Harnröhrenstrikturen der Frau: Aktuelles zu Diagnostik und Therapie

Zusammenfassung

Harnröhrenstrikturen der Frau sind ein seltenes Krankheitsbild mit individueller Symptomatik. Vor diesem Hintergrund mangelt es an klinischen Leitfäden, die sich mit Diagnostik und Therapie dieser Erkrankung befassen. Mittlerweile liegen einige Ergebnisse zu verschiedenen Operationstechniken vor, ein direkter inter-institutioneller Vergleich wird jedoch durch heterogene Patientenkohorten und kleine Fallzahlen erschwert. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer aktuellen narrativen Literaturübersicht relevanter Artikel zur klinischen Diagnostik und zu den Therapiemöglichkeiten bei weiblicher Harnröhrenstriktur.

Iatrogene Ursachen wie eine vorangegangene Katheterisierung oder ein urogenitaler operativer Eingriff sind die häufigsten Gründe für die Entstehung einer Harnröhrenstriktur bei der Frau. Im klinischen Alltag stellt die körperliche Untersuchung einen wichtigen Grundstein in der Differentialdiagnostik dar, um bei Verdacht auf eine anatomisch-morphologische Ursache der Harnblasenentleerungsstörung weitere diagnostische Maßnahmen (Urethrozystoskopie, Urethrographie, MRT) einzuleiten. Therapeutisch sind minimal-invasive Eingriffe wie Harnröhrenbougierungen oder Urethrotomien oftmals nur mit kurzfristigem Erfolg assoziiert, sodass die offene Harnröhrenrekonstruktion mit langfristigeren Therapieerfolgen hier eine Sonderstellung einnimmt. Zur Verfügung stehen neben offenen Harnröhrenplastiken mit gestielten Lappen aus Vaginal- oder Labialschleimhaut auch die Verwendung freier Transplantate, vor allem dem Mundschleimhaut-Autotransplantat. Aufgrund der genannten Seltenheit der Erkrankung mit nur kleinen publizierten Fallserien ist jedoch eine Beurteilung der vergleichenden Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Techniken nur schwer möglich. Wie bei allen seltenen Erkrankungen bedarf es hier der Etablierung von multizentrischen, großen Serien, um die Standards im perioperativen Vorgehen zu verbessern.

Abstract

Urethral strictures in women are rare and patients may present with varying symptoms. Hence, clinical guidelines regarding diagnostic algorithms and treatment approaches are scarce. Several small case series have presented results for several operative techniques, but patient cohorts are generally heterogeneous and relatively small, which hampers reliable comparability across institutions. The present narrative review aims to provide a contemporary overview of the literature regarding the clinical and therapeutical approach in women with urethral strictures.

Iatrogenic reasons such as previous catheterization or genitourinary surgical interventions are the most common cause of female urethral strictures. In daily clinical routine, physical examination is the cornerstone for differential diagnosis and may aid in the decision to expand diagnostic workup by urethrocystoscopy, urethrography, or magnetic resonance imaging in case of suspected anatomic or morphologic cause of voiding disorder. Endoscopic approaches such as dilation or urethrotomy only provide short-term symptomatic relief and open urethroplasty is more commonly associated with durable long-term success. Regarding the surgical approach, there are comparable operative techniques at hand, using vaginal or labial flaps or oral mucosal grafts. Given the relative rarity of female urethral strictures with only small case series published, a statement regarding the superiority of one approach over the other is hardly possible. As for all rare disorders, multi-institutional, large patient series are needed to generate reliable evidence and to improve standards in the perioperative care of women with urethral strictures.

Schlüsselwörter

Harnröhrenchirurgie - Blasenentleerungsstörungen - Urethroplastik - Urethrotomie - Harnröhrenbougierung

Keywords

Urethral Reconstruction - Voiding Disorders - Urethroplasty - Urethrotomy - Urethral Dilation

Publication History

Article published online:
15 April 2021

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