P. et al. The silent sinus syndrome. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2006; 263: 567-571
• 58 Hourany R, Aygun N, Della Santina CC. et al. Silent sinus syndrome: An acquired condition. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 2390-2392
• 59 Lee DS, Murr AH, Kersten RC. et al. Silent sinus syndrome without opacification of ipsilateral maxillary sinus. Laryngoscope 2018; 128: 2004-2007
• 60 Illner A, Davidson HC, Harnsberger HR. et al. The silent sinus syndrome: Clinical and radiografic findings. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 503-506
• 61 Rose GE, Sandy C, Hallberg L. et al. Clinical and radiologic characteristics of the imploding antrum, or „silent sinus,“ syndrome. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 811-818
• 62 Weber RK. Aktueller Stand der endonasalen Nasennebenhöhlenchirurgie [Comprehensive review on endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery]. Laryngorhinootologie. 2015; 94 Suppl 1; S64–S142. doi:110.1055/s-0035-1545353. Epub 2015 Apr 10. PMID: 25860497
• 63 Sogg A. Endoscopic sinus surgery. 4^th Editio Thieme Verlag; 1993
• 64 Sommer F, Hoffmann T, Lindemann J. et al. Radicality of maxillary sinus surgery and size of the maxillary sinus ostium. HNO 2020; 68: 573-580
• 65 Thomas RD, Graham SM, Carter KD. et al. Management of the orbital floor in silent sinus syndrome. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17: 97-100
• 66 Babar-Craig H, Kayhanian H, de Silva DJ. et al. Spontaneous silent sinus syndrome (Imploding antrum syndrome): Case series of 16 patients. Rhinology 2011; 49: 315-317
• 67 Sivasubramaniam R, Sacks R, Thornton M. Silent sinus syndrome: Dynamic changes in the position of the orbital floor after restoration of normal sinus pressure. J Laryngol Otol 2011; 125: 1239-1243
• 68 Adams WM, Jones RI, Chavda SI. et al. Pneumosinus dilatans: a discussion of four cases and the possible aetiology. Rhinology 1998; 36: 40-402
• 69 Urken ML, Som PM, Lawson W. et al. Abnormally large frontal sinus. II. Nomenclature, pathology, and symptoms. Laryngoscope 1987; 97: 606-611
• 70 Kim WJ, Kim MM. Binasal hemianopia caused by pneumosinus dilatans of the sphenoid sinuses. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67: 1772-1775
• 71 Skolnick CA, Mafee MF, Goodwin JA. Pneumosinus Dilatans of the Sphenoid Sinus Presenting With Visual Loss. J Neuro-ophthalmology 2001; 20: 259-263
• 72 Alatar AA, AlSuliman YA, Alrajhi MS. et al. Maxillary Pneumosinus Dilatans Presenting With Proptosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Clin Med Insights Ear, Nose Throat 2019; 12: 117955061882514
• 73 Sweatman J, Beltechi R. Pneumosinus Dilatans: An exploration into the association between Arachnoid Cyst, Meningioma and the pathogenesis of Pneumosinus Dilatans. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 185
• 74 Ricci JA. Pneumosinus Dilatans: Over 100 Years Without an Etiology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75: 1519-1526
• 75 Martin AJ, Jarosz JM, Thomas NWM. The strange association of pneumosinus dilatans and arachnoid cyst: Case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001; 143: 197-201
• 76 Gibbons BA, Miele WR, Florman JE, Heilman CB, Horgan MA Pneumosinus dilitans and meningioma: a case series and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 50(5): E13. doi:10.3171/2011. 3.FOCUS1113. PMID: 21529169
• 77 Desai NS, Saboo SS, Khandelwal A. et al. Pneumosinus dilatans: Is it more than an aesthetic concern?. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: 418-421
• 78 Draf W, Constantinidis J, Weber R. et al. Pneumosinus Dilatans Frontalis, Atiologie, Symptomatik Und Operationstechnik. Laryngorhinootologie 1996; 75: 660-664
• 79 Cho HS, Hong SJ, Chae HK. et al. Maxillary Sinus Pneumocele Presenting as Aesthetic Deformity: A Case Report With Literature Review. Ear, Nose Throat J 2020; 99: 397-401
• 80 Song M, Ahn SM, Reh DR. et al. Ethmoid pneumocele presenting with exophthalmos 15 years after endoscopic sinus surgery. Allergy Rhinol 2015; 6: 129-132
• 81 Braverman I. Pneumocele of the maxillary sinus with orbital and trigeminal nerve involvement: case report and review of the literature. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 38(2): E35–E38. PMID: 19442351
• 82 Sasaki T, Yamoto T, Fujita K. et al. A Case of Orbital Emphysema Associated with Frontal Sinus Pneumocele. J Neurol Surg Reports 2013; 74: 054-056
• 83 Bachor E, Weber R, Kahle G. et al. Temporary unilateral amaurosis with pneumosinus dilatans of the sphenoid sinus. Skull Base Surg 1994; 4: 169-175
• 84 Bell AF, Ivan DJ, Munson RA. Barosinus pneumocele: Transient visual loss due to sphenoid sinus pneumocele in a U.S. Air Force pilot. Aviat Sp Environ Med 1995; 66: 276-279
• 85 Choi SJ, Seo ST, Rha KS. et al. Sinonasal organized Hematoma: Clinical features of seventeen cases and a systematic review. Laryngoscope 2015; 125: 2027-2033
• 86 Kim JS, Oh JS, Kwon SH. The increasing incidence of paranasal organizing hematoma: a 20-year experience of 23 cases at a single center. Rhinol J 2016; 54: 176-182
• 87 Pang W, Hu L, Wang H. et al. Organized Hematoma: An Analysis of 84 Cases with Emphasis on Difficult Prediction and Favorable Management. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg (United States) 2016; 154: 626-633
• 88 Song HM, Jang YJ, Chung YS. et al. Organizing hematoma of the maxillary sinus. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2007; 136: 616-620
• 89 Young D. Surgical treatment of male infertility. J Reprod Fertil 1970; 23: 541-542
• 90 Hendry WF, Knight RK, Whitfield HN. et al. Obstructive Azoospermia: Respiratory Function Tests, Electron Microscopy and the Results of Surgery. Br J Urol 1978; 50: 598-604
• 91 Arya AK, Beer HL, Benton J. et al. Does Young’s syndrome exist?. J Laryngol Otol 2009; 123: 477-481
• 92 Hendry WF, Levison DA, Parkinson MC. et al. Testicular obstruction: Clinicopathological studies. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1990; 72: 396-407
• 93 Shiraishi K, Ono N, Eguchi S. et al. Young’s syndrome associated with situs inversus totalis. Arch Androl 2004; 50: 169-172
• 94 Hasegawa A, Fujita M, Ohe M. et al. A Rare Case of Young’s Syndrome in Japan. Intern Med 1994; 33: 649-653
• 95 Armengot M, Juan G, Carda C. et al. Young’s syndrome: A further cause of chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1996; 34: 35-37
• 96 Greenstone MA, Rutman A, Hendry WF. et al. Ciliary function in Young’s syndrome. Thorax 1988; 43: 153-154
• 97 Stern BM, Sharma G. Ciliary Dysfunction (Kartagener Syndrome, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia). StatPearls Publishing; 2019
• 98 Samia H, Khadija B, Agnes H. et al. Long-term outcome of tunisian children with primary ciliary dyskinesia confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Afr Health Sci 2016; 16: 954-961
• 99 Schofield LM, Duff A, Brennan C. Airway Clearance Techniques for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia; is the Cystic Fibrosis literature portable?. Paediatr Respir Rev 2018; 25: 73-77
• 100 Alanin MC, Aanaes K, Høiby N. et al. Sinus surgery can improve quality of life, lung infections, and lung function in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7: 240-247
• 101 Nyilas S, Schlegtendal A, Singer F, Goutaki M, Kuehni CE, Casaulta C, Latzin P, Koerner-Rettberg C. Alternative inert gas washout outcomes in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2017; 49(1): 1600466. doi:10.1183/13993003.00466-2016. PMID: 28122863
• 102 Lucas JS, Barbato A, Collins SA, Goutaki M, Behan L, Caudri D, Dell S, Eber E, Escudier E, Hirst RA, Hogg C, Jorissen M, Latzin P, Legendre M, Leigh MW, Midulla F, Nielsen KG, Omran H, Papon JE, Pohunek P, Redfern B, Rigau D, Rindlisbacher B, Santamaria F, Shoemark A, Snijders D, Tonia T, Titieni A, Walker WT, Werner C, Bush A, Kuehni CE. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2017; 49(1); 1601090. doi:10.1183/13993003.00466-2016. PMID: PMC6054534
• 103 Strippoli MPF, Frischer T, Barbato A. et al. Management of primary ciliary dyskinesia in European children: Recommendations and clinical practice. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 1482-1491
• 104 Barbato A, Frischer T, Kuehni CE. et al. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: A consensus statement on diagnostic and treatment approaches in children. In: European Respiratory Journal. Eur Respir J 2009; 1264-1276
• 105 Lucas JS, Burgess A, Mitchison HM. et al. Diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99: 850-856
• 106 El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR et al. WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. 4th Edition Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017
• 107 Lombardi D, Tomenzoli D, Buttà L. et al. Limitations and complications of endoscopic surgery for treatment for sinonasal inverted papilloma: A reassessment after 212 cases. Head Neck 2011; 33: 1154-1161
• 108 Stange T, Schultz-Coulon HJ. Zum Chirurgischen Behandlungskonzept bei Invertierten Papillomen der Nase und Nasennebenhöhlen. HNO 2008; 56: 614-622
• 109 Christensen WN, Smith RRL. Schneiderian papillomas. A clinicopathologic study of 67 cases. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 393-400
• 110 Stammberger H. New aspects in the genesis of inverted papillomas. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1983; 62: 249-24955
• 111 Leoncini G, Zanetti L. The papillomas of the sinonasal tract. A comprehensive review. Pathologica 2017; 109: 31-34
• 112 Sarkar FH, Visscher DW, Kintanar EB. et al. Sinonasal Schneiderian papillomas: human papillomavirus typing by polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 329-332
• 113 Barnes L. Schneiderian papillomas and nonsalivary glandular neoplasms of the head and neck. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 279-297
• 114 Cunningham MJ, Brantley S, Barnes L. et al. Oncocytic Schneiderian papilloma in a young adult: A rare diagnosis. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 1987; 97: 47-51
• 115 Barnes L, Bedetti C. Oncocytic schneiderian papilloma: A reappraisal of cylindrical cell papilloma of the sinonasal tract. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 344-351
• 116 Michaels L, Young M. Histogenesis of papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995; 119: 821-826
• 117 Lawson W, Patel ZM. The evolution of management for inverted papilloma: An analysis of 200 cases. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 2009; 140: 330-335
• 118 Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Nicolai P. et al. European position paper on endoscopic management of tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and skull base. Rhinol Suppl 2010; 1-143
• 119 Maitra A, Baskin LB, Lee EL. Malignancies arising in oncocytic schneiderian papillomas: A report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125: 1365-1367
• 120 Anari S, Carrie S. Sinonasal inverted papilloma: Narrative review. J Laryngol Otol 2010; 124: 705-715
• 121 Attlmayr B, Derbyshire SG, Kasbekar AV et al. Management of inverted papilloma: Review. In: Journal of Laryngology and Otology. Cambridge University Press; 2017: 284–289
• 122 Heathcote KJ, Nair SB. The impact of modern techniques on the recurrence rate of inverted papilloma treated by endonasal surgery. Rhinology 2009; 47: 339-344
• 123 Diamantopoulos II, Jones NS, Lowe J. All nasal polyps need histological examination: An audit-based appraisal of clinical practice. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114: 755-759
• 124 Lloyd GAS, Lloyd GAS. Epithelial Tumours. In: Diagnostic Imaging of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 1988; 95-110
• 125 Hildenbrand T, Weber R, Mertens J. et al. Surgery of Inverted Papilloma of the Maxillary Sinus via Translacrimal Approach – Long-Term Outcome and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 1873
• 126 Giotakis E, Knipping S, Kühnel T. et al. Unilateral diseases of the maxillary sinus. HNO 2020; 68: 623-636
• 127 Vrabec DP. The inverted schneiderian papilloma: A 25-year study. Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 582-605
• 128 Bielamowicz S, Calcaterra TC, Watson D. Inverting papilloma of the head and neck: The UCLA update. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 1993; 109: 71-76
• 129 Kraft M, Simmen D, Kaufmann T. et al. Long-term results of endonasal sinus surgery in sinonasal papillomas. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1541-1547
• 130 Tanna N, Edwards JD, Aghdam H. et al. Transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy as the initial oncologic approach to sinonasal neoplasms: The anatomic basis. Arch Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 1139-1142
• 131 Busquets JM, Hwang PH. Endoscopic resection of sinonasal inverted papilloma: A meta-analysis. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 2006; 134: 476-482
• 132 Veeresh M, Sudhakara M, Girish G. et al. Leiomyoma: A rare tumor in the head and neck and oral cavity: Report of 3 cases with review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17: 281-287
• 133 Agaimy A, Michal M, Thompson LDR. et al. Angioleiomyoma of the Sinonasal Tract: Analysis of 16 Cases and Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9: 463-473
• 134 Heyman JNS, Jones LM, Hilton JM. et al. Angioleiomyoma of the inferior turbinate: A rare cause of isolated facial pain. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2020; 102: E20-E22
• 135 Lau YW, Tharumalingam V, Tan TY. et al. Sinonasal angioleiomyoma. Med J Malaysia 2016; 71: 154-155
• 136 Mathieu T, Verbruggen A, Goovaerts G. et al. Vascular leiomyoma of the nasal cavity: case report and literature review. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2017; 274: 579-583
• 137 Poncet A, Dor L. Botryomycose humaine. Rev Chir 1897; 18: 996-1003
• 138 Hartzell M. Granuloma pyogenicum (botryomycosis of French authors). J Cutan Dis 1904; 22: 520-523
• 139 Mills SE, Cooper PH, Fechner RE. Lobular capillary hemangioma: The underlying lesion of pyogenic granuloma. A study of 73 cases from the oral and nasal mucous membranes. Am J Surg Pathol 1980; 4: 471-479
• 140 Fu Y-S, Perzin KH. Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study VI. Fibrous tissue tumors (fibroma, fibromatosis, fibrosarcoma). Cancer 1976; 37: 2912-2928
• 141 Thompson LDR, Fanburg-Smith JC. Update on Select Benign Mesenchymal and Meningothelial Sinonasal Tract Lesions. Head Neck Pathol 2016; 10: 95-108
• 142 Sammut SJ, Tomson N, Corrie P. Pyogenic granuloma as a cutaneous adverse effect of vemurafenib. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1265-1267
• 143 Smith SC, Patel RM, Lucas DR. et al. Sinonasal Lobular Capillary Hemangioma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 34 Cases Characterizing Potential for Local Recurrence. Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7: 129-134
• 144 Sunaryo PL, Svider PF, Husain Q. et al. Schwannomas of the sinonasal tract and anterior skull base: A systematic review of 94 cases. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28: 39-49
• 145 Shugar JMA, Son PM, Biller HF. et al. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Head Neck Surg 1981; 4: 72-76
• 146 Donner TR, Voorhies RM, Kline DG. Neural sheath tumors of major nerves. J Neurosurg 1994; 81: 362-373
• 147 Ansari I, Ansari A, Graison AA. et al. Head and Neck Schwannomas: A Surgical Challenge – A Series of 5 Cases. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2018; 2018: 1-10
• 148 Azani AB, Bishop JA, Thompson LDR. Sinonasal Tract Neurofibroma: A Clinicopathologic Series of 12 Cases with a Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9: 323-333
• 149 Annino DJ, Domanowski GF, Vaughan CW. A Rare Cause of Nasal Obstruction: A Solitary Neurofibroma. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 1991; 104: 484-488
• 150 Perzin KH, Panyu H, Wechter S. Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. XII: Schwann cell tumors (neurilemoma, neurofibroma, malignant schwannoma). Cancer 1982; 50: 2193-2202
• 151 Friedman CD, Costantino PD, Teitelbaum B. et al. Primary extracranial meningiomas of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 41-48
• 152 Thompson LDR, Gyure KA. Extracranial sinonasal tract meningiomas: A clinicopathologic study of 30 cases with a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: 640-650
• 153 Ho K-L. Primary meningioma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Cancer 1980; 46: 1442-1447
• 154 Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Stafford SL. et al. „Malignancy“ in meningiomas: A clinicopathologic study of 116 patients, with grading implications. Cancer 1999; 85: 2046-2056
• 155 Perry A, Stafford SL, Scheithauer BW. et al. Meningioma grading: An analysis of histologic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21: 1455-1465
• 156 Rushing EJ, Bouffard JP, McCall S. et al. Primary extracranial meningiomas: An analysis of 146 cases. Head Neck Pathol 2009; 3: 116-130
• 157 Mnejja M, Hammami B, Bougacha L. et al. Primary sinonasal meningioma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2012; 129: 47-50
• 158 Wolf A, Safran B, Pock J. et al. Surgical treatment of paranasal sinus osteomas: A single center experience of 58 cases. Laryngoscope. 2019
• 159 Atallah N, Jay MM. Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses. J Laryngol Otol 1981; 95: 291-304
• 160 Furlaneto EC, Rocha JRM, Heitz C. Osteoma of the zygomatic arch - Report of a case. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 310-311
• 161 Summers LE, Mascott CR, Tompkins JR. et al. Frontal sinus osteoma associated with cerebral abscess formation: A case report. Surg Neurol 2001; 55: 235-239
• 162 Eller R, Sillers M. Common Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Paranasal Sinuses. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2006; 39: 585-600
• 163 Schick B, Steigerwald C, El Tahan AER. et al. The role of endonasal surgery in the management of frontoethmoidal osteomas. Rhinology 2001; 39: 66-70
• 164 Schick B, Dlugaiczyk J. Benign tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Rhinology and Facial Plastic Surgery 2009; 377-385
• 165 Buyuklu F, Akdogan MV, Ozer C. et al. Growth characteristics and clinical manifestations of the paranasal sinus osteomas. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2011; 145: 319-323
• 166 Golant A, Zeichner JA. Gardner Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing; 2014
• 167 Pinto RS, Simons A, Verma R. et al. Gardener-associated fibroma: An unusual cause of upper airway obstruction. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018
• 168 Yang A, Sisson R, Gupta A, Tiao G, Geller JI. Germline APC mutations in hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65(4); doi:10.1002/ pbc.26892. Epub 2017 Dec 18. PMID: 29251405
• 169 Kiessling P, Dowling E, Huang Y, Ho ML, Balakrishnan K, Weigel BJ, Highsmith WE Jr, Niu Z, Schimmenti LA. Identification of aggressive Gardner syndrome phenotype associated with a de novo APC variant, c.4666dup. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5(2): a003640. doi:10.1101/mcs.a003640. PMID: 30696621; PMCID: PMC6549566
• 170 Burke AB, Collins MT, Boyce AM. Fibrous dysplasia of bone: craniofacial and dental implications. Oral Dis 2017; 23: 697-708
• 171 Erkmen K, Al-Mefty O, Adada B. Tumors of the skull base. In: Oncology of CNS Tumors Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2010: 279-307
• 172 Heller AJ, DiNardo LJ, Massey D. Fibrous dysplasia, chondrosarcoma, and McCune-Albright syndrome. Am J Otolaryngol – Head Neck Med Surg 2001; 22: 297-301
• 173 Kos M, Luczak K, Godzinski J. et al. Treatment of monostotic fibrous dysplasia with pamidronate. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg 2004; 32: 10-15
• 174 Collins MT, Kushner H, Reynolds JC. et al. An instrument to measure skeletal burden and predict functional outcome in fibrous dysplasia of bone. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 219-226
• 175 Kelly MH, Brillante B, Collins MT. Pain in fibrous dysplasia of bone: Age-related changes and the anatomical distribution of skeletal lesions. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19: 57-63
• 176 Devogelaer JP. New uses of bisphosphonates: Osteogenesis imperfecta. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002; 2: 748-753
• 177 Schreiber A, Villaret AB, Maroldi R. et al. Fibrous dysplasia of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 20: 45-52
• 178 Amit M, Collins MT, FitzGibbon EJ. et al. Surgery versus watchful waiting in patients with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia – a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6
• 179 McCune D. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: The case of a nine year old girl who also exhibits precocious puberty, multiple pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism. Am J Dis Child 1936; 52: 743-744
• 180 Leet AI, Chebli C, Kushner H. et al. Fracture incidence in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and the McCune-Albright syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 571-577
• 181 Boyce AM, Brewer C, Deklotz TR. et al. Association of hearing loss and otologic outcomes with fibrous dysplasia. JAMA Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg 2018; 144: 102-107
• 182 Deklotz TR, Kim HJ, Kelly M. et al. Sinonasal disease in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright Syndrome. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 823-828
• 183 Boyce AM, Glover M, Kelly MH. et al. Optic neuropathy in McCune-Albright syndrome: Effects of early diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98
• 184 Plotkin H, Rauch F, Zeitlin L. et al. Effect of Pamidronate Treatment in Children with Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4569-4575
• 185 DiMeglio LA. Bisphosphonate therapy for fibrous dysplasia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2007; 4: 440-445
• 186 Dumitrescu CE, Collins MT. McCune-Albright syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; (03) 12 PMID: 18489744 PMCID: PMC2459161
• 187 Feldman MD, Kelly M, Rao VM. et al. Fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Otolaryngol Neck Surg 1986; 95: 222-225
• 188 Ikeda K, Suzuki H, Oshima T. et al. Endonasal endoscopic management in fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Am J Otolaryngol – Head Neck Med Surg 1997; 18: 415-418
• 189 Uzun C, Adali MK, Koten M. et al. McCune-Albright syndrome with fibrous dysplasia of the paranasal sinuses. Rhinology 1999; 37: 122-124
• 190 Lee JS, Fitzgibbon E, Butman JA. et al. Normal vision despite narrowing of the optic canal in fibrous dysplasia. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1670-1676
• 191 Wenig BM, Heffner DK. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas of the sinonasal tract and nasopharynx: A clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995; 104: 639-645
• 192 Delbrouck C, Fernandez Aguilar S, Choufani G. et al. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma associated with nasal polyposis. Am J Otolaryngol – Head Neck Med Surg 2004; 25: 282-284
• 193 Endo R, Matsuda H, Takahashi M. et al. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in the nasal cavity. Acta Otolaryngol 2002; 122: 398-400
• 194 Ingram WF, Noone MC, Gillespie MB. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma: A case report. Ear, Nose Throat J 2006; 85: 190-192
• 195 Athre R, Ducic Y. Frontal sinus hamartomas. Am J Otolaryngol – Head Neck Med Surg 2005; 26: 419-421
• 196 Flavin R, Russell J, Phelan E. et al. Chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of the nasal cavity: A case report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 69: 87-91
• 197 Fitzhugh VA, Mirani N. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma: A review. Head Neck Pathol 2008; 2: 203-208
• 198 Braun H, Beham A, Stammberger H. Respiratorisches epitheliales adenomatoides hamartom der nasenhaupthöhle: Fallbericht und literaturübersicht. Laryngorhinootologie 2003; 82: 416-420
• 199 Himi Y, Yoshizaki T, Sato K. et al. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma of the maxillary sinus. J Laryngol Otol 2002; 116: 317-318
• 200 Safi C, Li C, Tabaee A. et al. Outcomes and imaging findings of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9: 674-680
• 201 Lima NB, Jankowski R, Georgel T. et al. Respiratory adenomatoid hamartoma must be suspected on CT-scan enlargement of the olfactory clefts. Rhinology 2006; 44: 264-269
• 202 Hawley KA, Ahmed M, Sindwani R. CT findings of sinonasal respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma: A closer look at the olfactory clefts. Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34: 1086-1090
• 203 Metselaar RM, Stel HV, Van Der Baan S. Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma in the nasopharynx. J Laryngol Otol 2005; 119: 476-478
• 204 Hawley KA, Pabon S, Hoschar AP. et al. The presentation and clinical significance of sinonasal respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH). Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3: 248-253
• 205 Schafer DR, Thompson LDR, Smith BC. et al. Primary ameloblastoma of the sinonasal tract: A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases. Cancer 1998; 82: 667-674
• 206 Shahidi S, Bronoosh P, Daneshbod Y. Follicular ameloblastoma presenting as a sinonasal tumor. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012; 14: 113-116
• 207 Hertog D, van der Waal I. Ameloblastoma of the jaws: A critical reappraisal based on a 40-years single institution experience. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 61-64
• 208 Barrena BG, Phillips BJ, Moran KJ. et al. Sinonasal Ameloblastoma. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13: 247-250
• 209 Golbin DA, Ektova AP, Demin MO, Lasunin N, Cherekaev VA. Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma with Skull Base and Orbital Involvement: Case Presentation. Cureus 2018; 10(6): e2892. doi:10.7759/cureus.2892. PMID: 30167348; PMCID: PMC6112910
• 210 McDermott MB, Ponder TB, Dehner LP. Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma: An upper respiratory tract analogue of the chest wall mesenchymal hamartoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 425-433
• 211 Ozolek JA, Carrau R, Barnes EL. et al. Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma in older children and adults: Series and immunohistochemical analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129: 1444-1450
• 212 Chan TY. World Health Organization classification of tumours: Pathology & genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Urology 2005; 65: 214-215
• 213 Seibert RW, Seibert JJ, Jimenez JF. et al. Nasopharyngeal brain heterotopia – a cause of upper airway obstruction in infancy. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 818-819
• 214 Kanjanawasee D, Chaowanapanja P, Keelawat S. et al. Sphenoid Sinus Cholesteatoma – Complications and Skull Base Osteomyelitis: Case Report and Review of Literature. Clin Med Insights Case Reports 2019; 12
• 215 Hansen S, Sørensen CH, Stage J. et al. Massive cholesteatoma of the frontal sinus: Case report and review of the literature. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007; 34: 387-392
• 216 Gey A, Plontke SK, Scheller C, Kösling S, Fathke C, Glien A. Seltene Diagnose einer knochendestruierenden Läsion der Keilbeinhöhle [Rare diagnosis of a bone-destructive lesion of the sphenoid sinus]. HNO. 2020 Dec 14. German. doi:10.1007/s00106-020-00974-2. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33315128
• 217 Ansa B, Goodman M, Ward K. et al. Paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma incidence and survival based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results data, 1973 to 2009. Cancer 2013; 119: 2602-2610
• 218 Turner JH, Reh DD. Incidence and survival in patients with sinonasal cancer: A historical analysis of population-based data. Head Neck 2012; 34: 877-885
• 219 Sanghvi S, Khan MN, Patel NR. et al. Epidemiology of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: A comprehensive analysis of 4994 patients. Laryngoscope 2014; 124: 76-83
• 220 Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Peters S. et al. International comparisons of the incidence and mortality of sinonasal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 770-779
• 221 Hayes RB, Kardaun JWPF, De Bruyn A. Tobacco use and sinonasal cancer: A case-control study. Br J Cancer 1987; 56: 843-846
• 222 Brinton LA, Blot WJ, Becker JA. et al. A case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119: 896-906
• 223 Nudell J, Chiosea S, Thompson LDR. Carcinoma Ex-Schneiderian Papilloma (Malignant Transformation): A Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Study of 20 Cases Combined with a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 8: 269-286
• 224 Dulguerov P, Jacobsen M, Allal A. et al. Nasal and paranasal sinus carcinoma: are we making progress? A series of 220 patients and a systematic review. Cancer 2001; 92: 3012-3029
• 225 Thorup C, Sebbesen L, Danø H. et al. Carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Denmark 1995-2004. Acta Oncol (Madr) 2010; 49: 389-394
• 226 El-Mofty SK, Lu DW. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA in nonkeratinizing (cylindrical cell) carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: A distinct clinicopathologic and molecular disease entity. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 1367-1372
• 227 Bishop JA, Guo TW, Smith DF. et al. Human papillomavirus-related carcinomas of the sinonasal tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37: 185-192
• 228 Osborn DA. Nature and behavior of transitional tumors in the upper respiratory tract. Cancer 1970; 25: 50-60
• 229 Robin PE, Powell DJ, Stansbie JM. Carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: incidence and presentation of different histological types. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1979; 4: 431-456
• 230 Larque AB, Hakim S, Ordi J. et al. High-risk human papillomavirus is transcriptionally active in a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2014; 27: 343-351
• 231 Mirghani H, Hartl D, Mortuaire G. et al. Nodal recurrence of sinonasal cancer: Does the risk of cervical relapse justify a prophylactic neck treatment?. Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 374-380
• 232 Castelnau-Marchand P, Levy A, Moya-Plana A. et al. Sinunasales Plattenepithelkarzinom ohne klinische Lymphknotenbeteiligung: Welches Halsmanagement ist das Beste?. Strahlentherapie und Onkol 2016; 192: 537-544
• 233 Nudell J, Chiosea S, Thompson LDR. Carcinoma Ex-Schneiderian Papilloma (Malignant Transformation): A Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Study of 20 Cases Combined with a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 8: 269–286
• 234 Furuta A, Kudo M, Kanai KI. et al. Typical carcinoid tumor arising in the nose and paranasal sinuses – Case report. Auris Nasus Larynx 2010; 37: 381-385
• 235 Guan M, Li Y, Shi ZG. et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus: A rare and highly progressive tumor. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7: 4489-4492
• 236 Thompson LDR, Wieneke JA, Miettinen M. et al. Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinomas of the larynx: A clinicopathologic study of 187 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 153-170
• 237 Lewis JE, Olsen KD, Sebo TJ. Spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx: Review of 26 cases including DNA content and immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 664-673
• 238 Jeng YM, Sung MT, Fang CL. et al. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and nasopharyngeal-type undifferentiated carcinoma: Two clinically, biologically, and histopathologically distinct entities. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 371-376
• 239 Leung SuetYi, Yuen SiuTsan, Chung LapPing. et al. Epstein-Barr virus is present in a wide histological spectrum of sinonasal carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19: 994-1001
• 240 Takakura H, Tachino H, Fujisaka M, Nakajima T, Yamagishi K, Ishida M, Shojaku H. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97(28): e11371. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011371. PMID: 29995775; PMCID: PMC6076030
• 241 Frierson HF, Mills SE, Fechner RE. et al. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. An aggressive neoplasm derived from Schneiderian epithelium and distinct from olfactory neuroblastoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 771-779
• 242 Cerilli LA, Holst VA, Brandwein MS. et al. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: Immunohistochemical profile and lack of EBV association. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 156-163
• 243 Abdelmeguid AS, Bell D, Hanna EY. Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21(3): 26. doi:10.1007/s11912- 019-0776-4. PMID: 30806835
• 244 Musy PY, Reibel JF, Levine PA. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma; The search for a better outcome. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 1450-1455
• 245 Schröck A, Göke F, van Bremen T. et al. Maligne erkrankungen des sinunasaltrakts. Eine monoinstitutionelle erfahrung von 1996 bis 2010. HNO 2012; 60: 1041-1046
• 246 Rosenthal DI, Barker JL, El-Naggar AK. et al. Sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation: Patterns of failure according to histologic phenotype. Cancer 2004; 101: 2567-2573
• 247 Bell D, Hanna EY. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: Morphological heterogeneity, diagnosis, management and biological markers. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13: 285-296
• 248 Chambers KJ, Lehmann AE, Remenschneider A. et al. Incidence and survival patterns of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma in the United States. J Neurol Surgery, Part B Skull Base 2015; 76: 94-100
• 249 Kuan EC, Arshi A, Mallen-St Clair J, Tajudeen BA, Abemayor E, St John MA. Significance of Tumor Stage in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma Survival: A Population-Based Analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 154(4): 667–673. doi:10.1177/01945998 16629649. Epub 2016 Feb 23. PMID: 26908559
• 250 Takahashi Y, Lee J, Pickering C. et al. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu as a novel therapeutic target in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Head Neck 2016; 38: E1926-E1934
• 251 Sanchez-Casis G, Devine KD, Weiland LH. Nasal adenocarcinomas that closely simulate colonic carcinomas. Cancer 1971; 28: 714-720
• 252 Barnes L. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 192-202
• 253 Szablewski V, Solassol J, Poizat F. et al. EGFR expression and KRAS and BRAF mutational status in intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14: 5170-5181
• 254 Saber AT, Nielsen LR, Dictor M. et al. K-ras mutations in sinonasal adenocarcinomas in patients occupationally exposed to wood or leather dust. Cancer Lett 1998; 126: 59-65
• 255 Franchi A, Innocenti DRD, Palomba A. et al. Low prevalence of K-RAS, EGF-R and BRAF mutations in sinonasal adenocarcinomas. Implications for anti-EGFR treatments. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20: 571-579
• 256 Projetti F, Durand K, Chaunavel A. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and KRAS and BRAF mutations: Study of 39 sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinomas. Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 2116-2125
• 257 Ferrari M, Bossi P, Mattavelli D, Ardighieri L, Nicolai P. Management of sinonasal adenocarcinomas with anterior skull base extension. J Neurooncol 2020;150(3): 405–417. doi:10.1007/s11060-019- 03385-8. Epub 2020 Jan 3. PMID: 31897925
• 258 Hoffmann TK, El Hindy N, Müller OM. et al. Vascularised local and free flaps in anterior skull base reconstruction. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2013; 270: 899-907
• 259 Hoeben A, van de Winkel L, Hoebers F. et al. Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinomas: The road to molecular diagnosis and personalized treatment. Head Neck 2016; 38: 1564-1570
• 260 Turri-Zanoni M, Battaglia P, Lambertoni A. et al. Treatment strategies for primary early-stage sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective bi-institutional case-control study. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112: 561-567
• 261 Licitra L, Locati LD, Cavina R. et al. Primary chemotherapy followed by anterior craniofacial resection and radiotherapy for paranasal cancer. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 367-372
• 262 Jo VY, Mills SE, Cathro HP. et al. Low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinomas: The association with and distinction from respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas and other glandular lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33: 401-408
• 263 Neto AG, Pineda-Daboin K, Luna MA. Sinonasal tract seromucous adenocarcinomas: A report of 12 cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2003; 7: 154-159
• 264 Heffner DK, Hyams VJ, Hauck KW. et al. Low-grade adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Cancer 1982; 50: 312-322
• 265 Stelow EB, Jo VY, Mills SE. et al. A histologic and immunohistochemical study describing the diversity of tumors classified as sinonasal high-grade nonintestinal adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35: 971-980
• 266 Bignami M, Lepera D, Volpi L. et al. Sinonasal Non-Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Review of 22 Patients. World Neurosurg 2018; 120: e962-e969
• 267 Shay A, Ganti A, Raman A. et al. Survival in low-grade and high-grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma: A national cancer database analysis. Laryngoscope 2020; 130: E1-E10
• 268 Shen T, Shi Q, Velosa C. et al. Sinonasal renal cell-like adenocarcinomas: Robust carbonic anhydrase expression. Hum Pathol 2015; 46: 1598-1606
• 269 Heffner DK. Sinonasal and laryngeal salivary gland lesions. In: Surgical Pathology of the Salivary Glands. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991: 544-559
• 270 Akbaba S, Ahmed D, Mock A, Held T, Bahadir S, Lang K, Syed M, Hoerner-Rieber J, Forster T, Federspil P, Herfarth K, Plinkert P, Debus J, Adeberg S. Treatment Outcome of 227 Patients with Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) after Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy and Active Raster-Scanning Carbon Ion Boost: A 10-Year Single-Center Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 111(11): 1705–417. doi:10.3390/cancers11111705. PMID: 31683896; PMCID: PMC6895865
• 271 Spiro RH, Huvos AG, Strong EW. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary origin. A clinicopathologic study of 242 cases. Am J Surg 1974; 128: 512-520
• 272 Spiro RH. Salivary neoplasms: Overview of a 35-year experience with 2,807 patients. Head Neck Surg 1986; 8: 177-184
• 273 Michel G, Joubert M, Delemazure AS. et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses: Retrospective series and review of the literature. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2013; 130: 257-262
• 274 Kim GE, Park HC, Keum KC. et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary antrum. Am J Otolaryngol – Head Neck Med Surg 1999; 20: 77-84
• 275 Chen AM, Bucci MK, Weinberg V. et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy: Prognostic features of recurrence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66: 152-159
• 276 Terhaard CHJ, Lubsen H, Rasch CRN. et al. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant salivary gland tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61: 103-111
• 277 Garden AS, Weber RS, Ang KK. et al. Postoperative radiation therapy for malignant tumors of minor salivary glands. Outcome and patterns of failure. Cancer 1994; 73: 2563-2569
• 278 Chen AM, Granchi PJ, Garcia J. et al. Local-regional recurrence after surgery without postoperative irradiation for carcinomas of the major salivary glands: Implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67: 982-987
• 279 Mendenhall WM, Morris CG, Amdur RJ. et al. Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2004; 26: 154-162
• 280 Terhaard CHJ, Lubsen H, Van Der Tweel I. et al. Salivary gland carcinoma: Independent prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and overall survival: Results of the Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group. Head Neck 2004; 26: 681-693
• 281 Katz TS, Mendenhall WM, Morris CG. et al. Malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Head Neck 2002; 24: 821-829
• 282 Laramore GE, Krall JM, Griffin TW. et al. Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: Final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 27: 235-240
• 283 Douglas JG, Koh WJ, Austin-Seymour M. et al. Treatment of salivary gland neoplasms with fast neutron radiotherapy. Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 944-948
• 284 Stannard C, Vernimmen F, Carrara H. et al. Malignant salivary gland tumours: Can fast neutron therapy results point the way to carbon ion therapy?. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109: 262-268
• 285 Huber PE, Debus J, Latz D. et al. Radiotherapy for advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma: Neutrons, photons or mixed beam?. Radiother Oncol 2001; 59: 161-167
• 286 Pommier P, Liebsch NJ, Deschler DG. et al. Proton beam radiation therapy for skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2006; 132: 1242-1249
• 287 Patel NR, Sanghvi S, Khan MN. et al. Demografic trends and disease-specific survival in salivary acinic cell carcinoma: An analysis of 1129 cases. Laryngoscope 2014; 124: 172-178
• 288 Haerle SK, Gullane PJ, Witterick IJ. et al. Sinonasal Carcinomas. Epidemiology, Pathology, and Management. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2013; 24: 39-49
• 289 Neto AG, Pineda-Daboin K, Spencer ML. et al. Sinonasal acinic cell carcinoma: A clinicopathologic study of four cases. Head Neck 2005; 27: 603-607
• 290 Wong A, Leong JL, Ho B. Primary acinic cell carcinoma of the ethmoid sinus. Ear, Nose Throat J 2010; 89
• 291 Biron VL, Lentsch EJ, Gerry DR. et al. Case-control analysis of survival outcomes in sinonasal acinic cell carcinoma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4: 507-511
• 292 Ellis MA, Graboyes EM, Day TA. et al. Prognostic factors and occult nodal disease in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: An analysis of the National Cancer Database. Oral Oncol 2017; 72: 174-178
• 293 Auger SR, Patel T, Ganti A. et al. Effect of margin status and pathological grade in treatment of sinonasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2020
• 294 Bhattacharyya N. Survival and staging characteristics for non-squamous cell malignancies of the maxillary sinus. Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 334-337
• 295 Wolfish EB, Nelson BL, Thompson LDR. Sinonasal Tract Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Study of 19 Cases Combined with a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6: 191-207
• 296 Lee YS, Ha SM, Paik SW. et al. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma originating from a minor salivary gland in the nasal septum: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99: e19072
• 297 Gore MR. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma: A population-based survival analysis. BMC Ear, Nose Throat Disord 2018; 18
• 298 Morresi-Hauf AT, Reu S, Fertl A. Epithelial-myoepitheliales Karzinom der Trachea: Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht. Pathologe 2013; 34: 56-64
• 299 Roh JL, Chang HR, Choi SH. et al. Clinical utility of 18F-FDG PET for patients with salivary gland malignancies. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 240-246
• 300 Kim CH, Jeong JS, Kim SR. et al. Endobronchial epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the lung. Thorax 2018; 73: 593-594
• 301 Kim SH, Park SE, Bae HG. et al. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the nasopharynx: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2015; 10: 927-930
• 302 Fried D, Zanation AM, Huang B. et al. Management of nonesthesioneuroblastoma sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation. Laryngoscope 2012; 122: 2210-2215
• 303 Hong SL, Kim SD, Roh HJ. et al. The sphenoid sinus: An unusual presentation of a typical carcinoid tumor. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: e483-e485
• 304 Konukiewitz B, Agaimy A, Weichert W. et al. Neuroendokrine Neoplasien der Kopf-Hals-Region. Pathologe 2018; 39: 27-34
• 305 Ferlito A, Silver CE, Bradford CR. et al. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx: An overview. Head Neck 2009; 31: 1634-1646
• 306 Lee DH, Cho HH, Cho YB. Typical carcinoid tumor of the nasal cavity. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007; 34: 537-539
• 307 Patel TD, Carniol ET, Vázquez A. et al. Sinonasal fibrosarcoma: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6: 201-205
• 308 Lartigau E, Lusinchi A, Schwaab G. Sarcomas of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: Chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. J Laryngol Otol 1994; 108: 947-953
• 309 Koshy M, Rich SE, Mohiuddin MM. Improved Survival With Radiation Therapy in High-Grade Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremities: A SEER Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77: 203-209
• 310 Wang CP, Chang YL, Ting LL. et al. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the sinonasal tract. Head Neck 2009; 31: 85-93
• 311 Szablewski V, Neuville A, Terrier P. et al. Adult sinonasal soft tissue sarcoma: Analysis of 48 cases from the French Sarcoma Group database. Laryngoscope 2015; 125: 615-623
• 312 Gerrand CH, Bell RS, Wunder JS. et al. The influence of anatomic location on outcome in patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Cancer 2003; 97: 485-492
• 313 Kwok MMK, Lee S, Hosking P. Leiomyosarcoma: A rare sinonasal malignancy. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018
• 314 Tanaka H, Westesson PL, Wilbur DC. Leiomyosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: CT and MRI findings. Br J Radiol 1998; 71: 221-224
• 315 Dobben GD. Leiomyosarcoma of the Nasopharynx. AMA Arch Otolaryngol 1958; 68: 211-213
• 316 Sanghvi S, Misra P, Patel NR. et al. Incidence trends and long-term survival analysis of sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Med Surg 2013; 34: 682-689
• 317 Wurm J, Constantinidis J, Grabenbauer GG. et al. Rhabdomyosarcomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses: Treatment results in 15 cases. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2005; 133: 42-50
• 318 Narula AA, Vallis MP, El-Silimy OE. et al. Radiation induced angiosarcomas of the nasopharynx. Eur J Surg Oncol 1986; 12: 147-152
• 319 Maddox JC, Evans HL. Angiosarcoma of skin and soft tissue: A study of forty-four cases. Cancer 1981; 48: 1907-1921
• 320 Williamson IG, Ramsden RT. Angiosarcoma of maxillary antrum—association with vinyL chloride exposure. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102: 464-467
• 321 Nelson BL, Thompson LDR. Sinonasal tract angiosarcoma: A clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 10 cases with a review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 2007; 1: 1-12
• 322 Fukushima K, Dejima K, Koike S. et al. A case of angiosarcoma of the nasal cavity successfully treated with recombinant interleukin-2. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2006; 134: 886-887
• 323 Treviño-González JL, Santos-Lartigue R, González-Andrade B. et al. Angiosarcoma of the nasal cavity: A case report. Cases J 2009; 2
• 324 Es-Sbissi F, Nitassi S, Boulaadas M. et al. Sinonasal angiosarcoma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2015; 132: 161-163
• 325 Agaimy A, Hartmann A. Kopf-Hals-Tumoren: Neues aus der WHO-Klassifikation 2017. Pathologe 2018; 39
• 326 Agaimy A, Haller F, Hartmann A. Sinunasale Tumoren: Neues aus der WHO mit besonderem Fokus auf neue mesenchymale Entitäten. Pathologe 2018; 39: 18-26
• 327 Lewis JT, Oliveira AM, Nascimento AG. et al. Low-grade sinonasal sarcoma with neural and myogenic features: A clinicopathologic analysis of 28 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36: 517-525
• 328 Rooper LM, Huang SC, Antonescu CR. et al. Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma: An expanded immunoprofile including consistent nuclear β-catenin positivity and absence of SOX10 expression. Hum Pathol 2016; 55: 44-50
• 329 Carter CS, East EG, McHugh JB. Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma: A review and update. In: Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. College of American Pathologists 2018; 1196-1201
• 330 Fritchie KJ, Jin L, Wang X. et al. Fusion gene profile of biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma: an analysis of 44 cases. Histopathology 2016; 69: 930-936
• 331 Ducatman BS, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG. et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer 1986; 57: 2006-2021
• 332 Rodriguez FJ, Folpe AL, Giannini C. et al. Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: Diagnostic overview and update on selected diagnostic problems. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123: 295-319
• 333 James AW, Shurell E, Singh A. et al. Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2016; 25: 789-802
• 334 Bradtmöller M, Hartmann C, Zietsch J. et al. Impaired Pten expression in human malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. PLoS One 2012; 7: e47595
• 335 Kar M, Suryanarayana Deo SV, Shukla NK. et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) - Clinicopathological study and treatment outcome of twenty-four cases. World J Surg Oncol 2006; 4: 55
• 336 Jo VY, Fletcher CDM. WHO classification of soft tissue tumours: An update based on the 2013 (4th) edition. Pathology 2014; 46: 95-104
• 337 Van De Rijn M, Barr FG, Xiong QBin. et al. Radiation-associated synovial sarcoma. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 1325-1328
• 338 Deraedt K, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R. Radiation-associated synovial sarcoma of the lung following radiotherapy for pulmonary metastasis of Wilms’ tumour [7]. Histopathology 2006; 48: 473-475
• 339 Egger JF, Coindre JM, Benhattar J. et al. Radiation-associated synovial sarcoma: Clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of two cases. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 998-1004
• 340 Sherman KL, Wayne JD, Chung J. et al. Assessment of multimodality therapy use for extremity sarcoma in the United States. J Surg Oncol 2014; 109: 395-404
• 341 Vlenterie M, Jones RL, Van Der Graaf WTA. Synovial sarcoma diagnosis and management in the era of targeted therapies. Curr Opin Oncol 2015; 27: 316-322
• 342 De Bree E, Zoras O, Hunt JL. et al. Desmoid tumors of the head and neck: A therapeutic challenge. Head Neck 2014; 36: 1517-1526
• 343 Orphanet: Desmoid type fibromatosis. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=DE&data_id=8665&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=ORPHA&Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=873&Disease(s)/groupofdiseases=Desmoid-type-fibromatosis&title=Desmoid-type-fibromatosis&search=Dise
• 344 Colombo C, Foo WC, Whiting D. et al. FAP-related desmoid tumors: A series of 44 patients evaluated in a cancer referral center. Histol Histopathol 2012; 27: 641-649
• 345 Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Zhou H. et al. Gardner fibroma: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 45 patients with 57 fibromas. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 410-416
• 346 Emori M, Kaya M, Mitsuhashi T. et al. Desmoid tumor-associated pain is dependent on mast cell expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9
• 347 Kasper B, Baumgarten C, Garcia J. et al. An update on the management of sporadic desmoid-type fibromatosis: A European Consensus Initiative between Sarcoma PAtients EuroNet (SPAEN) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (STBSG). Ann Oncol 2017; 28: 2399-2408
• 348 Bonvalot S, Eldweny H, Haddad V. et al. Extra-abdominal primary fibromatosis: Aggressive management could be avoided in a subgroup of patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 462-468
• 349 Penel N, Chibon F, Salas S. Adult desmoid tumors: Biology, management and ongoing trials. Curr Opin Oncol 2017; 29: 268-274
• 350 Huang PW, Tzen CY. Prognostic factors in desmoid-type fibromatosis: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 46 cases. Pathology 2010; 42: 147-150
• 351 Granter SR, Badizadegan K, Fletcher CDM. Myofibromatosis in adults, glomangiopericytoma, and myopericytoma: A spectrum of tumors showing perivascular myoid differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 513-525
• 352 Asimakopoulos P, Syed MI, Andrews T. et al. Sinonasal glomangiopericytoma: Is anything new?. Ear, Nose Throat J 2016; 95: E1
• 353 Gengler C, Guillou L. Solitary fibrous tumour and haemangiopericytoma: Evolution of a concept. Histopathology 2006; 48: 63-74
• 354 Thompson LDR, Miettinen M, Wenig BM. Sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma: A clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic analysis of 104 cases showing perivascular myoid differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 737-749
• 355 Catalano PJ, Brandwein M, Shah DK. et al. Sinonasal hemangiopericytomas: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of seven cases. Head Neck 1996; 18: 42-53
• 356 Billings KR, Fu YS, Calcaterra TC. et al. Hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Med Surg 2000; 21: 238-243
• 357 Carew JF, Singh B, Kraus DH. Hemangiopericytoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 1409-1411
• 358 Weber W, Henkes H, Metz KA. et al. Haemangiopericytoma of the nasal cavity. Neuroradiology 2001; 43: 183-186
• 359 Witkin GB, Rosai J. Solitary fibrous tumor of the upper respiratory tract: A report of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15: 842-848
• 360 Batsakis JG, El-Naggar AK, Hybels RD. Pathology consultation solitary fibrous tumor. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 74-76
• 361 Künzel J, Hainz M, Ziebart T. et al. Head and neck solitary fibrous tumors: a rare and challenging entity. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2016; 273: 1589-1598
• 362 Demicco EG, Park MS, Araujo DM. et al. Solitary fibrous tumor: A clinicopathological study of 110 cases and proposed risk assessment model. Mod Pathol 2012; 25: 1298-1306
• 363 Xue Y, Chai G, Xiao F. et al. Post-operative radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the nasal and paranasal area. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44: 926-931
• 364 Piccaluga PP, De Falco G, Kustagi M. et al. Gene expression analysis uncovers similarity and differences among Burkitt lymphoma subtypes. Blood 2011; 117: 3596-3608
• 365 Chi AC, Weathers DR, Folpe AL. et al. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the oral cavity: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Oral Surgery, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology 2005; 100: 717-724
• 366 Errani C, Zhang L, Sung YS. et al. A novel WWTR1-CAMTA1 gene fusion is a consistent abnormality in epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of different anatomic sites. Genes Chromosom Cancer 2011; 50: 644-653
• 367 Flucke U, Vogels RJC, de Saint Aubain Somerhausen N. et al. Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: Clinicopathologic, immunhistochemical, and molecular genetic analysis of 39 cases. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9
• 368 Bruder E, Alaggio R, Kozakewich HPW. et al. Vascular and perivascular lesions of skin and soft tissues in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15: 26-61
• 369 Weiss SW, Enzinger FM. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma a vascular tumor often mistaken for a carcinoma. Cancer 1982; 50: 970-981
• 370 Mentzel T, Beham A, Calonje E. et al. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of skin and soft tissues: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21: 363-374
• 371 Deyrup AT, Tighiouart M, Montag AG. et al. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of soft tissue: A proposal for risk stratification based on 49 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 924-927
• 372 Beger M, Antoni C, Haas S. et al. Epitheloides Hämangioendotheliom- drei Patienten, drei Therapieoptionen. Z Gastroenterol 2006; 44: A5_04
• 373 Wong BLK, Lee VNY, Tikka T. et al. Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 104: 156-168
• 374 Sun ZJ, Zhang L, Zhang WF. et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma involving the neck. Oral Oncol Extra 2006; 42: 60-65
• 375 Lima M. Aggressive mature natural killer cell neoplasms: from epidemiology to diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8: 95
• 376 Pongpruttipan T, Sukpanichnant S, Assanasen T. et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, includes cases of natural killer cell and αβ, γδ, and αβ/γδ T-cell origin: A comprehensive clinicopathologic and phenotypic study. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36: 481-499
• 377 Jhuang JY, Chang ST, Weng SF. et al. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type in Taiwan: A relatively higher frequency of T-cell lineage and poor survival for extranasal tumors. Hum Pathol 2015; 46: 313-321
• 378 De Campos-Lima PO, Gavioli R, Zhang QJ. et al. HLA-A11 epitope loss isolates of Epstein-Barr virus from a highly A11 + population. Science (80-) 1993; 260: 98-100
• 379 Lima PODC, Levitsky V, Brooks J. et al. T cell responses and virus evolution: Loss of hla all-restricted ctl epitopes in epstein-barr virus isolates from highly all-positive populations by selective mutation of anchor residues. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1297-1305
• 381 Kim SJ, Choi JY, Hyun SH. et al. Risk stratification on the basis of Deauville score on PET-CT and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA after completion of primary treatment for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: A multicentre, retrospective analysis. Lancet Haematol 2015; 2: e66-e74
• 381 Tse E, Kwong YL. How i treat NK/T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2013; 121: 4997-5005
• 382 Kwong YL, Kim WS, Lim ST. et al. SMILE for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: Analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2012; 120: 2973-2980
• 383 Alexiou C, Kau RJ, Dietzfelbinger H. et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma: Tumor occurrence and therapeutic concepts. Cancer 1999; 85: 2305-2314
• 384 Miller FR, Lavertu P, Wanamaker JR. et al. Plasmacytomas of the head and neck. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 1998; 119: 614-618
• 385 Patel TD, Vázquez A, Choudhary MM. et al. Sinonasal extramedullary plasmacytoma: A population-based incidence and survival analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5: 862-869
• 386 Soutar R, Lucraft H, Jackson G. et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of solitary plasmacytoma of bone and solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Br J Haematol 2004; 124: 717-726
• 387 Lorsbach RB, Hsi ED, Dogan A. et al. Plasma cell myeloma and related neoplasms. In: American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2011; 168-182
• 388 Susnerwala SS, Shanks JH, Banerjee SS. et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck region: Clinicopathological correlation in 25 cases. Br J Cancer 1997; 75: 921-927
• 389 Hussong JW, Perkins SL, Schnitzer B. et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma: A form of marginal zone cell lymphoma?. Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 111: 111-116
• 390 Boll M, Parkins E, O’Connor SJM. et al. Extramedullary plasmacytoma are characterized by a „myeloma-like“ immunophenotype and genotype and occult bone marrow involvement. Br J Haematol 2010; 151: 525-527
• 391 Galieni P, Cavo M, Pulsoni A. et al. Clinical outcome of extramedullary plasmacytoma. Haematologica 2000; 85: 47-51
• 392 Sasaki R, Yasuda K, Abe E. et al. Multi-institutional analysis of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck treated with curative radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82: 626-634
• 393 Knowling MA, Harwood AR, Bergsagel DE. Comparison of extramedullary plasmacytomas with solitary and multiple plasma cell tumors of bone. J Clin Oncol 1983; 1: 255-262
• 394 Hamre M, Hedberg J, Buckley J. et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: An exploratory epidemiologic study of 177 cases. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997; 28: 92-97
• 395 Laman JD, Leenen PJM, Annels NE. et al. Langerhans-cell histiocytosis „insight into DC biology“. Trends Immunol 2003; 24: 190-196
• 396 Orphanet: Langerhans Zell Histiozytose. Im Internet: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=DE&Expert=389
• 397 Kostyra K, Kostkiewicz B. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the orbit and frontal sinus of the adult woman: A first case report in Poland. Surg Neurol Int 2019; 10: 234
• 398 Mani S, Thomas R, Mathew J. et al. Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis of sphenoid sinus causing vision loss: A case report. J Nepal Med Assoc 2019; 57: 281-284
• 399 Gündüz K, Palamar M, Parmak N. et al. Eosinophilic granuloma of the orbit: Report of two cases. J AAPOS 2007; 11: 506-508
• 400 Esmaili N, Harris GJ. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Orbit: Spectrum of Disease and Risk of Central Nervous System Sequelae in Unifocal Cases. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 32: 28-34
• 401 Prayer D, Grois N, Prosch H. et al. MR imaging presentation of intracranial disease associated with langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 880-891
• 402 Allen CE, Li L, Peters TL. et al. Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Lesions Reveals a Distinct Profile Compared with Epidermal Langerhans Cells. J Immunol 2010; 184: 4557-4567
• 403 Hyman DM, Diamond EL, Vibat CRT. et al. Prospective blinded study of BRAFV600E mutation detection in cell-free DNA of patients with systemic histiocytic disorders. Cancer Discov 2015; 5: 64-71
• 404 Berres ML, Lim KPH, Peters T. et al. BRAF-V600E expression in precursor versus differentiated dendritic cells defines clinically distinct LCH risk groups. J Exp Med 2014; 211: 669-683
• 405 Wladis EJ, Tomaszewski JE, Gausas RE. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the orbit 10 years after involvement at other sites. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 24: 142-143
• 406 Herwig MC, Wojno T, Zhang Q. et al. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of the Orbit: Five Clinicopathologic Cases and Review of the Literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58: 330-340
• 407 Windfuhr JP. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the head and neck: Incidence, diagnosis, and management. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004; 113: 533-543
• 408 Hafezi S, Seethala RR, Stelow EB. et al. Ewing’s Family of Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract and Maxillary Bone. Head Neck Pathol 2011; 5: 8-16
• 409 Specht K, Sung YS, Zhang L. et al. Distinct transcriptional signature and immunoprofile of CIC-DUX4 fusion-positive round cell tumors compared to EWSR1-rearranged ewing sarcomas: Further evidence toward distinct pathologic entities. Genes Chromosom Cancer 2014; 53: 622-633
• 410 Lin JK, Liang J. Sinonasal Ewing Sarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Perm J 2018; 22
• 411 Allam A, El-Husseiny G, Khafaga Y. et al. Ewing’s sarcoma of the head and neck: A retrospective analysis of 24 cases. Sarcoma 1999; 3: 11-15
• 412 Balamuth NJ, Womer RB. Ewing’s sarcoma. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 184-192
• 413 Broich G, Pagliari A, Ottaviani F. Esthesioneuroblastoma: A general review of the cases published since the discovery of the tumour in 1924. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 2683-2706
• 414 Roussel LM, Patron V, Maubert E. et al. New landmarks in endonasal surgery: from nasal bone to anterior cribriform plate including branches of anterior ethmoidal artery and nerve and terminal nerve. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10: 395-404
• 415 Mills SE. Neuroectodermal neoplasms of the head and neck with emphasis on neuroendocrine carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 264-278
• 416 Thompson LDR. Olfactory Neuroblastoma. Head Neck Pathol 2009; 3: 252-259
• 417 Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC. Olfactory neuroblastoma—A clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer 1976; 37: 1571-1576
• 418 Morita A, Ebersold MJ, Olsen KD. et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Prognosis and management. Neurosurgery 1993; 32: 706-715
• 419 Edge SB, Compton CC. The american joint committee on cancer: The 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 1471-1474
• 420 Norton A. Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear. In: Hyams V, Batsakis J, Michaels L Hrsg. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1989; 335-335
• 421 Mao L, Xia YP, Zhou YN. et al. Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in olfactory neuroblastoma. Oncology 2009; 77: 231-243
• 422 Ketcham AS, Wilkins RH, Van Buren JM. et al. A combined intracranial facial approach to the paranasal sinuses. Am J Surg 1963; 106: 698-703
• 423 Hanna E, DeMonte F, Ibrahim S. et al. Endoscopic resection of sinonasal cancers with and without craniotomy: Oncologic results. Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 1219-1224
• 424 Su SY, Bell D, Ferrarotto R. et al. Outcomes for olfactory neuroblastoma treated with induction chemotherapy. Head Neck 2017; 39: 1671-1679
• 425 Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. Esthesioneuroblastoma: A meta-analysis and review. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2: 683-690
• 426 Ow TJ, Hanna EY, Roberts DB. et al. Optimization of long-term outcomes for patients with esthesioneuroblastoma. Head Neck 2014; 36: 524-530
• 427 Almutuawa DM, Strohl MP, Gruss C. et al. Outcomes of sinonasal mucosal melanomas with endoscopic and open resection: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurooncol. 2020
• 428 Thompson LDR, Wieneke JA, Miettinen M. Sinonasal tract and nasopharyngeal melanomas: A clinicopathologic study of 115 cases with a proposed staging system. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 594-611
• 429 Moreno MA, Roberts DB, Kupferman ME. et al. Mucosal melanoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses, a contemporary experience from the M. D. Anderson cancer center. Cancer 2010; 116: 2215-2223
• 430 Patel SG, Prasad ML, Escrig M. et al. Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2002; 24: 247-257
• 431 Zebary A, Jangard M, Omholt K. et al. KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma: A study of 56 cases. Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 559-564
• 432 Van Essen TH, Van Pelt S, Versluis M. et al. Prognostic parameters in uveal melanoma and their association with bap1 expression. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98: 1738-1743
• 433 Dauer EH, Lewis JE, Rohlinger AL. et al. Sinonasal melanoma: A clinicopathologic review of 61 cases. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2008; 138: 347-352
• 434 Bachar G, Kwok SL, O’Sullivan B. et al. Mucosal melanomas of the head and neck: The Princess Margaret Hospital experience. Head Neck 2008; 30: 1325-1331
• 435 Lund VJ, Chisholm EJ, Howard DJ. et al. Sinonasal malignant melanoma: An analysis of 115 cases assessing outcomes of surgery, postoperative radiotherapy and endoscopic resection. Rhinology 2012; 50: 203-210
• 436 Thierauf J, Glück AM, Plinkert P. et al. Mucosal melanoma of the cranio-facial region: Surgical challenges and therapeutic options. Auris Nasus Larynx 2019; 46: 252-259
• 437 Gore MR, Zanation AM. Survival in sinonasal melanoma: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Surgery, Part B Skull Base 2012; 73: 157-162
• 438 Ganly I, Patel SG, Singh B. et al. Craniofacial resection for malignant melanoma of the skull base: Report of an International Collaborative Study. Arch Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 2006; 132: 73-78
• 439 Jarrom D, Paleri V, Kerawala C. et al. Mucosal melanoma of the upper airways tract mucosal melanoma: A systematic review with meta-analyses of treatment. Head Neck 2017; 39: 819-825
• 440 Li J, Kan H, Zhao L. et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced or metastatic mucosal melanoma: a systematic review. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12
• 441 Misra P, Husain Q, Svider PF. et al. Management of sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Med Surg 2014; 35: 5-11
• 442 Chao KK, Eng TY, Barnes J. et al. Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma. Am J Clin Oncol Cancer Clin Trials 2004; 27: 29-32
• 443 Fukuoka K, Hirokawa M, Shimizu M. et al. Teratocarcinosarcoma of the nasal cavity. Report of a case showing favorable prognosis. Apmis 2000; 108: 553-557
• 444 Heffner DK, Hyams VJ. Teratocarcinosarcoma (malignant teratoma?) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Cancer 1984; 53: 2140-2154
• 445 Wei S, Carroll W, Lazenby A. et al. Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma: report of a case with review of literature and treatment outcome. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008; 12: 415-425
• 446 Vranic S, Caughron SK, Djuricic S. et al. Hamartomas, teratomas and teratocarcinosarcomas of the head and neck: Report of 3 new cases with clinico-pathologic correlation, cytogenetic analysis, and review of the literature. BMC Ear, Nose Throat Disord 2008; 8
• 447 Lim CCT, Thiagarajan A, Sim CS. et al. Craniospinal dissemination in teratocarcinosarcoma: Case report. J Neurosurg 2008; 109: 321-324
• 448 Terasaka S, Medary MB, Whiting DM. et al. Prolonged survival in a patient with sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma with cranial extension. Case report. J Neurosurg 1998; 88: 753-756
• 449 Dicke TE, Gates GA. Malignant Teratoma of the Paranasal Sinuses: Report of a Case. Arch Otolaryngol 1970; 91: 391-394