Comparison of Different Nutritional and Lifestyle Factors between Glaucoma Patients and an Age-Matched Normal Population

Abstract

Purpose To compare nutritional and lifestyle factors between glaucoma patients and an age-matched control group.

Methods One hundred and ninety (190) glaucoma patients were enrolled in this study. The control group comprised 97 age-matched participants. Data on physical activity, nicotine smoking, and several nutritional habits like coffee and alcohol consumption as well as high-salt and high-protein intake were collected using a standardised questionnaire.

Results Age and gender were not statistically significantly different between the groups. There was a tendency for higher physical activity in the glaucoma group in comparison to the control group (47.3 vs. 35.4%; p = 0.056). Statistically significantly more glaucoma patients were nonsmokers (n = 169; 89.4%) compared to the control group (n = 64; 66.7%; p = 0.001). Glaucoma patients were also more often teetotal compared to the control group (21.6% compared to 14.4%; p < 0.001). Similarly, more glaucoma patients drank larger amounts of coffee in comparison to the control group (p = 0.001). One hundred and seventy-six (96.7%) glaucoma patients and 88 (90.7%) control subjects had high-protein intake (p = 0.035). High-salt intake was significantly lower in the glaucoma group (69.3 vs. 73.2%; p = 0.018). Of the 190 glaucoma patients, 81 had early visual field impairments (MD > − 6 dB) and 109 patients had moderate (MD between − 6 dB and − 12 dB) to severe (MD < − 12 dB) visual field defects. The severity of visual field defects, whether early, moderate, or severe, had no statistically significant impact on lifestyle parameters.

Conclusion Contrary to our original hypothesis that glaucoma patients would tend to follow an unhealthier lifestyle than the control group, the opposite was seen. Presumably, the cause of this healthier lifestyle is the desire to contribute positively through the course of the disease.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Das Ziel der Studie war es, verschiedene Ernährungs- und Lifestylefaktoren zwischen Glaukompatienten und einer altersentsprechenden Kontrollgruppe zu vergleichen.

Patienten und Methoden 190 Glaukompatienten wurden in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Kontrollgruppe umfasste 97 altersentsprechende Teilnehmer. Daten zur körperlichen Aktivität, zum Rauchverhalten, Ernährungsgewohnheiten wie Kaffee- und Alkoholkonsum sowie hoher Salz- und Eiweißkonsum wurden mittels Fragebogen erhoben.

Ergebnisse Alter und Geschlecht unterschieden sich in beiden Gruppen nicht statistisch signifikant. Das körperliche Aktivitätslevel war in der Glaukomgruppe tendenziell höher als in der Kontrollgruppe (47,3 vs. 35,4%; p = 0,056). Statistisch signifikant mehr Glaukompatienten waren Nichtraucher (n = 169; 89,4%) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (n = 64; 66,7%; p = 0,001). Glaukompatienten waren häufiger abstinent im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (21,6 vs. 14,4%; p < 0,001) und tranken mehr Kaffee (p = 0,001). 176 (96,7%) der Glaukompatienten und 88 (90,7%) Teilnehmer der Kontrollgruppe gaben einen hohen Eiweißkonsum an (p = 0,035). Hoher Salzkonsum war in der Glaukomgruppe signifikant niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe (69,3 vs. 73,2%; p = 0,018). In der Glaukomgruppe (n = 190) hatten 81 beginnende Gesichtsfeldeinschränkungen (Mean Deviation, MD > – 6 dB) und 109 Patienten hatten moderate (MD zwischen – 6 dB und – 12 dB) bis schwere (MD < – 12 dB) Gesichtsfelddefekte. Die Schwere der Gesichtsfelddefekte (beginnend, moderat oder schwer) hatte keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die Lifestylefaktoren.

Schlussfolgerung Entgegen unserer ursprünglichen Annahme, dass Glaukompatienten zu einem ungesünderen Lifestyle tendieren als eine altersentsprechende Kontrollgruppe, konnte genau das Umgekehrte beobachtet werden. Vermutlich ist die Ursache des gesünderen Lifestyles der Wunsch nach einer positiven Beeinflussung des Krankheitsverlaufs, welcher insbesondere durch Risikofaktoren wie Nikotinabusus provoziert werden könnte.

Key words

open-angle glaucoma - lifestyle factors - physical activity - smoking - alcohol consumption - nutritional habits

Schlüsselwörter

Offenwinkelglaukom - Lifestylefaktoren - körperliche Aktivität - Rauchen - Alkoholkonsum - Ernährungsgewohnheiten

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 10. Oktober 2020

Angenommen: 16. Februar 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. April 2021

• References

• 1 Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya D. et al. Policy and practice global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004; 012831: 844-852 doi:10.1590/S0042-96862004001100009
• 2 Taylor HR, Keeffe JE. World blindness: a 21st century perspective. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85: 261-266 doi:10.1136/bjo.85.3.261
• 3 Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY. et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2014; 11: 2081-2090 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013
• 4 Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ. et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2002; 120: 701-713 doi:10.1001/archopht.120.6.701
• 5 Francis BA, Varma R, Chopra V. et al. Intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and prevalence of open-angle glaucoma: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146: 714-720 doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.048
• 6 Medeiros FA, Meira-Freitas D, Lisboa R. et al. Corneal hysteresis as a risk factor for glaucoma progression: a prospective longitudinal study. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 1533-1540 doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.032
• 7 Choi J, Kook MS. Systemic and Ocular Hemodynamic Risk Factors in Glaucoma. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 141905 doi:10.1155/2015/141905
• 8 Choi J, Kim KH, Jeong J. et al. Circadian fluctuation of mean ocular perfusion pressure is a consistent risk factor for normal-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 104-111 doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0615
• 9 Bonovas S, Filioussi K, Tsantes A. et al. Epidemiological association between cigarette smoking and primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis. Public Health 2004; 118: 256-261 doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2003.09.009
• 10 Hayes J, Koo J. Psoriasis: depression, anxiety, smoking, and drinking habits. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23: 174-180 doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01312.x
• 11 Higgins E. Alcohol, smoking and psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000; 25: 107-110 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00588.x
• 12 Sullivan LE, Fiellin DA, OʼConnor PG. The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression: a systematic review. Am J Med 2005; 118: 330-341 doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.007
• 13 Ramds WD, Wolfs RC, Hofman A. et al. Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol 2012; 129: 767-772 doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.373
• 14 Gupta MA, Schork NJ, Gupta AK. et al. Suicidal ideation in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1993; 32: 188-190 doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02790.x
• 15 Kirby B, Richards HL, Mason DL. et al. Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 138-140 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08299.x
• 16 Leon AS, Connett J, Jacobs DR. et al. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 1987; 258: 2388-2395 doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03400170074026
• 17 Beck D, Harris A, Evans D. et al. Ophthalmic arterial hemodynamics during isometric exercise. J Glaucoma 1995; 4: 317-321 doi:10.1097/00061198-199510000-00004
• 18 Harris A, Arend O, Bohnke K. et al. Retinal blood flow during dynamic exercise. J Glaucoma 1996; 234: 440-444 doi:10.1007/BF02539410
• 19 Houle RE, Grant WM. Alcohol, vasopressin, and intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol 1967; 6: 145-154
• 20 Duluc L, Jacques C, Soleti R. et al. Modulation of mitochondrial capacity and angiogenesis by red wine polyphenols via estrogen receptor, NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45: 783-791 doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.01.007
• 21 Terai N, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE. et al. The effect of caffeine on retinal vessel diameter in young healthy subjects. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90: 524-528 doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02486.x
• 22 Moore D, Harris A, Wudunn D. et al. Dysfunctional regulation of ocular blood flow: A risk factor for glaucoma?. Clin Ophthalmol 2008; 2: 849-861 doi:10.2147/opth.s2774
• 23 Loftfield E, Cornelis MC, Caporaso N. et al. Association of coffee drinking with mortality by genetic variation in caffeine metabolism: findings from the UK Biobank. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178: 1086-1097 doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2425
• 24 Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE. et al. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 920-927 doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.5.920
• 25 Simonetti GD, Farese S, Aregger F. et al. Nocturnal dipping behaviour in normotensive white children and young adults in response to changes in salt intake. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1027-1033 doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328337854d
• 26 Mozaffarieh M, Fraenkl S, Konieczka K. et al. Targeted preventive measures and advanced approaches in personalised treatment of glaucoma neuropathy. EPMA J 2010; 1: 229-235 doi:10.1007/s13167-010-0018-1
• 27 Meyer JH, Brandi-Dohrn J, Funk J. Twenty four hour blood pressure monitoring in normal tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 864-867 doi:10.1136/bjo.80.10.864
• 28 He Z, Vingrys AJ, Armitage JA. et al. The role of blood pressure in glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 2011; 94: 133-149 doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00564.x