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CC BY 4.0 · Organic Materials 2021; 03(02): 214-220
DOI: 10.1055/a-1441-8239
Short Communication

Chain-End Effect for Intermediate Water Formation of Poly(2-Methoxyethyl Acrylate)

S. Nishimura 
a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
,
T. Ueda 
b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
,
D. Murakami 
a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
,
M. Tanaka 
a   Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
b   Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
› Author Affiliations Funding Information This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (JP19H05720 to M. T. and JP20J00282 to S. N.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and “Dynamic Alliance Open Innovation Bridging Human, Environment and Materials” from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT).
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Abstract

Intermediate water (IW), which is formed not only by biocompatible polymers such as poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA), but also by biomacromolecules, plays a key role in determining the biocompatibility of synthetic polymers. In this study, we compare the well-defined linear and cyclic PMEA using differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy. This study aims to clarify the role of the chain-end effect in IW formation to establish design guidelines for biomaterials.

Key words

intermediate water - hydration state - chain-end effect - poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) - cyclic polymers - interfacial structures

Supporting Information

Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1441-8239.


Supporting Information



Publication History

Received: 07 January 2021

Accepted: 08 March 2021

Accepted Manuscript online:
16 March 2021

Article published online:
26 April 2021

© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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  • References And Notes

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  • 7 Synthetic procedure for compound 2: Sodium hydride 6.68 g (0.167 mol) was dispersed to dry diethyl ether 200 mL and cooled to 0 °C under an argon gas atmosphere. Ethanethiol 13.3 mL (0.185 mol) was added dropwise to the dispersion solution and its mixture was stirred for 15 min. Then, carbon disulfide 11.2 mL (0.185 mol) was added and reacted at RT for 1 h. After reaction, the reaction mixture was added n-pentane 100 mL to precipitate a resultant sodium salt of trithiocarbonate. The precipitation was collected by filtration and washed with n-pentane 400 mL to give an objective sodium ethyl carbonotrithioate, 2, as a yellow powder (25.0 g, 93.4%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, DMSO-d 6, TMS] (Figure S2a): σ = 1.14 ppm (CH 3CH2SC(=S)SNa, t, 3 H), 2.96 ppm (CH3CH 2SC(=S)SNa, q, 2 H). 13 C NMR [100 MHz, DMSO-d 6, TMS] (Figure S2b): σ = 14.6 ppm (CH3CH2SC(=S)SNa), 34.3 ppm (CH3 CH2SC(=S)SNa), 240.1 ppm (CH3CH2SC(=S)SNa)
    PubMed
  • 8 Synthetic procedure for compound 3: 7.6 g of 1 (47.4 mmol) and freshly prepared 3.2 g of 2 (9.5 mmol) were dissolved to acetonitrile 30 mL and stirred at RT for 1.5 days. The reaction mixture was added diethyl ether 200 mL and washed with water 200 mL × 4. An organic layer was collected and dried over magnesium sulfate anhydrous. The solution was concentrated to give an objective ethane-1,2-diyl bis(2-(((ethylthio)carbonothioyl)thio)propanoate, 3, as an orange oil (3.6 g, 92.1%). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S3a): σ = 1.26 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2CH 3 2 t, 6 H), 1.54 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2 t, 6 H), 3.29 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH 2CH3 2 q, 4 H), 4.28 ppm ((–CH 2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2CH3 2 s, 4 H), 4.77 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2 q, 2 H). 13 C NMR [100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S3b): σ = 12.7 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)S–CH2 CH3 2), 16.8 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 31.6 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 47.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 63.1 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2), 170.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2–CH3 2), 221.9 ppm ((–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH3)SC(=S)SCH2CH3 2
    PubMed
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  • 12 Synthetic procedure for compound 5: 4 1.0 g (13.1 µmol), TTMSS 65. 1 mg (262.0 µmol), and V-70 2.0 mg (6.5 µmol) were dissolved to toluene 5 mL. The colored solution was deoxygenated by freeze–pump–thaw cycles (three times). Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 12 h, resulting in a colorless solution. The solution was poured into a large excess of hexane to precipitate an objective polymer. The polymer was further purified by a reprecipitation method from the THF/hexane system to give a pure desulfurized-PMEA, 5, as a colorless viscosity liquid (0.88 g). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure 1b, red): σ = 1.30–3.0 ppm (–(CH 3)CH(=O)OCCH2–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)–, t, 6 H; PMEA, methylene (main chain), 2(1–x nH; PMEA, methine (main chain), (1–x nH), 3.26–3.47 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH2OCH 3, 3(1–x nH), 3.48–3.70 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH 2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.00–4.47 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH 2CH 2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)–, s, 4 H; –CO(=O)CH 2CH2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.77 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2O–C(=O)CH(CH3)–, q, 2 H). SEC [THF, 40 °C, PSt standard] (Figure 1a, red): M n = 75,900 g mol −1, Ð = 1.09
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  • 13 Synthetic procedure for compounds 6 and 7: 4 1.0 g (13.1 µmol) and isobutylamine 95.9 mg (1.3 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL THF and stirred at RT for 2 h, resulting in a colorless solution. The solution was poured into a large excess of hexane to precipitate an objective polymer. The polymer was further purified by a reprecipitation method from the THF/hexane system to give a pure thiol-terminated PMEA, 6, as a colorless viscous liquid (0. 67 g). Subsequently, 6 100 mg (1.31 µmol) was dissolved in 2 L of diethyl ether/THF (v/v = 3/1), and then iron(III) chloride 0.93 g (5.24 mmol) was added and stirred at RT for 1 month. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and poured into hexane to precipitate a resultant polymer as a yellowish viscous liquid. The polymer was passed through an alumina column using THF as an eluent. The solvents were removed in vacuo to obtain an objective cyclic PMEA, 7, as a colorless, viscous solid (38 mg). 1 H NMR [400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS] (Figure S5): σ = 1.30–3.0 ppm (–(CH 3)CH(=O)OCCH2–CH2OC(=O)CH(CH 3)–, t, 6 H; PMEA, methylene (main chain), 2(1–x nH; PMEA, methine (main chain), (1–x nH), 3.26–3.47 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH2OCH 3, 3(1–x nH), 3.48–3.70 ppm (–CO(=O)CH2CH 2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.00–4.47 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH 2CH 2OC(=O)CH–(CH3)–, s, 4 H; –CO(=O)CH 2CH2OCH3, 2(1–x nH), 4.77 ppm (–(CH3)CH(=O)OCCH2CH2O–C(=O)CH(CH3)–, q, 2 H). SEC [THF, 40 °C, PSt standard] (Figure 2, violet): M p,L = 88,200 g mol −1, M p,C = 63,500 g mol −1, Ð = 1.27
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