Download PDF
Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2021; 49(02): 122-125
DOI: 10.1055/a-1402-9476
Übersichtsartikel

Prophylaxe der kaninen Parvovirose

Teil 2: ImpfstoffeProphylaxis of canine parvovirosisPart 2: Vaccines
Michèle Bergmann
Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
Monika Freisl
Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
Katrin Hartmann
Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die Impfung ist die wichtigste Maßnahme zum Schutz vor kaniner Parvovirose. Daher zählt die Impfung gegen das kanine Parvovirus (CPV) zu den Core-Komponenten der Hundeimpfung. Modifizierte Lebendvakzinen (MLV) haben sich als sehr wirksam und zugleich sicher erwiesen. Sie bieten einen zuverlässigen Schutz, der bereits nach wenigen Tagen eintritt und viele Jahre anhält. MLV enthalten keine Adjuvanzien; sie sind hinsichtlich ihres allergenen und toxischen Potenzials Impfstoffen mit inaktiviertem CPV in aller Regel überlegen. Aus diesen Gründen werden MLV Impfstoffen aus inaktivierten Viren vorgezogen. In Deutschland und in den meisten anderen Ländern Europas sind heute ausschließlich MLV auf dem Markt verfügbar. Sie enthalten attenuiertes CPV-2 oder (seltener) CPV-2b und bieten einen kreuzprotektiven Schutz gegen die für den Hund im Feld relevanten Varianten CPV-2a, -2b, -2c. Wiederholungsimpfungen bei adulten Hunden mit MLV sollten frühestens alle 3 Jahre oder in längeren Intervallen (nach Bedarf bei fehlenden Antikörpern) durchgeführt werden. Dies gilt selbst dann, wenn der verwendete Impfstoff nur für eine 1- oder 2-Jahres-Intervall zugelassen ist. MLV-Produkte werden zur Impfung gesunder Hunde ab der 4. bis 6. Lebenswoche empfohlen. Ein Nachteil von MLV besteht in einer potenziellen Interferenz mit der Parvovirosediagnostik.

Abstract

Vaccination is still the most effective measure to prevent canine parvovirosis. Therefore, vaccines against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection are considered core vaccines. Modified life vaccines (MLV) have been proven to be very effective and safe, since they are characterized by early onset (within a few days after vaccination) and long duration of immunity (several years). MLV do not contain adjuvants; they are also advantageous in terms of possessing less allergenic and toxic properties. Therefore, MLV are widely used as first line vaccines. In Germany and in most other European countries, only MLV are available on the market. MLV contain CPV-2 or (less often) CPV-2b and offer cross-protection against the variants CPV-2a, -2b, -2c that are relevant for dogs in the field. Revaccination with MLV should be performed in 3-year-intervals or longer intervals (only in case of lacking antibodies) even if the licensed MLV is registered for re-vaccination intervals of 1 or 2 years. MLV should only be administered to healthy dogs older than 4 to 6 weeks of age. A possible disadvantage of MLV is its interference with the diagnosis of a CPV infection.

Schlüsselwörter

CPV - Hund - Schutz - Immunität - Impfung - Vakzine - MLV

Key words

CPV - dog - protection - immunity - vaccination - vaccine - MLV

Zusatzmaterial



Publication History

Received: 01 July 2020

Accepted: 03 November 2020

Article published online:
26 April 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Schultz RD. Current and future canine and feline vaccination programs. Vet Med 1998; 93: 233-254
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 StIKo Vet am FLI. Leitlinie zur Impfung von Kleintieren. 5. Aufl.. 2021 https://www.tieraerzteverband.de/bpt/berufspolitik/Impfkommission/stiko-vet_empfehlungen-mitteilungen.php Stand: 15.03.2021.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Day MJ, Horzinek MC, Schultz RD. et al. WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57: E1-E45
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Ford RB, Larson LJ, McClure KD. et al. 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53: 243-251
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Kelman M, Ward MP, Barrs VR. et al. The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66: 299-311
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Paul MA, Appel M, Barrett R. et al. Report of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force: executive summary and 2003 canine vaccine guidelines and recommendations. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003; 39: 119-131
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Paul MA, Carmichael LE, Childers H. et al. 2006 AAHA canine vaccine guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006; 42: 80-89
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Welborn LV, DeVries JG, Ford R. et al. 2011 AAHA canine vaccination guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47: 1-42
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Day MJ. Immune system development in the dog and cat. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137: S10-15
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 StIKo Vet am FLI. Stellungnahme zur Impfung von immunsupprimierten und alten Patienten in der Kleintierpraxis. 2017: 1-15
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 StIKo Vet am FLI. Stellungnahme zur Impfung nach Antikörperbestimmung bei Hund und Katze. 2017: 1-9
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 StIKo Vet am FLI. Empfehlungen zur guten Impfpraxis in der Veterinärmedizin. 2018: 1-18
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Johnson R, Spradbrow P. Isolation from dogs with severe enteritis of a parvovirus related to feline panleukopenia virus. Aust Vet J 2008; 55: 151-152
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Hoelzer K, Parrish CR. The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores. Vet Res 2010; 41: 39
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Canine parvovirus – a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Vet Microbiol 2012; 155: 1-12
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Clegg SR, Coyne KP, Dawson S. et al. Canine parvovirus in asymptomatic feline carriers. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157: 78-85
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Parrish CR, Aquadro CF, Strassheim ML. et al. Rapid antigenic-type replacement and DNA sequence evolution of canine parvovirus. J Virol 1991; 65: 6544-6552
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Parrish CR, O’Connell PH, Evermann JF. et al. Natural variation of canine parvovirus. Science 1985; 230: 1046-1048
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Buonavoglia C, Martella V, Pratelli A. et al. Evidence for evolution of canine parvovirus type 2 in Italy. J Gen Virol 2001; 82: 3021-3025
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Canine parvovirus post-vaccination shedding: Interference with diagnostic assays and correlation with host immune status. Vet J 2017; 221: 23-24
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Hernández-Blanco B, Catala-López F. Are licensed canine parvovirus (CPV2 and CPV2b) vaccines able to elicit protection against CPV2c subtype in puppies?: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180: 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Kapil S, Cooper E. Vaccines containing canine parvovirus genetic variants. In: The Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University, Whitehurst, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA. 2008 https://patentsgooglecom/patent/WO2008157236A1 Stand: 28.08.2019
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Kapil S, Cooper E, Lamm C. et al. Canine parvovirus types 2c and 2b circulating in North American dogs in 2006 and 2007. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 4044-4047
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Lamm CG, Rezabek GB. Parvovirus infection in domestic companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38: 837-850
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Ling M, Norris JM, Kelman M. et al. Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158: 280-290
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Nandi S, Kumar M, Mohapatra TK. et al. Emergence of canine parvovirus – 2 variants and its impact on vaccination. World Appl Sci J 2013; 23: 1366-1376
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Patel JR, Heldens JG. Review of companion animal viral diseases and immunoprophylaxis. Vaccine 2009; 27: 491-504
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Truyen U. Evolution of canine parvovirus – a need for new vaccines?. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117: 9-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Cavalli A, Martella V, Desario C. et al. Evaluation of the antigenic relationships among canine parvovirus type 2 variants. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008; 15: 534-539
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Kang BK, Song DS, Lee CS. et al. Prevalence and genetic characterization of canine parvoviruses in Korea. Virus Genes 2008; 36: 127-133
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Ohshima T, Hisaka M, Kawakami K. et al. Chronological analysis of canine parvovirus type 2 isolates in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70: 769-775
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Pratelli A, Cavalli A, Martella V. et al. Canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccination: Comparison of neutralizing antibody responses in pups after inoculation with CPV2 or CPV2b modified live virus vaccine. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8: 612-615
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Appel MJG, Carmichael LE. Can a commercial vaccine protect pups against a recent field isolate of parvovirus?. Vet Med 1987; 82: 1091-1094
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Glover S, Anderson C, Piontkowski M. et al. Canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2b vaccine protects puppies with maternal antibodies to CPV when challenged with virulent CPV-2c virus. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2012; 10: 217-224
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Greenwood NM, Chalmers WS, Baxendale W. et al. Comparison of isolates of canine parvovirus by restriction enzyme analysis, and vaccine efficacy against field strains. Vet Rec 1995; 136: 63-67
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Do two current canine parvovirus type 2 and 2b vaccines provide protection against the new type 2c variant?. Vet Ther 2008; 9: 94-101
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Siedek EM, Schmidt H, Sture GH. et al. Vaccination with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) protects against challenge with virulent CPV-2b and CPV-2c. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011; 124: 58-64
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Spibey N, Greenwood NM, Sutton D. et al. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus. Vet Microbiol 2008; 128: 48-55
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Von Reitzenstein M, Ludlow D, Marcos S. et al. Cross protection of vanguard 5L4-CV vaccine against virulent canine parvovirus-2c circulating in the USA. Int J Appl Res Vet M 2012; 10: 187-197
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Wilson S, Illambas J, Siedek E. et al. Vaccination of dogs with canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) induces neutralising antibody responses to CPV-2a and CPV-2c. Vaccine 2014; 32: 5420-5424
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Wilson S, Stirling C, Borowski S. et al. Vaccination of dogs with Duramune DAPPi + LC protects against pathogenic canine parvovirus type 2c challenge. Vet Rec 2013; 172: 662
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Yule TD, Roth MB, Dreier K. et al. Canine parvovirus vaccine elicits protection from the inflammatory and clinical consequences of the disease. Vaccine 1997; 15: 720-729
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G. et al. Evidence for immunisation failure in vaccinated adult dogs infected with canine parvovirus type 2c. New Microbiol 2008; 31: 125-130
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Decaro N, Cirone F, Desario C. et al. Severe parvovirus in a 12-year-old dog that had been repeatedly vaccinated. Vet Rec 2009; 164: 593-595
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Cavalli A, Bozzo G, Decaro N. et al. Characterization of a canine parvovirus strain isolated from an adult dog. New Microbiol 2001; 24: 239-242
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Sutton D, Vinberg C, Gustafsson A. et al. Canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in a litter in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55: 64
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Miranda C, Thompson G. Canine parvovirus in vaccinated dogs: A field study. Vet Rec 2016; 178: 397
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Mittal M, Chakravarti S, Mohapatra JK. et al. Molecular typing of canine parvovirus strains circulating from 2008 to 2012 in an organized kennel in India reveals the possibility of vaccination failure. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 23: 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 De Oliveira PSB, Cargnelutti JF, Masuda EK. et al. New variants of canine parvovirus in dogs in southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2019; 164: 1361-1369
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Barrs VR. Feline Panleukopenia: A Re-emergent Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49: 651-670
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Barrs VR. Cats at risk from deadly virus outbreak. https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2017/02/08/cats-at-risk-from-deadly-virus-outbreak.html Stand: 15.03.2021
    PubMed
  • 52 Siegrist CA. The challenges of vaccine responses in early life: Selected examples. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137: 4-9
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Bergman JG, Muniz M, Sutton D. et al. Comparative trial of the canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 2 fractions of two commercially available modified live vaccines. Vet Rec 2006; 159: 733-736
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Kanellos T, Robinson A, Chipanga P. et al. Vaccination of puppies at 7 and 10 weeks with a multivalent vaccine gives protective seroconversion. Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). Prag, Tschechische Republik. 2006 https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&meta=generic&id=3859175 Stand: 15.03.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Kanellos T, Robinson AJ, Chipanga P. et al. Use of a MLV vaccine in 6 weeks old puppies with CPV MDAs prevents clinical disease. In: Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). Prag, Tschechische Republik. 2006 https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11223&meta=generic&catId=31439&id=3859174&ind=3859421&objTypeID=3859117 Stand: 15.03.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 360-363
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 European Medicines Agency. Note for guidance: Field trials with veterinary vaccines, adopted guideline, reference number EMA/CVMP/852/99. 2001: 1-8 https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/field-trials-veterinary-vaccines Stand: 15.03.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Altman KD, Kelman M, Ward MP. Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure?. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210: 8-16
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Poulet H. Alternative early life vaccination programs for companion animals. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137: S67-71
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Hoare CM, DeBouck P, Wiseman A. Immunogenicity of a low-passage, high-titer modified live canine parvovirus vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibodies. Vaccine 1997; 15: 273-275
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Larson LJ, Schultz RD. High-titer canine parvovirus vaccine: Serologic response and challenge-of-immunity study. Vet Med 1996; 91: 210-218
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Carmichael LE. Canine viral vaccines at a turning point – a personal perspective. In: Schultz RD. ed. Canine and feline vaccines. Advances in Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 41, Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics. San Diego, Kalifornien, USA: Academic Press; 1999: 289-307
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 63 Friedrich K, Truyen U. Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Parvovirusimpfstoffen und der Effektivität zweier Impfschemata. Prakt Tierarzt 2000; 81: 988-994
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Greene CE, Levy J. Immunoprophylaxis. In: Greene CE. ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2012: 1163-1205
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 65 O’Brien SE. Serologic response of pups to the low-passage, modified-live canine parvovirus-2 component in a combination vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204: 1207-1209
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Burtonboy S, Charlier P, Hertoghs J. et al. Performance of high titre attenuated canine parvovirus vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibody. Vet Rec 1991; 128: 377-381
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 De Cramer KG, Stylianides E, van Vuuren M. Efficacy of vaccination at 4 and 6 weeks in the control of canine parvovirus. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149: 126-132
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Hoskins JD. Performance of a new generation canine parvovirus vaccine in Rottweiler puppies. Canine Pract 1997; 22: 29-31
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Closing the window of susceptibility. Top Vet Med 1996; 7: 22-26
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Schultz RD, Larson LJ. The new generation of parvovirus vaccines. A comparison study. Compend Contin Educ Vet 1996; 18: 640-641
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Schultz RD, Thiel B, Mukhtar E. et al. Age and long-term protective immunity in dogs and cats. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142: 102-108
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Appel MJG. Forty years of canine vaccination. In: Schultz RD. ed. Canine and feline vaccines. Advances in Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 41, Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics. San Diego, Kalifornien, USA: Academic Press; 1999: 309-324
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Veir JK, Duffy AL, Dow SW. et al. Comparison of quantitative PCR and conventional endpoint PCR for amplication of parvovirus DNA in blood from naturally infected and recently vaccinated dogs. ACVIM Forum & Canadian Veterinary Veterinary Medical Association Convention. Montréal, Québec, Kanada; 2009. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 2023: 2769
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Freisl M, Speck S, Truyen U. et al. Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-live vaccination in healthy adult dogs. Vet J 2017; 219: 15-21
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Day MJ, Schultz RD. Vaccination. In: Day MJ, Schultz RD. eds. Veterinary Immunology – Principles and Practice. 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group; 2014: 233-247
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 76 Ellis RW. New technologies for making vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 17: 1596-1604
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ, Barthold SW. et al. Antiviral immunity and virus vaccines. In: MacLachlan NJ, Dubovi EJ, Barthold SW. et al., ed. Fenner’s Veterinary Virology. 5th ed.. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press, Imprint of Elsevier; 2017: 79-104
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 78 Tizard IR. Vaccines and their production. In: Tizard IR. ed. Veterinary Immunology. 10th ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier; 2018: 261-273
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 79 Van Kampen KR. Recombinant vaccine technology in veterinary medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31: 535-538
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Carmichael LE, Appel MJG, McGregor DD. Modified living canine parvovirus vaccine. 1981 https://patentsgooglecom/patent/WO1981002978A1 Stand: 28.08.2019
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Carmichael LE, Joubert JC, Pollock RV. A modified live canine parvovirus strain with novel plaque characteristics. I. Viral attenuation and dog response. Cornell Vet 1981; 71: 408-427
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 McGavin DR, Lavidis L. Attenuated canine parvovirus (CPV), vaccine comprising CPV and method of preventing infection by CPV in dogs. 1991 http://europepmc.org/article/PAT/EP0485463 Stand: 22.02.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Parrish CR, Aquadro CF, Carmichael LE. Canine host range and a specific epitope map along with variant sequences in the capsid protein gene of canine parvovirus and related feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses. Virology 1988; 166: 293-307
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Parrish CR, Gruenberg A, Carmichael LE. Attenuated canine parvovirus vaccine. 1996 http://europepmc.org/article/PAT/WO9614088 Stand: 24.02.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Dodds WJ. The immune system and disease resistance. Clin Tech in Small Anim Pract 2002; 17: 58-63
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases ABCD. Vaccines and vaccination, an introduction. 2015 http://www.abcdcatsvets.org/vaccines-and-vaccination-an-introduction Stand: 24.02.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Tizard I. Risks associated with use of live vaccines. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 196: 1851-1858
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Schwanig M, Löwer J. Herstellung und Prüfung von Impfstoffen. In: Spiess H, Heininger U. Hrsg. Impfkompendium. 6. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2005: 24-37
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 89 Roth JA. Mechanistic bases for adverse vaccine reactions and vaccine failures. In: Schultz RD. ed. Adverse vaccine reactions, failures, and postmarketing surveillance. Advances in Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 41, Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics. San Diego, Kalifornien, USA: Academic Press; 1999: 681-700
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 90 Van Oirschot JT. Classical attenuated vaccines. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. Categories of products mechanism of action, advantages/disadvantages. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 260-262
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Desmettre P, Martinod S. Conception of a vaccine. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. Research and development. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier Science B. V.; 1997: 176-178
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 92 Horzinek MC, Schijns VECJ, Denis M. et al. Applications of vaccines. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. General description of vaccines. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 135-136
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 93 Kreth HW. Immunität und Schutzimpfungen. In: Spiess H, Heininger U. Hrsg. Impfkompendium. 6. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2005: 9-23
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 94 Schultz RD. Duration of immunity to canine vaccines: What we know and don’t know. In: Canine Infectious Disease Workshop: From Clinics to Molecular Pathogenesis. Ithaca, New York., USA: James A. Baker Institute, Cornell University; 1999. www.ivis.org/proceedings/Baker_Can_Inf_Dis/ Stand: 28.04.2019
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Schultz RD. Duration of immunity for canine and feline vaccines: A review. Vet Microbiol 2006; 117: 75-79
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Olson P, Hedhammar A, Klingeborn B. Canine parvovirus infection, canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis: Inclination to vaccinate and antibody response in the Swedish dog population. Acta Vet Scand 1996; 37: 433-443
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Killey R, Mynors C, Pearce R. et al. Long-lived immunity to canine core vaccine antigens in UK dogs as assessed by an in-practice test kit. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59: 27-31
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Ford RB. Vaccines and vaccinations. The strategic issues. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31: 439-453
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Greene CE, Schultz RD, Ford RB. Canine vaccination. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31: 473-492
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Horzinek MC, Schijns VECJ, Denis M. et al. Categories of vaccines. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. General description of vaccines. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 132-135
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 101 Martinod S. Adverse effects of vaccination. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. Technical Basis of Vaccination. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 574-580
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 102 Povey RC, Carman PS. Risks of vaccination. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. Technical Basis of Vaccination. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 546-551
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 103 Meyer EK. Vaccine-associated adverse events. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31: 493-514
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Krakowka S, Olsen RG, Axthelm MK. et al. Canine parvovirus infection potentiates canine distemper encephalitis attributable to modified live-virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 180: 137-139
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Whetstone CA, Bunn TO, Emmons RW. et al. Use of monoclonal antibodies to confirm vaccine-induced rabies in ten dogs, two cats, and one fox. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185: 285-288
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Cornwell HJ, Thompson H, McCandlish IA. et al. Encephalitis in dogs associated with a batch of canine distemper (Rockborn) vaccine. Vet Rec 1988; 122: 54-59
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Gloyd J. Distemper vaccines recalled. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 1397
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. et al. Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism Treated with Trilostane. Vaccines 2020; 8: 547
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G. et al. Occurrence of severe gastroenteritis in pups after canine parvovirus vaccine administration: A clinical and laboratory diagnostic dilemma. Vaccine 2007; 25: 1161-1166
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Robert-Koch-Institut. Ist es ratsam, in der Inkubationsphase einer impfpräventablen Erkrankung zu impfen?. 2012 https://www.rki.de/SharedDocs/FAQ/Impfen/AllgFr_Kontraindi/faq_impfen_Kontraindi_ges.html Stand: 24.02.2021
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Hayes MA, Russell RG, Babiuk LA. Sudden death in young dogs with myocarditis caused by parvovirus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979; 174: 1197-1203
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Povey RC, Carman PS. Factors influencing the outcome of vaccination. In: Pastoret PP, Blancou J, Vannier P. et al., eds. Technical basis of vaccination. Veterinary Vaccinology. Amsterdam, Niederlande: Elsevier; 1997: 540-545
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 113 Hustead DR. What you can and cannot learn from reading a vaccine label. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31: 539-556
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Halbrooks RD, Swango LJ, Schnurrenberger PR. et al. Response of gray foxes to modified live-virus canine distemper vaccines. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981; 179: 1170-1174
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Durchfeld B, Baumgärtner W, Herbst W. et al. Vaccine-associated canine distemper infection in a litter of African hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus). Zentralbl Veterinaermed B 1990; 37: 203-212
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Carpenter JW, Appel MJ, Erickson RC. et al. Fatal vaccine-induced canine distemper virus infection in black-footed ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 169: 961-964
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Kazacos KR, Thacker HL, Shivaprasad HL. et al. Vaccination-induced distemper in kinkajous. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981; 179: 1166-1169
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Bush M, Montali RJ, Brownstein D. et al. Vaccine-induced canine distemper in a lesser panda. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 169: 959-960
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Buonavoglia C, Cavalli A, Tempesta M. et al. Intranasal vaccination of pups in the presence of maternally derived antibodies to canine parvovirus (CPV). Evaluation of minimal immunizing dose. New Microbiol 1995; 18: 371-375
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Cavalli A, Desario C, Marinaro M. et al. Oral administration of modified live canine parvovirus type 2b induces systemic immune response. Vaccine 2020; 38: 115-118
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Martella V, Cavalli A, Decaro N. et al. Immunogenicity of an intranasally administered modified live canine parvovirus type 2b vaccine in pups with maternally derived antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12: 1243-1245
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Carmichael LE, Pollock RV, Joubert JC. Response of puppies to canine-origin parvovirus vaccines. Mod Vet Practic 1984; 65: 99-102
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Decaro N, Crescenzo G, Desario C. et al. Long-term viremia and fecal shedding in pups after modified-live canine parvovirus vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32: 3850-3853
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Goddard A, Leisewitz AL. Canine parvovirus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40: 1041-1053
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Macintire DK, Smith-Carr S. Canine parvovirus. Part II. Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Vet 1997; 19: 219-302
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Prittie J. Canine parvoviral enteritis: A review of diagnosis, management, and prevention. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2004; 14: 167-176
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Sykes JE. Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In: Sykes JE. ed. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 1st ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: 141-151
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Sykes JE. Immunization. In: Sykes JE. ed. Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. 1st ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: 119-130
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 Greene CE, Decaro N. Canine viral enteritis. In: Greene CE. ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012: 67-75
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 130 Patterson EV, Reese MJ, Tucker SJ. et al. Effect of vaccination on parvovirus antigen testing in kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 359-363
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Pollock RV, Carmichael LE. Canine viral enteritis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1983; 13: 551-566
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Pollock RV, Coyne MJ. Canine parvovirus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23: 555-568
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 McCandlish IA, Cornwell HJ, Thompson H. et al. Distemper encephalitis in pups after vaccination of the dam. Vet Rec 1992; 130: 27-30
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Truyen U, Geissler K, Parrish CR. et al. No evidence for a role of modified live virus vaccines in the emergence of canine parvovirus. J Gen Virol 1998; 79: 1153-1158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Tizard IR. The use of vaccines. In: Tizard IR. ed. Veterinary Immunology. 10th ed.. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Elsevier; 2018: 274-284
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 136 Eugster AK. Studies on canine parvovirus infections: Development of an inactivated vaccine. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41: 2020-2024
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 137 Pollock RV, Carmichael LE. Dog response to inactivated canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus vaccines. Cornell Vet 1982; 72: 16-35
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Povey RC, Carman PS, Ewert E. The duration of immunity to an inactivated adjuvanted canine parvovirus vaccine. A 52 and 64 week postvaccination challenge study. Can Vet J 1983; 24: 245-248
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Wallace BL, McMillen JK. An inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine: Duration of immunity and effectiveness in presence of maternal antibody. Canine Pract 1985; 12: 14-19
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar