Zahnmedizin up2date, Table of Contents Zahnmedizin up2date 2021; 15(05): 389-410DOI: 10.1055/a-1593-5031 Varia Alternative Ernährungsformen: Die Paleo-Ernährung – zwischen Evolutionsbiologie und Stoffwechselforschung Alexander Ströhle , Isabel Behrendt , Andreas Hahn Recommend Article Abstract Buy Article All articles of this category Die sog. „Steinzeiternährung“, auch als „Paleo-Diet“ oder „paläolithische Ernährung“ bezeichnet, ist eine alternative Ernährungsform, die derzeit auf großes Interesse stößt. Full Text References Literatur 1 Ströhle A, Behrendt I, Leitzmann C. et al. Alternative Ernährungsformen. Teil 1: Allgemeine Aspekte und vegetarische Kostformen. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2015; 41: 47-65 2 Ströhle A. Sub specie evolutionis. Eine Studie zur Evolutionären Ernährungswissenschaft. 1. Aufl.. Aachen: Shaker; 2010 3 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 1): Vom Paleokonzept zum Anpassungsparadigma. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 41-49 4 Cordain L. The evolutionary basis for the therapeutic effects of high protein diets. In: Cordain L, Campbell TC, eds. The protein debate. (19.05.2007). Im Internet (Stand: 20.08.2008): http://www.catalystathletics.com/articles/downloads/proteinDebate.pdf 5 Cordain L. The Paleo Diet: Lose weight and get healthy by eating the food you were designed to eat. 1. Aufl.. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2002 6 Richter N. Paleo – Steinzeit Diät: ohne Hunger abnehmen, fit und schlank werden – Power for Life. 115 Rezepte aus der modernen Steinzeitküche mit Fleisch, Fisch & Gemüse. Glutenfrei & laktosefrei. 1. Aufl.. München: Christian; 2014 7 Ströhle A. Der moderne Mensch, ein Gefangener des Paläolithikums? Eine kritische Analyse der evolutionsmedizinischen Mismatch-Theorie. Naturw Rdsch 2012; 65: 1-13 8 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 2): Auf der Suche nach „der“ paläolithischen Ernährung – paläoökologische Befunde. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 33-41 9 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 3): Auf der Suche nach „der“ paläolithischen Ernährung – ethnologische Befunde. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2014; 14: 34-41 10 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Essen wie in der Steinzeit – Darwin als ultimativer Ernährungsratgeber? (Teil 4): Fragen der Evolutionsgenetik und präventivmedizinisches Potenzial der Paläodiät. Schweiz Z Ernährungsmed 2015; 15: 1-7 11 Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 283-289 12 Cordain L, Friel J. The Paleo Diet for Athletes. 1. Aufl.. Emmaus, PA: Rodale; 2005 13 Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 1988; 84: 739-749 14 Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A. et al. Origins and evolution of theWestern diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 341-354 15 Lindeberg S. Food and western disease. Health and Nutrition from an evolutionary perspective. 1. Aufl.. Chichester (UK): Wiley-Blackwell; 2010 16 Lucock MD, Martin CE, Yates ZR. et al. Diet and our genetic legacy in the recent anthropocene: a Darwinian perspective to nutritional health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2014; 19: 68-83 17 Junker T, Paul S. Der Darwin Code. Die Evolution erklärt unser Leben. 1. Aufl.. München: C. H. Beck; 2010 18 Hockett B, Jaws J. Nutritional ecology and diachronic trends in Paleolithic diet and health. Evol Anthropol 2003; 12: 211-216 19 Leitzmann C. Nutrition ecology: origin and definition. Forum Nutr 2003; 56: 220-221 20 Mahner M. Intelligent Design: Die Neuauflage des teleologischen Gottesbeweises. Naturwiss Rdsch 2008; 61: 453-458 21 Gould SJ. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. 1. Aufl.. Cambridge/Massachusetts, London: Belknap Press of Harvard University; 2002 22 Lewontin RC. Gene, organism and environment. In: Bendall DS. ed. Evolution: From Molecules to Men. 1. Aufl.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1983: 273-285 23 Lewontin RC. Adaptation. In: Sober E. eds. Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology. 1. Aufl.. Cambridge/Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1984: 235-251 24 Olding-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW. Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution. 1. Aufl.. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2003 25 Odling-Smee J, Erwin DH, Palkovacs EP. et al. Niche construction theory: a practical guide for ecologists. Q Rev Biol 2013; 88: 4-28 26 Sterelny K. Made by each other: Organisms and their environment. Biol Philos 2005; 20: 21-36 27 Lewontin RC. Die Dreifachhelix. Gen, Organismus und Umwelt. 1. Aufl.. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 2000 28 Mueller UG, Rehner SA, Schultz TR. The evolution of agriculture in ants. Science 1998; 281: 2034-2038 29 Laland KN, Brown GR. Niche construction, human behavior, and the adaptive-lag-hypothesis. Evol Anthropol 2006; 15: 95-104 30 Laland KN, OʼBrien MJ. Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction. Biol Theory 2011; 6: 91-202 31 Smith EA, Wishnie M. Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Ann Rev Anthropol 2000; 29: 493-524 32 Potts R. Variability selection in hominid evolution. Evol Anthropol 1998; 7: 81-96 33 OʼBrien MJ, Laland K. Genes, Culture and Agriculture. An Example of Human Niche construction. Curr Anthropol 2012; 53: 434-470 34 Alvard MS. The adaptive nature of culture. Evol Anthropol 2003; 12: 136-149 35 Gage TB. Are modern environments really bad for us? Revisiting the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005; Suppl 41: 96-117 36 Astrup A. Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: epidemiologic and experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99 (Suppl. 05) 1235S-1242S 37 Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey Jr GC. et al. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 594-619 38 Eaton SB. The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition?. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 65: 1-6 39 Eaton SB. Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids 1992; 27: 814-820 40 Eaton SB, Eaton 3rd SB, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 207-216 41 Eaton SB, Konner MJ, Cordain L. Diet-dependent acid load, Paleolithic [corrected] nutrition, and evolutionary health promotion. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 295-297 42 Sayers K, Lovejoy CO. Blood, bulbs, and bunodonts: on evolutionary ecology and the diets of Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and early Homo. Q Rev Biol 2014; 89: 319-357 43 Antón SC, Potts R, Aiello LC. Human evolution. Evolution of early Homo: an integrated biological perspective. Science 2014; 345: 1236828 44 Potts R. Hominin evolution in settings of strong environmental variability. Quater Sci Rev 2013; 73: 1-13 45 Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA. et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 1666-1687 46 Lindeberg S. Paleolithic diets as a model for prevention and treatment of Western disease. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24: 110-115 47 Brand-Miller JC, Griffin HJ, Colagiuri S. The carnivore connection hypothesis: revisited. J Obes 2012; 2012: 258624 48 Lindeberg S. Modern Human Physiology with Respect to Evolutionary Adaptations that Relate to Diet in the Past. In: Hublin J-J, Richards MP. The Evolution of Hominin Diets. Integrating Approaches to the Study of Paleolithic Subsistence. 1. Aufl.. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009: 43-57 49 Zittermann A. Aktuelle Ernährungsempfehlungen vor dem Hintergrund prähistorischer Ernährungsweise. Ernahr-Umschau 2003; 50: 420-425 50 Cordain L. The nutritional characteristics of a contemporary diet based upon paleolitic food groups. JAMA 2002; 5: 15-24 51 Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M. et al. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63: 947-955 52 Boers I, Muskiet FA, Berkelaar E. et al. Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13: 160 53 Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B. et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009; 8: 35 54 Mellberg C, Sandberg S. RybergMet al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 350-357 55 Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y. et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1795-1807 56 Ströhle A, Hahn A, Sebastian A. Latitude, local ecology, and hunter-gatherer dietary acid load: implications from evolutionary ecology. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 940-945 57 Ströhle A, Hahn A, Sebastian A. Estimation of the diet-dependent net acid load in 229 worldwide historically studied hunter-gatherer societies. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 406-412 58 Frassetto LA, Shi L, Schloetter M. et al. Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic-Hunter-Gatherer-type diets. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 899-903 59 Ströhle A, Hahn A. Ernährung à la Altsteinzeit – Ultima Ratio der Prävention?. Dtsch Apothek Z 2011; 151: 54-62 60 Whalen KA, McCulloughM M, Flanders WD. et al. Paleolithic and Mediterranean diet pattern scores and risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenomas. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180: 1088-1097 61 Ströhle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Die Ernährung des Menschen im evolutionsmedizinischen Kontext. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121: 173-187 62 Ströhle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Carbohydrates and the diet-atherosclerosis connection – more between earth and heaven. Prev Med 2007; 44: 82-84 63 Mazess RB, Mather W. Bone mineral content of North Alaskan Eskimos. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27: 916-925 64 Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Todoriki H. et al. The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrientdense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28 (Suppl. 01) 500S-516S 65 Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T. et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2694-2703 66 Leonard WR. Food for thought. Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution. Sci Am 2002; 287: 106-115 67 Masharani U, Sherchan P, Schloetter M. et al. Metabolic and physiologic effects from consuming a huntergatherer (Paleolithic)-type diet in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69: 944-948 68 Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z. et al. Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 922-932 69 Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R. et al. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 204-209 70 Gower BA, Goss AM. A lower-carbohydrate, higher-fat diet reduces abdominal and intermuscular fat and increases insulin sensitivity in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2015; 145: 177S-183S 71 Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND. et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 577-587 72 Yokoyama Y, Barnard ND, Levin SM. et al. Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2014; 4: 373-382 73 Jenkins DJ, Wong JM, Kendall CW. et al. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e003505 74 Gadgil MD, Appel LJ, Yeung E. et al. The effects of carbohydrate, unsaturated fat, and protein intake on measures of insulin sensitivity: results from the OmniHeart trial. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 1132-1137 75 Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE. et al. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 289-298 76 Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S. et al. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1991-2002 77 Cordain L. The Paleo Answer. 1. Aufl.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2011